UNIT ONE

(2 MARKS)

1. Define Froude number

The froudes number is a ratio of inertial force to gravitational number.

Fn= V/(gl)

V= velocity of ship

g = accelaration due to gravity

l = length of shipc

2. Define Reynolds number

Reynolds number is the ratio of inertial force to viscous force

Re= VL/

V= velocity of ship

L= length of ship

=kinematic viscocity

3. Define high speed craft.

High speed crafts are the crafts that are designed to work at high speeds and have
a froudes number less than 0.35

4. Write few types of small crafts.

A few types of small crafts are:

1 fishing traller

2. patrol vessel

3. tug
4. ferry

5. write few types of high speed craft

1. hovercraft

2. hydrofoils

3. catamarans

4. yacht

6. write few types of offshore supply vessels

AHTV- anchor handling tug vessel

PSV- Platform supply vessel
Seismic vessel
Well Intervention vessel

7. write few types of ferries

Cable ferries
Catamaran ferries
Hydrofoil ferries
Turntable ferries

8. What is the Froude number range for displacement ship?

The Froudes number range of displacement vessel is less than 0.35

9. What is the Froude number range for planning ship?

The Froudes number range of semi planning crafts is 0.35-1

10. What is Froudes number range for planning crafts

The froudes number range for planning crafts is more than 0.38

11. define displacement crafts

The displacement vessel are the vessel which are supported by the displacement
of the vessel that produces enough buoyancy to support them.

12. define semi planning crafts

The semi planning craft are craft that are supported by both buoyancy and lift.

13. define planning crafts

The planning crafts are the craft that are supported by lift.

14. what is hovercraft?

Hovercraft are the high speed crafts which is an air cushion vessel in which a fan
blow air underneath the hovercraft to cause lift as the bottom is provided with
holes to push the air out. This causes the craft to be suspended on air cushion.

15. write working principle of hydrofoil

At low speed the hydrofoils are submerged as the speed increases the hydrofoil
produces lift which is equal to the weight of the vessel & can go hence causing the
weight to be lift out of the water reducing drag this lift occur due to the pressure
difference on either side of the hydrofoil.

16. write working principle of surface effect ship

A surface effect ship is a combination of a hovercraft and catamaran and

catamaran.

When the air cushion is in use a small portion of the twin hull remains in the
water and when it is turned off the hull weight of the vessel is supported by the
buoyancy of the twin hull

17. write working principle Wing in Ground effect ship.

An airfoil passing through air increases air pressure on the underside, while
decreasing pressure across the top. The high and low pressures are maintained
until they flow off the ends of the wings, where they form vortices which in turn
are the major cause of lift-induced dragnormally a large portion of the drag
affecting an aircraft. The higher the aspect ratio of the wing (that is, the longer
and skinnier it is), the less induced drag created for each unit of lift and the
greater the efficiency of the particular wing.

18. define hybrid craft

The craft that works on two or more principles combined for better efficiency is
known as hybrid craft.

PART B

6 MARKS

1) Write short notes on round bilge form

o Round bilge is used for displacement hulls which are

designed to roll with waves
o They may have less initial stability but greater secondary
stability
o For low power craft this design has less wetted surface area
and is more efficient
o Typically the round bilge design require longer construction
time
o More comfortable ride with round bilge form

2) Write short note on chine form

o The chine is the area of a vessels hull where the bilge
 angle upto become the topside of the hull.
o A chine is described as being soft or hard depending on
the measurement of topside transition
o A hard chine has a smaller interior angle than a soft
chine
o Angle less than 135 degree are considered soft chine
o Multi chine hulls are vessels 3 or more chines. Single
chine or V shape chine is considered by connecting two flat
panels at the bottom most point of the vessel.

