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Four Laws
Maxwells equations in integral form are a set
of FOUR LAWS resulting from several
experimental findings and a purely
mathematical contribution.
Faradays Law
Amperes Circuital Law
Gausss Law for the Electrical Field
Gausss Law for the Magnetic Field
Faradays Law
The electromotive force around a closed
path is equal to the time rate of change of
the magnetic flux enclosed by the path
d
C E dl dt S B dS
Amperes Circuital Law
The magnetomotive force around a closed
path is equal to the algebraic sum of the
current due to the flow of charges and the
displacement current bounded by the path
Displacement
H dl I
d
C S D dS current introduced
C
dt S by Maxwell
I C S J dS
Current due to
flow of free
charges
S
d
C H dl S J dS dt S D dS
Application of Amperes Law to
Closed Surfaces
d
C H dl S J dS1 dt S D dS1
1 1 1
d
C H dl S J dS2 dt S D dS2
2 2 2
d
0 J dS 2 D dS 2
S1 S 2
dt S1 S2
d
Finally:
dt S
D dS J dS
S
d
dt S
D dS J dS
S
D dS Q dv
S
V
V
Free Charge
charge density
D dS dv
S V
D E
Gauss Law for Magnetic Field
The magnetic flux emanating from a closed
surface is equal to zero
B dS 0
S
d
C E dl dt S B dS2 dt S1 S2
2 2
Law of Conservation of Charge
The net current due to flow of charge emanating
from a closed surface is equal to the time rate of
decreases of the charge within the volume
bounded by the surface
d
S J dS dt V dv
D dS dv
S V
Gauss Law
d
dt S
D dS J dS Amperes Law
S
Maxwells Equations in Integral
Form
d
C E dl dt S B dS Faradays Law
d
C H dl S J dS dt S D dS Amperes Law
D dS dv
S V
Gauss Law
B dS 0
S
Gauss Law
d
S J dS dt V dv Law of Conservation of Charge
Maxwells Equations for Static
Fields in Integral Form
For static fields, d
0 , therefore,
dt
E dl 0
C
Note: The electric and
H dl J dS
C S magnetic fields
are no longer
D dS dv
S V dependent
B dS 0
S
J dS 0
S