2.

10) Irreversible consecutive reactions A

k1 k2
B C occur in a jacketed, stirred-tank reactor as
shown in Fig. E2.10. Derive a dynamic model based on the following assumptions:
(i) The contents of the tank and cooling jacket are well mixed. The volumes of material in the
jacket and in the tank do not vary with time.
(ii) The reaction rates are given by

i. r1 = k1e-E1/RTcA [=] mol A/h L

ii. r2 = k2e-E2/RTcB [=] mol B/h L

(iii) The thermal capacitances of the tank contents and the jacket contents are significant relative to
the thermal capacitances of the jacket and tank walls, which can be neglected.
(iv) Constant physical properties and heat transfer coefficients can be assumed.

Figure E2.10
2.11) A blending tank in Fig. E211 is used to mix a process stream (Stream 1, pure A) with a
liquid catalyst (Stream 2, pure B). The blending process outlet mix (i) The volume of
liquid within the tank may vary. ture then ows directly to a reactor. (ii) Heat losses are
negligible. (iii) The tank contents are well mixed. Steam conden- sate is removed from the
jacket by a steam trap as soon as it has formed. (iv) Thermal capacitances of the tank and
jacket walls are negligible. (v) The steam condensation pressure P5 is set by a control valve
and is not necessarily constant. (vi) The overall heat transfer coefcient U for this system is
constant. (vii) Flow rates qp and q are independently set by ex- ternal valves and may vary.
Derive a dynamic model for this process. The model should be simplied as much as
possible. State any ad- ditional assumptions that you make. Figure 2.11 Figure E23 2.9 A
jacketed vessel similar to the one in Exercise 2.8 is used to heat a liquid by means of
condensing steam. The following information is available: The {low rate of Stream 1 (wl)
can vary. It is possible to manipulate the flow rate of Stream 2 (tvz) with a control valve, and
the outow also can be manipulated via a control valve in the exit line. The level in the tank
is measured. Unfortunately, there is no way of directly measuring the outlet mixture
concentration, x. A process control engineer has two options to control the level. In doing
this, she hopes indirectly to minimize variations in the ratio of B to A. Method (i):
Manipulate the flow rate of Stream 2, W2, while holding the exit ow rate, w, constant.
Method (ii): Manipulate the outow rate, w, while holding wz constant. (a) Develop a
process model for each of these two 7 cases. Are there enough degrees of freedom to control
the level in each case? Which method will keep the BzA ratio more nearly constant for
changes in 191? (b) Because the real obiectives are to keep the BzA ratio constant while
controlling the level, one would like to be able to measure concentration. If I cannot be
measured, is it possible to measure the ow rate of Stream 1 (m) as well as level (11) and
develop a simple feedforward control loop that can help ensure a constant ratio of BzA? If
so, what would you manipulate and what model rela- tion(s) would you use? (c) Are there
enough remaining degrees of freedom also to maintain the level approximately constant
using this approach? Draw instrumentation dia- grams to show how you would implement
your control strategies and compare your two-loop con- trol system with Methods (i) and in
terms of its ability to regulate both the concentration of B in the outow (ratio of B:A) and
the level in the blending process
2.12.)
A process tank has two input streamsStream 1 at mass flow rate W1 and Stream 2 at mass ow
rate wz. The tanks efuent stream, at ow rate w, discharges through a xed valve to atmospheric
pressure. Pres- sure drop across the valve is proportional to the flow rate squared. The
crossusectional area of the tank, A, is 5 m2, and the mass density of all streams is 940 kg/m3.
(a) Draw a schematic diagram of the process and write an appropriate dynamic model for the tank
level. What is the corresponding steady~state model?
(b) At initial steady-state conditions, with W1 = 2.0 kgfs and w: = 1.2 kg/s, the tank level is 2.25 m.
What is the value of the valve constant (give units)?
(c) A process control engineer decides to use a feed- forward controller to hold the level
approximately constant at the set-point value (h:p = 2.25 in) by measuring an and manipulating you.
What is the mathematical relation that will be used in the con- troller? if the w: measurement is not
verv accurate Exercises 49 and always supplies a value that is 1.1 times the ac tual ow rate, what
can you conclude about the re- sulting level control? (Hint: Consider the process initially at the
desired steady-state level and with the feedforward controller turned on. Because the controller
output is slightly in error, W2 at 1.2, so the process will come to a new steady state. What is it?)
\Vhat conclusions can you draw concerning the need for accuracy in a steady-state model? for the
accuracy of the measurement device? for the accu- racy of the control valve? Consider all of these
with respect to their use in a feedtorward control system.
2.13.)The liquid storage tank shown in Fig. E213 has two inlet streams with mass ow rates w; and
w: and an exit stream with ow rate wa. The cylindrical tank is 2.5 m tall and 2 m in diameter. The
liquid has a density of 800 kg/m3. Normal operating procedure is to ll the tank until the liquid level
reaches a nominal value of 1.75 m using constant flow rates: W1 = 120 kglmin, tug = 100 kgfmin,
and W3 = 200 kg/min. At that point, inlet ow rate wl is adjusted so that the level remains constant.
However, on this particular day, corrosion of the tank has opened up a hole in the wall at a height of
i m, producing a leak whose volumetric flow rate q4 (m3/min) can be approximated by (14 = 0.025
Jh 1 where h is height in meters.
(a) lithe tank was initially empty, how long did it take for the liquid level to reach the corrosion
point?
(b) If mass ow rates m, m, and w; are kept constant indenitely, will the tank eventually overow?
Justify your answer.
2.14) Consider a blending tank that has the same dimensions and nominal ow rates as the storage
tank in Ex- k? exercise 2.13 but incorporates a valve on the outow line that is used to establish ow
rate W3. (For this exercise, there is no leak in the tank as in Exercise 2.13.) In addition, the nominal
inlet stream mass fractions of component A are X1 t x2 x 0.5. The process has been operating for a
long time with constant ow rates and inlet concentrations. Under 50 Chapter 2 Theoretical Models
of Chemical Processes these conditions, it has come to steady state with exit mass fraction x = 0.5
and level I: = 1.75 111. Using the information below, answer the following questions:
(a) What is the value of W3? the constant, CV?
(b) If x1 is suddenly changed from 0.5 to 0.6 without changing the inlet ow rates (of course, an
must change as well), what is the nal value of 13? How long does it take to come within 1% of
this nal value?
(c) If W1 is changed from 120 kg/min to 100 kglmin without changing the inlet concentrations, what
will be the nal value of the tank level? How long will it take to come within 1% of this final value?
(d) Would it have made any difference in part (c) if the concentrations had changed at the same time
the flow rate was changed? Useful information: The tank is perfectly stirred.
2.15.)Suppose that the fed-batch bioreactor in Fig. 2.11 is converted to a continuous, stirred-tank
bioreactor (also called thermostat) by adding an exit stream. Assume that the inlet and exit streams
have the same mass flow rate F and thus the volume of liquid V in the chemostat is constant.

