DC-DC CONVERTER

Presented by:
Moh. Zaenal Efendi
PENS Surabaya Indonesia

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DC-DC CONVERTER (CHOPPER)

Definition:
Converting the unregulated DC input
to a controlled DC output with a desired voltage
level

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by ZEN PENS 1
 General block diagram:

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Applications of dc-dc converters

Switch mode power supply (SMPS)

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 Switch mode power supply (SMPS)

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Switch mode power supply (SMPS)

Electronic Equipments power supplies

ICT Equipments power supplies
Solar/Wind Source Converters

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 Applications of dc-dc converters
DC motor control

,
DC motor control,battery chargers

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DC motor control

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 Applications of dc-dc converters
Battery chargers

Dc-dc converter

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Types of dc-dc converter

Non Isolated dc-dc converter :
Buck Converter, Boost Converter, Buck-Boost Converter, Cuk
Converter, SEPIC converter, ZETA converter,

Isolated dc-dc converter:

Flyback Converter, Forward Converter, Push Pull Converter,
Bridge (halfbridge, fullbridge, 3ph fullbridge) Converter

Soft-switching Converter:
Resonant Converter

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 Linear regulator
Until about two or three decades ago, the linear
regulators were the only reliable methods to meet
all dc requirements.
Some of the major problems associated with the
linear regulator is its size and weight of its
components such as the transformer.
The voltage regulator element in these circuits has a
comparatively high voltage across its terminals and
dissipates large amounts of power, which results in
low efficiency.
For this very reason, the use of linear regulators is
now limited to low power applications.
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Linear regulator
Transistor is operated
in linear (active) mode.
By adjusting the transistor
base current, the output
voltage can be controlled
over range of 0 to Vs
Output voltage:
Vo I L R L Model of linear regulator

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 The transistor can
be conveniently
modeled by an
equivalent variable
resistor,as shown in
Fig1.

Power loss is high at Fig. 1 Equivalent circuit

high current due to:
2
Pl oss I L R T

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Switching Regulator
As the power semiconductor devices became more reliable
and efficient in their operation, the switched mode power
supplies came into existence.
In the design of these power supplies, the semiconductor
devices are either switched on or switched off.
Due to the low voltage drop across the semiconductor device
when it is on, its power consumption is low.
For this reason, the switched mode power supplies are highly
efficient.
Since the switching action, which simply means to turn a
power semiconductor device either on or off, is usually done
at high frequencies, the relative size and weight of the
components needed for its design is comparatively small.

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 Switching Regulator
( CHOPPER )
The transistor operates as
electronic switch (operated in
cutoff or saturation mode)
Periodic opening and closing of
the switch results in the pulse. Model of linear regulator

Equivalent circuit

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The average output voltage is

T DT
1 1
Vo v o (t ) dt Vs dt V s D
T 0 T 0
Where :
Ton
D Ton f
T

Power is 100% transferred from source to

load. Efficiency of this regulator is 100%.
Switching regulator is the basis of all
DC-DC converters

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 Buck (step-down) converter

Circuit of Buck Converter

To obtain a purely dc voltage, a low pass filter is inserted

after switch on the switching regulator. The diode provides
a path for inductor current when switch is opened.
This circuit is called a Buck Converter. The output voltage
is less than the input.
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Circuit operation when switch is

turned on (closed)

Diode is reverse biased.

Switch conducts inductor current
This result in positive inductor voltage:
di L
V L V s Vo L
dt

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 Rearranging,
diL V s Vo Vs-Vo

dt L
Since the derivative of iL
is a positive constant,
the current increases
linearly.
By modifying the preceding
equation, the change
in current while
switch closed is:
di L i L i L Vs Vo

dt t DT L
V Vo
( i L ) closed s .DT power electronics-zen17
L

Operation when switch turned off

(opened)

