COMPARATIVE

STUDY
OF
VARIOUS TYPES
OF
BRICKS
 PROJECT
BY:-
NEHA.D.PATIL
POOJA.S.BHOLE
NAMRATA.K.CHAUDHARI
PRIYANI.S.PATIL
SHIVANI.S.AADBAL
 UNDER
THE
GUIDANCE OF:-
RAJENDRA PATIL SIR
AND
ASHWINI SONAR MISS
 INDEX
INDEX
INTRODUCTION.
HISTORY.
TYPES OF BRICKS.
COMPOSITION.
TESTING METHODS.
COMPARISON.
CONCLUSION.
 INTRODUCTION
NO CONSTRUCTION IS POSSIBLE WITHOUT
BRICK.SINCE MANY CENTURIES BRICKS HAVE
PROVIDED THE BASIC MATERIAL FOR
CONSTRUCTION.THEY ARE UTILISED IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION AS WELL AS IN ARCHITECHTURAL
POINT OF VIEW.
BRICKS ARE OBTAINED BY HOMOGENEOUS
MIXING OF SUITABLY PROPORTIONED EARTH WITH
SILICA AND ALUMINA IN IT WHICH IS TRANSFERRED
TO TIMBER OR STEEL MOULDS.BRICKS ARE AN
EFFECTIVE MEANS OF UTILIZING WASTES
GENERATED BY STONE CRUSHERS,QUARRYING AND
STONE PROCESSING UNITS.BRICKS ARE
RECTANGULAR IN SHAPE HAVING FROG IN ITS
CENTRE FROM ONE SIDE. THE BRICK HAS LENGTH
TWICE THE WIDTH.
 BRICKS ARE CLASSIFIED ON THE
BASIS OF THEIR PERFORMANCE
CRITERIA.THE PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
INCLUDES STRENGTH, DURABILITY,
ASTHETIC REQUIREMENT, SELECTION OF
THE PROPER SPECIFICATION AND
CLASSIFICATION WITHIN THAT
SPECIFICATION, ALONG WITH PROPER
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION SHOULD
RESULT IN EXPECTED PERFORMANCE.
BRICKS ARE LIGHT IN WEIGHT,
CHEAP, EASY TO HANDLE AND EASILY
AVAILABLE.
 HISTORY
BRICK IS THE OLDEST MANUFACTURED BUILDING MATERIAL
AND MOST OF ITS HISTORY IS LOST IN ANTIQUITY.THE OLDEST BURNT
OR FIRED BRICK HAVE BEEN FOUND ON THE SITES OF BABYLONIA,SOME
OF WHICH ARE ESTIMATED TO BE ABOUT 6000 YEARS OLD.BRICK IS
AFTERALL INDESTRUCTIBLE.
THE INDUSTRY DEVELOPED ON TRADITIONAL LINES,USING
HAND-MAKING PROCESSES FOR THE MOST PART. THE FIRST PATENT
FOR A CLAY-WORKING MACHINE WAS GRANTED IN THE YEAR
1619.MECHANISM HOWEVER,DID NOT BEGIN
TO TAKE THE PLACE OF MANUAL
METHODS UNTIL THE MIDDLE OF 19th
CENTURY.THE MOULDED PRODUCTS WERE
FIRED IN RELATIVELY INEFFICIENT
INTERMITTENT OR STATIC KILNS UNTIL
ABOUT 1858.
 WHEN HOFFMAN INTRODUCED A CONTINUOUS KILN,
WHICH ENABLED ALL PROCESSES CONNECTED WITH THE FIRING
TO BE CARRIED OUT CONCURRENTLY AND CONTINUOUSLY.
SINCE,THE INTRODUCTION OF CLAY WORKING MACHINERY AND
THE HOFFMAN KILN,THE INDUSTRY HAS MADE GREAT
PROGRESS.PARTICULARLY SINCE 1930,THE OUTPUT OF BRICKS IN
GREAT BRITAIN WAS DOUBLED BETWEEN 1930 AND 1938.
BRICK FIND MENTIONED IN
THE BIBLE,THE TOWER OF BABEL
WAS BUILT WITH BURNT BRICKS.
BRICKS WERE PREDOMINANTLY
USED IN THE INDUS VALLEY
CIVILISATION.INFACT, THE
CIVILISATION WAS FIRST
DISCOVERED WHEN ANCIENT
BRICKS BEING USED TO BUILD
RAILWAY BALLAST CAME TO THE
NOTICE OF A PASSING
ARCHEOLOGIST.
 THE TAJ-MAHAL WAS BUILT IN
WHITE MARBLE BUT IT HAD EXTENSIVE
SCAFFOLDING MADE ENTIRELY OUT OF
BRICK WHICH WAS PULLED DOWN AFTER
COMPLETION.THE QUTUB MINAR IS THE
TALLEST
BRICK STRUCTURE MADE FROM RED CLAY
BRICKS.
 TYPES OF BRICKS
IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OF
WORLD,DIFFERENT SIZES OF BRICKS ARE
USED.
SOME OF THEM COMMONLY USED ARE:-
MODULAR BRICKS
CONVENTIONAL BRICKS
STANDARD BRICKS
THESE BRICKS DIFFER IN THEIR
PROPERTIES,USES,SIZES,SHAPES,COLOUR,
COMPOSITION,
STRENGTH,ETC.
 CLAY BRICK IS THE MOSTLY USED
TYPE OF BRICKS.THESE ARE RECTANGULAR IN
SHAPE,WELL-BURNT OF COPPER COLOUR,FREE
FROM CRACKS WITH SHARP EDGES.THEY HAVE
UNIFORM COLOUR,SHAPE,STANDARD SIZE AND
ARE POROUS IN NATURE.
THESE BRICKS DIFFER WITH RESPECT
TO THEIR FOLLOWING PROPERTIES AND USES
ACCORDING TO THEIR TYPES:-
TYPE OF GRADE PROPERTIES USES
BRICKS

1ST CLASS A WELL FACE-WORKED

BRICK. BURNT,SOUND,SHARP STRUCTURE.
EDGES,PROER SHAPE
AND SIZE.