3) Write short notes on Fishing Trawller.

o Fishing trawlers also known as draggers are commercial

vessel used for fishing, fish is storage and processing.
o Types of fishing trawlers are:
1. Outrigger trawler
2. Beam trawler
3. Otter trawler
4. Pair trawler
5. Side trawler
6. Stern trawler
7. Freezer trawler
8. Wet fish trawler
9. Trawler/purse seiners
o The trawler fishing activity involves actively dragging or
pulling
o The trawl slowly and trapping fishes in it
o The trawlers are designed to work at both high and low
speeds.
4) Offshore supply vessel

o Specifically serves operational purposes related to offshore

activity
o They can be classified as:
o Oil exploration and drilling vessels
o Offshore supports vessels
o Offshore production vessels
o Construction/special vessels
o These ships ranges from 50 to 100m in length
o They are also used for rescue operations, fire fighting and
cleaning of oil spills.
o They have azimuth thruster and controllable pitch propeller.

4) Write a note on ferries.

o Ferry is a merchant vessel used to carry passengers, vehicles

and cargo across a body of water
o Types of ferries
o Double-ended
o Hydrofoil
o Hovercraft
o Catamaran
o Roll on/roll off
o Cruise ferry
o Fast ropax ferry
o Turntable ferry
o Cable ferry
o They have controllable pitch propeller, azimuthal and water
jet propulsion
o The typical ferry has a V hullform amidship with a narrow
flatbottom at baseline.
o Materials used in ferry are steel, wood, FRP, alluminium and
 alloys

PART C

10 MARKS

1) Explain in detail the three types of planning zones.

The three types of planning zones are:

Displacement

Semi planning

Planning

Displacement: the displacement vessel means that the wright of the

ship is supported by the bouyant force or the volume of siplacement of
the ship.

These ships are generally larger in size. Are generaly used as

conventional ships for large-scale cargo carrying or transportation.

Have speed limitations and cannot be used for higher speeds.

The propulsion of these vessels are done by various types of properllers

for examples Controllable Pitch Propellers, Fixed Propellers, Podded
Propellers etc.
Its froudes number range is less than 0.35.

Examples: Bulk Carrier, Container Ships, Tankers etc

Semi planning: the semi planning craft means that the wieght of the
craft is supported by lift and volume of displacement or bouyant force.

They are smaller in size and use lift forces for supporting the vessel and
provding higher speeds. the are smaller in size.

The froudes number range is 0.35-1.0

Planning : planning craft means that the wieght of the vessel is

supported by the lift generated by the vessel.

The froudes number range is more than 1. They are smaller in size.

2. Explain in detail about various high speed crafts with neat sketches

HYDROFOILS:

A hydrofoil is a wing like structure or foil, attached to the hull of a boat that raises
all or part of the hull out of the water when the boat is moving forward, thus reducing
drag.[1]

A hydrofoil is a boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts below the hull.
 As the craft increases its speed the hydrofoils develop enough lift for the
boat to become foil borne - i.e. to raise the hull up and out of the water.

This results in a great reduction in drag and a corresponding increase in speed.

Since air and water are governed by similar fluid equations , with different levels
of viscosity, density, and compressibility, the hydrofoil and airfoil create lift in identical
ways.

The foil is shaped to move smoothly through the water with faster flow over the
top face of the foil, creating a pressure drop and consequently an upward force on the
foil.

This upward force lifts the body of the vessel, decreasing drag and increasing
speed.
 The lifting force eventually balances with the weight of the craft, reaching a point
where the hydrofoil no longer lifts out of the water, but remains in equilibrium. Since the
force of the waves acts over a smaller area of the hydrofoil, there is a marked decrease in
turbulence drag.

SURFACE EFFECT SHIPS:

A Surface Effect Ship (SES) or Sidewall Hovercraft is a watercraft that has both an air
cushion, like a hovercraft, and twin hulls, like a catamaran.

When the air cushion is in use, a small portion of the twin hulls remain in the water. When the air
cushion is turned off ("off-cushion" or "hull borne"), the full weight of the vessel is supported by
the buoyancy of the twin hulls.