Diode is forward biased to carry the inductor current

The inductor voltage is

di
VL Vo L L
dt
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 Analysis for switch opened
Rearranging,
di L Vo

dt L

Since the derivative of iL is a negative

constant, the current iL decreases
linearly.
The change in current while switch
opened is:
diL iL iL V
o
dt t (1 D )T L
V
( iL ) opened o .(1 D )T
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Steady-state operation

Unstable current

Decaying current

Steady-state current

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 Steady-state operation requires that iL at the
end of the switching cycle is the same as that at
the beginning of the next cycle, meaning the
change of iL over one period is zero:

(i L ) closed (i L ) opened 0
Vs Vo V
.DT o .(1 D )T 0
L L
Vo DVs

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Average, Maximum and Minimum

Inductor Current

Average inductor current = Average current in load

Vo
IL IR
R
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 Maximum current:

i L V 1 V
I max I L o o 1 D )T
2 R 2 L
1 (1 D )
I max Vo
R 2 Lf

Minimum current:

iL 1 (1 D )
I min I L V o
2 R 2 Lf

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Continuous current operation

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 From previous analysis,
iL 1 (1 D)
I min I L Vo
2 R 2Lf

For continuous operation, I min 0

1 (1 D )
Vo 0
R 2Lf
(1 D )
L Lmin .R
2f

This is the minimum inductor current. To ensure continous

mode of operation, normally L is chosen be >>Lmin

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Output voltage ripple:

ic iL iR
Q
Q CVo Q CVo Vo
C

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 iC
1
Q iL
2
t
1
T
2

From above figure, use triangle area formula :

1 T iL TiL
Q
2 2 2 8
TiL (1 D )Vo
Vo
8C 8LCf 2
So,the ripple factor,
Vo (1 D )
r
Vo 8 LCf 2
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Design method 1 of Buck Converter

Calculate D to obtain required output voltage

Preferably frequency > 20 KHz
Possible devices : MOSFET,IGBT and BJT
Determine L. Increase Lmin by about 10 times
to ensure full continues mode.
L=10Lmin

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 Calculate C for ripple factor requirement.
Capacitor ratings:
- Must withstand peak output voltage
- Must carry required RMS current .
RMS current for triangular is Ip/3, where Ip is
the peak capacitor current given by iL/2

Wire size consideration:

- Normally rated in RMS. But iL is known as peak.
RMS value for iLis given as:
2
iL
2 2
I L , RMS IL
3

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Design method 2 of Buck Converter

From preceding equation:
i L DT
Vs Vo
L

So that the inductor value is:

1 1
L (Vs Vo ) D
f i L
1 V 1
L (Vs Vo ) o
f V s i L
For non ideal condition:
1 V Vf 1
L (Vs max Vo ) o
f Vs max V f iL
iL 10% 40% I L ( avg ) ; I L ( avg ) I o
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 Boost (step-up ) converter
It is called a boost converter because
the output voltage is larger than the input

Circuit of Boost converter

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Boost analysis: switch closed

When switch is closed,diode is reverse biased.The

output is isolated. The input supplies energy to
inductor.

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 The inductor voltage is:
diL di V
VL Vs L or L s
dt dt L
The change in inductor current is:
i L i L Vs

t DT L

Solving for iL for switch closed is:

Vs DT
(iL ) closed L

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Boost analysis :switch opened

Vs C RL Vo
S

When switch is opened, the output stage receives

energy from the input as well as from the inductor.
Hence output is large.

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 The inductor voltage is:
di L
VL Vs Vo L
dt
di L Vs Vo

dt L

The change in inductor current is:

di L i L i L V Vo
s
dt t (1 D)T L

Solving for iL for switch opened is:

(Vs Vo )(1 D )T
(iL ) opened L

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Steadystate operation

(iL ) closed ( iL ) opened 0

Vs DT (Vs Vo )(1 D)T
0
L L
V
Vo s
1 D

Boost converter produces output voltage that is greater

than input voltage

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 Average, Maximum, Minimum
Inductor Current