(a) Derive a dynamic model for this chemostat by modifying the fed-batch reactor model in
Section 2.4.9.
(b) Derive the steady-state relationship between growth rate in Eq. 2-93 and dilution rate D
where by definition, D = F/V. Suggest a simple control strategy for controlling the growth rate
based on this result.
(c) An undesirable situation called washout occurs when all of the cells are washed out of the
bioreactor and thus cell mass X become zero. Determine the values of D that result in
washout. (Hint: Washout occurs if dX/dt is negative for an extended period of time, until X =
0.)
(d) For the numerical values given below, plot the steady-state cell production rate DX as a
function of dilution rate D. Discuss the relationship between the values of D that result in
washout and the value that provides the maximum production rate. The parameter values are:
m = 0.20 h-1; Ks = 1.0 g/l, YX/S = 0.5 g/g. The steady-state condition is D = 0.1 h-1, X = 2.25
g/L, S = 1.0 g/L, and S f = 10 g/L.

Fig. 2.11
2.16.)in medical applications the chief objectives for drug delivery are (i) to deliver the drug to the
correct location in the patient's body, and (ii) to obtain a specified drug concentration profile in the
body through a controlled release of the drug over time. drugs are often administered as pills. in
order to derive a simple dynamic model of pill dissolution, assume that the rate of the dissolution rA
of the pill in a patient is proportional to the product of the pill surface area and the concentration
driving force:
rA- kA(cs-caq)

where Caq is the concentration of the dissolved drug in the aqueous medium, cs is the saturation
value, A is the surface area of the pill, and k is the mass transfer coefficient. Because cs>>caq, even
if the pill dissolves completely, the rate of dissolution reduces to rd= kAcs.
(a) derive a dynamic model that can be used to calcu