The SES has two advantages over a hovercraft for open sea operation: it is more resistant to
slipping sideways when acted on by air or sea, and it can use water jets for propulsion since the
inlet nozzles are always covered by water.
HOVERCRAFTS:

A hovercraft, also known as an air-cushion vehicle or ACV, is a craft capable of travelling over
land, water, mud, ice, and other surfaces.

Hovercraft use blowers to produce a large volume of air below the hull that is slightly above
atmospheric pressure.

The pressure difference between the higher pressure air below the hull and lower pressure
ambient air above it produces lift, which causes the hull to float above the running surface.

For stability reasons, the air is typically blown through slots or holes around the outside of a
disk- or oval-shaped platform, giving most hovercraft a characteristic rounded-rectangle shape.
Typically this cushion is contained within a flexible "skirt", which allows the vehicle to travel
over small obstructions without damage.
CATA MARANS :

A catamaran is a multi-hulled watercraft featuring two parallel hulls of equal size.

It is a geometry-stabilized craft, deriving its stability from its wide beam, rather than from a
ballasted keel as with a mono hull sailboat.

Being ballast-free and therefore lighter than a mono hull, catamarans often have a shallower draft
(draught) than comparably-sized mono hulls.

The two hulls combined also often have a smaller hydrodynamic resistance than comparable
mono hulls, requiring less propulsive power from either sails or motors.

The catamaran's wider stance on the water can reduce both heeling and wave-induced motion, as
compared with a mono hull, and can give reduced wakes.

Catamarans range in size from small (sailing or rowing vessels) to large (naval ships and car
ferries).

The structure connecting a catamaran's two hulls ranges from a simple frame strung with
webbing to support the crew to a bridging superstructure incorporating extensive cabin and/or
cargo space.

SWATH

The small-water plane-area twin hull (SWATH) configuration reduces wave-generating

resistance by moving displacement volume below the waterline, using a pair of tubular,
submarine-like hulls, connected by pylons to the bridge deck with a narrow waterline cross-
section.

The submerged hulls are minimally affected by waves.

SWATH vessels compare with conventional powered catamarans of equivalent size, as follows:

Larger wetted surface, which causes higher skin friction drag.

Significant reduction in wave-induced drag, with the configuration of struts and

submerged hull structures.

Lower water plane area significantly reduces pitching and heaving in a seaway.

No possibility of planning.

Higher sensitivity to loading, which may bring the bridge structure closer to the water.

3. Explain in detail about various small crafts with neat sketches.

The different types of small craft are:-

1. fishing trawler
2. self propelled barge
3. platform supply vessel
4. AHTS

1.fishing trawler

A FISHING TRAWLER IS A FISHING VESSEL DESIGNED TO

OPERATE FISHING TRAWLS.
A TRAWLER MAY ALSO OPERATE TWO OR MORE
TRAWL NET SIMULTANEOULSY.
 A FISHING VESSEL CAN BE SMALL OPEN BOAT ONLY
WITH 30 HORSEPOWER OR LARGE FACTORY SHIP WITH
10,000 HORSEPOWER.
PROCESS OF FISHING INCLUDE DRAGGING OR PULLING
OF TRAWLS THROUGH WATER BEHIND ONE OR MORE
TRAWLERS.
The challenge of finding fish stocks in the open
ocean, securing and managing catches and transporting
them to sales outlets requires a combination of speed,
stability on station and quiet, low-vibration operations
capabilities all provided by the advanced propulsion and
maneuvering systems .
Types of fishing twallers:
Outrigger trawler
Beam trawler
Otter trawler
Pair trawler
Side trawler
Stern trawler
Freezer trawler
Wet fish trawler

2. self propelled barge

Self-propelled barges are useful for inland waterways

transport in placid waters
They can also be used with a tug where needed and are
useful for lighterage, ferrying, and transport of cargo and
construction materials.
Self-propelled barges may be used as such when traveling
downstream or upstream in placid waters
 They are operated as an unpowered barge, with the
assistance of a tugboat, when traveling upstream in faster
waters.
Canal barges are usually made for the particular canal in
which they will operate.
These self-propelled barges are adapted to the conditions of
combined sea and river navigation. It has a hull shape that allows
long distance sailing with a high variable speed of 8-11. These high
performance self-propelled barges are engineered to sail much
faster than traditional sets of barge and tugs.
Their optimized bodylines generate substantial savings on
fuel allowing them to gain competitive advantage through
economies of scale.