Input power = Output power

2
V
VsIs o
R
2
Vs
2
1 D Vs
VsIL
R (1 D ) 2 R

Average inductor current

Vs
IL
(1 D) 2 R
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Maximum inductor current

i L Vs V DT
I max I L 2
s
2 (1 D) R 2L
Minimum inductor current

i L Vs V DT
I min I L s
2 (1 D) 2 R 2L

For continous operation,

I min 0
Vs V DT
s 0
(1 D ) 2 R 2L
D (1 D ) 2 TR
L min
2
D (1 D ) 2 R
L min L 10 Lmin
2f
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 Capacitor filter value
Vs

The change in capacitor charge:

V
Q o DT CVo Vs-Vo

Ripple factor:
Vo DT Vo D
Vo
RC RCf
Vo D
r
Vo RCf

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Another method to determine inductor

for Boost Converter
From preceeding equation:
Vs D T
iL
L
So that the inductor value is:
1 1
L Vs D
f i L
1 V Vs 1
L Vs o
f Vo iL
1 V 1
L (Vo Vs ) s
f Vo iL
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 For non ideal condition:

1 V 1
L (Vo V f Vs min ) s min
f V V i
o f L

iL 10% 40% I L ( avg )

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Buck-Boost Converter
It is called a buck-boost converter because
the output voltage can be either higher or lower
than the input voltage

Circuit of Buck-Boost converter

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 Buck-Boost analysis: switch closed

When switch is closed,diode is reverse biased.The

output is isolated. The input supplies energy to
inductor. This energy is stored in the inductor

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The inductor voltage is:

diL di V
VL Vs L or L s
dt dt L
The change in inductor current is:
i L i L Vs

t DT L

Solving for iL for switch closed is:

Vs DT
(iL ) closed L

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 Buck-Boost analysis :switch opened

When switch is opened, diode is forward-biased and

energy stored in inductor is transfered to the load (
current flows into the resistor dan capacitor).

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The inductor voltage is:

diL
VL Vo L
dt
diL Vo

dt L

The change in inductor current is:

diL iL iL V
o
dt t (1 D )T L

Solving for iL for switch opened is:

Vo (1 D )T
(iL ) opened L

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 Steadystate operation
(iL ) closed (iL ) opened 0
Vs DT Vo (1 D )T
0
L L
D
Vo Vs
1 D
Note : Output of buck boost converter either be
higher or lower than the source voltage
if D > 0.5, output voltage is higher
if D < 0.5, output voltage is lower

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NOTE:
The output voltage has opposite polarity from
the source voltage
The buck-boost is called as an indirect
converter, because the source is never
connected directly to the load and energy is
stored in the inductor when the switch is
closed and transfered to the load when switch
is open

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 Average, Maximum, Minimum
Inductor Current
Assuming no power loss in converter
Input power = Output power
2
Vo
Vs I s
R
Average source current is related to inductor current as:

Is IL D
2
V
Vs I L D o
R
2
V P Vs D
I L ( avg ) o o
Vs RD Vs D R 1 D 2
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Maximum inductor current

iL Vs D V DT
I max I L 2
s
2 (1 D) R 2L
Minimum inductor current
iL Vs D V DT
I min I L 2
s
2 (1 D) R 2L

For continous operation,

I min 0
Vs D V DT
s 0
(1 D) 2 R 2L
(1 D) 2 TR
Lmin
2
(1 D) 2 R
Lmin L 10 Lmin
2f
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 Capacitor filter value
Vs

The change in capacitor charge:

V
Q o DT CVo Vs-Vo

Ripple factor:
Vo DT Vo D
Vo
RC RCf
Vo D
r
Vo RCf

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Another method to determine inductor

for Buck-Boost Converter
From preceeding equation:
Vs D T
iL
L
So that the inductor value is:
1 1
L Vs D
f i L
1 Vo 1
L Vs
f Vs Vo iL
1 Vs 1
L Vo
f Vs Vo iL
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 For non ideal condition:

1 Vs (min) 1
L (Vo V f )
f Vs (min) Vo V f iL

iL 10% 40% I L ( avg )

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by ZEN PENS 28