PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

The National Center for Teacher Education

College of Graduate Studies and Teacher Education Research
Taft Avenue Manila

Experimental Design

True Experimental Design

The true experimental design has each of the following features 1. Manipulation or an intervention 2.
Randomization and 3. Experimental Control

There are groups that will arise on this kind of research the first group is called as the treatment group
and the other one is control group. You may have as many treatment group as you like for convenience.
This means if you want to know for instance the effect of vote buying to their decision towards choosing
a candidate during election to certain individual then you have a controlled group, but it should be of with
the same quality most likely with gender, age or socioeconomic status of the treatment group then group
it according to that then yield for result. Because they are not the same that can cause a bias to your
study.

There are two types of language design, the first one is pretest/posttest it is called as that even the
outcome will not bring out as a test. For instance, If I show a placard showing your smile is wonderful
would that affect the students feelings? But before that you have a post test that youre just at the corner
doing nothing and just observing them. Therefore, you conducted a pretest and a Posttest that is not
really on the type of testing context. You have just have given them a treatment of something and yield
result whether it would affect them or not. The other one is a split plot design which suggest agricultural
experimentation.

Lets discuss the 3 features of Experimental design the first one is manipulation and intervention this is
the treatment given to the treatment group. It is almost anything thought that can affect an outcome. For
instance, in an individual thus this substance can affect an individual? With the knowledge that rats do
have almost the same genetics with humans the flakka will be administered to one group of rats while the
other will receive no intervention. Always remember that the intervention is the thing that you thought
would affect into something. And in this example your intervention is the flakka. And as your experiment
go you will know the effect based on the reaction of rats to that drug.

The second feature of experimental design is Randomization. Randomization is the Introduction into the
selection or assignments of subjects and treatments. Random Selection and Random assignment where
two different things in experimental Research. Random Selection is on how you draw the sample of people
(subjects) from a certain population. Random Assignment is not just giving treatment such as ok 5000 mg
for those who have stage 5 cancer and different from those who just have stage 3. This random
assignment will give equal chance whether of status of the health of an individual. Its aim is just more on
experimentation Thus therefore everyone does have equal chance of being chosen. So, it seems like if
youre going to conduct study, youre not aiming to a specified target selection/ subjects. The selection
seems luck, and it might result to bad luck. Ha-ha! However, it might lead to new discoveries such as new
factors that can affect something. So, good luck.

Experimental Control. Experimental Control is consistent administration of intervention. It is attention

control, it ensures that those in different treatment groups receives same level of attention.

Why Experimental Design?

An experiment is a study that results to Data Collection. Experimental Design is a way to isolate and
identify a cause of something. This is the only research method that we can use to identify cause and
effect relationship. The other method simply describes the situation. There are two types of variable. The
dependent and Independent variable. The Independent Variable is a fact or condition that is deliberately
manipulated to determine whether it causes any change in another behavior or condition while the
Dependent Variable is a factor or condition that is measured at the end of the experiment.

For example:
Does giving additional points at the beginning of every exam will eradicate cheating?
So, the independent variable here is the additional points and the independent variable is the cheating.

The steps were, Observe and come up to what you want to experiment with like the prevalence of
cheating then Describe Afterwards Hypothesize Then test the hypothesis using the intervention and come
up with the Conclusion.

We have the experimental group and the other one is the control group. The experimental group is the
group that is exposed to the independent variable while the control group is also exposed to the
experimental environment but not given a treatment.

There will be other Confounding Variables, this confounding variables are factors other than independent
variable that can affect the result. Such as on my given example, age, sex, gender, socio-economic status,
religion, and family type.

So as in our example which is giving points our experimental group will be given additional points while
the control group dont.

What is internal validity?

Internal Validity just answers the questions, did really x change y? When there is internal validity therefore
you could conclude that x really affects y.

(HUGOT RESEARCH) Does your ex really affects you and why? What are the factors?
As well as do really going to Sagada could heal a broken heart? Charr! HUGOT!)

Aside from not focusing on the report and making hugots there many threats that can affect the internal
validity of the experimental research.
For instance, In History: Did some current event affect the change in the dependent variable? In
Maturation, Were the changes were just because of normal development progress? Statistical
regression, maybe you have chosen the extreme scores that is near to the mean? Selection: Maybe you
have bias in choosing the subjects? Experimental Mortality: Dropouts and loss data. How were the
missing data treated in data analysis? Testing: maybe because they already know how the intervention
will went because of the pretest thats why you yield the result you want? Instrumentation: Did the
measurement method change during the test? Design Contamination: Did the control group already
know that they are the control group and the process that is happening in the treatment group?
Selection-Maturation Interaction: Confounding outcome due to the Mixed Selection and Maturation
that both affected the validity of research.

External Validity

External validity refers to the generalizability a threat to external validity is to be wrong on making the
generalizations of the study.

Randomized

There are three types of experimental design the first one is Completely Randomized Design is when each
experimental unit is randomly assigned to a random group to receive a random treatment.

This will be the design for the Completely Randomized Design

Group 1 Treatment 1

Experimental Units Random assignment Compare

Group N Treatment N

While the second type is Randomized Block Design

First assigns people into a block based on the characteristics that is expected to influence the response of
the experimental units to the treatments. Then a completely randomized is performed within each block

This is an example of Randomized Block Design

And the last type of Experimental Research Design is Matched pairs design
In here we see two scenarios one is uses the same experimental units while the other one uses similar
experimental units. The Same Experimental and Similar both compares on two treatments. The difference
is that the same experimental unit, the units get both treatment while the Similar Experimental Units first
pair up similar experimental units then each pair is split up and randomly assigned to one of the two
treatments.

This is an example of Same Experimental Units Design

Experimental Units Each gets two treatments in random order COMPARE

This is an example of Similar Experimental Units Design

Experimental Units PAIR UP Each gets two treatments in random order COMPARE

The usual problems to be encountered in this type of research design is

1. Selection Bias
This is assignment in a way that there are systematic differences between groups and this problem
can be controlled thru random assignment
2. Placebo effect
This a response to a treatment caused by a persons expectation not the treatment itself. It can
be controlled thru using a Blind study this is when your respondents wont be told if they are the
experimental group or control group. Just like in my earlier example about if you have told them
earlier then their reason will precede their probable original reaction, so to avoid fake reactions
Blind study can be applied
3. Experimenter Bias
It is when the experimenters expectation influences the result of expectation. So, to avoid this
we may do a Double-blind technique
. This technique is when neither of the respondents nor the researchers know who gets the
treatment.