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Abstract: - Wind turbine is a technology which converting wind energy to electric power. Wind energy is easily accessible anywhere in the world and
is one of renewable energy. However, in Kuala Terengganu, the lower average wind speed become one of the factors wind turbine has not been used
widely as alternative method for generating the electric power. Thereby, small scale wind turbine which can generate electric power in low wind speed
must be develope. In this study, a Savonius type of vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) has been designed, fabricated and its performances was tested. A
simulate calculation also has been made to expect the power output generated by designed prototype. From study, found that although low wind speed,
wind turbine still can perform its function and generate electric power. It prove that wind turbine can be as alternative techn ology for generate the electric
power in Malaysia especially in Kuala Terengganu.
Index Terms: - Wind Turbine, VAWT, Savonius, Low Wind Speed, Kuala Terengganu
1
P MV 2 (4)
2
Where, P=power, M=mass, V=velocity.
To get from equation (3) to equation (4) take each term in turn.
M (mass) of the wind is equal to the density times the volume
of the wind.
M Vol (5)
The volume of the air is equal to the velocity (V) of the wind
times the effective area over which it acts,
Vol AV (6)
M AV (7)
1
P AV 3 E (10)
2
The derivation of equation (3) now provides all the parameters
necessary to calculate the estimated power output of the
system with the exception of the variable E, the total efficiency
of the system. There are a number of considerations when
calculating the overall efficiency of the wind turbine (E). These Fig. 2. Monthly mean wind speeds in Kuala Terengganu
are efficiency of the rotor (Er), generator efficiency (Eg), and
transmission efficiency (Et).
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The VAWT has rotors which move in the direction of the wind.
In this study, the savonius vertical axis wind turbine was
chosen. The savonius rotor, proposed by the Finnish inventor
S.J. Savonius in 1925, is a vertical axis rotor driven by drag
force [15]. The rotor blade design is essentially modification of
S rotor comprising of two semi-circular rotor blades but with
the exception that the rotor blade have been horizontally
displaced. Fig. 5 show about how the rotor works can be seen
by studying the velocity stream diagram below.
3.2 Choosing of suitable wind turbine For a wind turbine the main design characteristics stem from
There are two types of wind turbines. The horizontal axis wind the choice of rotor. Different type of rotors have different
turbine (HAWT) and the vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT) [14]. characteristics such as speed, power, robustness and overall
design appearance. Once the Savonius has been selected, as
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the rotor for the wind turbine, the mechanics elements of the
rotor was inspected. There were a number of elements which
to be considered for to finish up this wind turbine design.
These include:
1. Aspect ratio
2. Overlap ratio
3. Separation gap
4. Cross-section profile
5. Number of blades/ rotor
H
Aspect ratio =
c
Where, H is height of rotor and c is width of rotor. Overlap ratio
as shown in Fig. 7. is the ratio of the diameter of the rotor
blade to the distance which the blades overlap. For buckets of
Fig. 7. Overlap ratio of the design semi-circular cross-section, the appropriate overlap ratio is 20
to 30%. The overlap ratio for this designed wind turbine was
30%. Separation gap as shown in Fig. 8. is determined by the
distance of the rotor blades from the vertical axis. An increase
in the separation gap ratio results in a decrease in the torque
coefficient and the power coefficient; a small negative gap is
therefore preferable. The cross-section profile of a rotor blade
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 2, ISSUE 3, MARCH 2013 ISSN 2277-8616
is taken from a vantage point directly above the blade (See 3.5 Rotor balancing
Fig. 9.). There are two type of cross section profile including
Semi-circular type and Bach type. For this design, the Semi-
circular type was selected. The number of buckets that rotor
possesses has a direct effect on the performance of the rotor.
In this design, two-bucket rotor was selected as shown on the
picture. The number of stacks of rotor, is equal to the number
of levels of rotor. In this design the double-stack of buckets
was selected. The double-stack rotor is slightly superior to the
corresponding single-stack rotor in both torque and power
characteristics.
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 2, ISSUE 3, MARCH 2013 ISSN 2277-8616
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