They face limited draft constraints thus able to easily access

jetties or sail on routes with low water levels.
Self-propelled barges have better seaworthiness than
traditional sets of tugs and barges. In swell conditions or choppy
seas, self-propelled barges can guarantee a higher certainty of
supply.
Self propelled barges also have a clear advantage
in manoeuvrability and are of shorter length than sets of tugs and
barges.

3. platform supply vessel

A Platform supply vessel (often abbreviated as PSV) is a ship
specially designed to supply offshore oil and gas platforms.
These ships range from 50 to 100 meters in length and
accomplish a variety of tasks.
 The primary function for most of these vessels is logistic
support and transportation of goods, tools, equipment and
personnel to and from offshore oil platforms and other offshore
structures.
A primary function of a platform supply vessel is to transport
supplies to the oil platform and return other cargoes to shore.
The PSV loads at a shore base. Liquid cargo is carried in
double bottom tanks, dry bulk cargoes in special pneumatic
pressure tanks, equipment and drill pipes on the aft open deck. At
the rig or platform, the liquid and powder cargoes are pumped up
or transferred pneumatically while deck cargo is handled by the
rig crane.
4. yAHTS

Anchor handling vessel is a very powerful ship that deploys,

recover, and shift a sub-sea mooring pattern.
Towage services for semi submersibles, platform, jackets
,barges ,and production module.
These are normally seen working in offshore platform
installation
AHTS tow oil rigs or jacket platforms to their location and
back behaving like an ordinary tug.
Modern vessels are capable of positioning and mooring
drilling rigs in any location, at virtually any depth and under any
conditions.
These range from 30mts to 100mts.
AHTS IS MOST WIDELY USEDTHESE HAVE HIGH
HORSEPOWER AND HIGH BOLLARD PULL COMBINED WITH LARGE
SIZE AND HIGH VOLUME DECK CARGO SPACE.
 THESE ARE USED TO PERFORM OFFSHORE ANCHOR
HANDLING BECAUSE OF LARGE DECK SPACE.
THESE ALSO CAN PERFORM ANCHOR HANDLING FOR
EXTREME WATER DEPTHS
Machinery is specifically designed for anchor handling
operation.
Open stern to allow the decking of anchors.
Arrangement for quick anchor release.
Powerful winches for quick and effective anchor handling
THEY ARE USED FOR INSTALLING ANCHORS FOR OFFSHORE
STRUCTURES.
THEY ARE USED FOR RESCUE PURPOSE.
THEY ARE USED AS CARGO TRANSPORTER FROM OFFSHORE
RIG TO SHORE.
THEY ARE ALSO EQUIPPED WITH SUCTION PUMPS WHICH
HELPS IN CLEANING OF OIL SPILL.

4) Explain in detail about round bilge form and chine form.

Round bilge

o Round bilge is used for displacement hulls which are

designed to roll with waves
o They may have less initial stability but greater secondary
stability
o For low power craft this design has less wetted surface area
and is more efficient
o Typically the round bilge design require longer construction
time
o More comfortable ride with round bilge form.

Chine form

o The chine is the area of a vessels hull where the bilge

angle upto become the topside of the hull.
o A chine is described as being soft or hard depending on
the measurement of topside transition
o A hard chine has a smaller interior angle than a soft
chine
o Angle less than 135 degree are considered soft chine
o Multi chine hulls are vessels 3 or more chines. Single
chine or V shape chine is considered by connecting two flat
panels at the bottom most point of the vessel.