2ND CLASS B IRREGULAR IN SHAPE ORDINARY

BRICK. AND SIZE,BLUNT STRUCTURES, BRICK-
EDGES. WORK, UNDER
PLASTERS.
3RD CLASS C UNDER BURNT UNIMPORTANT AND
BRICK. BRICKS,SOFT AND TEMPORARY
LIGHT IN COLOUR. STRUCTURES,AT HEAVY
RAINFALL PLACES.
4TH CLASS D DEFORMED SHAPE AGGREGRATES FOR
BRICK. AND SIZE,OVER CONCRETE IN
(ZHAMA BURNT. FOUNDATION,FLOORS,
BRICK) ROADS, ETC.
 VARIOUS TYPES OF BRICKS ARE
MANUFACTURED AND USED FOR DIFFERENT
TYPES OF SPECIAL WORKS.THESE TYPES OF
BRICKS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS SPECIAL
BRICKS.FOLLOWING CHARTS CAN EXPLAIN
THIS INFORMATICALLY:-
NAMES OF SPECIAL SPECIAL USES. COST IN MARKET.
SPECIAL TYPES OF PROPERTIES. (AS PER 1000
BRICKS. BRICKS.)
1. ACID CHEMICALLY CHEMICAL PLANT,
RESISTANT RESISTANT. CHEMISTRY
BRICKS. LABS,ETC.
2. ENGINEERING MORE VITRIFIED PAVING PURPOSES.
BRICKS. THAN COMMON
CLAY BUILDING
BRICKS,LESS
POROUS,VERY
HARD.

3. SILICA BRICKS. BEARS CONSTRUCTION

TEMPERATURE OF CHIMNEYS.
UPTO 2000 DEGREE
CELSIUS.
4. REFRACTORY WITHSTAND CONSTRUCTION
BRICKS. TEMPERATURE OF REFRACTORY
UPTO 1700 DEGREE FURNANCE,
CELSIUS. REVERBERATORY
BRICKS HEARTHS.
NAMES OF SPECIAL SPECIAL USES. COST IN MARKET.
SPECIAL TYPES PROPERTIES. (AS PER 1000
OF BRICKS. BRICKS.)
5. SAND-LIME STRONG,HARD, ORNAMENTAL
BRICKS. UNIFORM IN WORKS.
COLOUR,SHARP
EDGES.
6. BLUE BRICKS. CAN BE FIRED AT HEAVY
1250 DEGREE ENGINEERING
CELSIUS. CONSTRUCTIONA
L WORKS LIKE
BRIDGES,ETC.

7. COLOURED AVAILABLE IN DECORATION,

BRICKS. VARIOUS INTERIOR/
COLOURS. EXTERIOR
WORKS.
8. PERFORATED HAS CONSTRUCTION
BRICKS. CYLINDRICAL OF PANELS FOR
HOLES,LIGHT LIGHT WEIGHT
WEIGHTED. STRUCTURES AND
MULTI-STORED
FRAMED
STRUCTURE.
NAMES OF SPECIAL SPECIAL SPECIAL USES. COST IN MARKET.
TYPES OF BRICKS. PROPERTIES. (AS PER 1000 BRICKS.)

9. FIRE BRICKS. RESISTS HIGH CONSTRUCTION OF

TEMPERATURE. HEARTH, FURNANCES
AND CHIMNEY.

10. HOLLOW LIGHT IN WEIGHT, BRICK PARTIONING/ 3000

BRICKS. DAMP,REDUCES PARTITION WALLS.
(CAVITY/CELLULAR TRANSFER OF HEAT.
BRICKS.)

11. FLY-ASH BRICKS. HARD, HIGH CONSTRUCTION OF 4200

STRENGTH. BUILDINGS/HOUSES,
OFFICES,ETC.
 COMPOSITION
BRICKS ARE MADE UP BY
HOMOGENEOUS MIXING OF SUITABLY
PROPORTIONED EARTH WITH SILICA
AND ALUMINA. IT ALSO CONSISTS OTHER
MATERIALS MIXED IN IT.BRICKS ARE
EFFECTIVE MEANS OF UTILISING
WASTES GENERATED BY STONE
CRUSHERS,QUARRYING AND STONE
PROCESSING UNITS,ETC.
SOME OF THE COMMON
CONSTITUENTS OF BRICKS ALONG WITH
THEIR PROPORTION AND FUNCTION ARE
GIVEN :-
NAME OF PROPORTION. FUNCTION.
CONSTITUENT.
1. ALUMINA 20% - 30% ABSORBS WATER AND GIVES
PLASTICITY TO BRICKS.

2. SILICA. 50% - 60% PREVENTS CRACKS,

SHRINKAGE AND WRAPING
OF RAW BRICKS.

3. LIME. 1% - 2% ACTS AS FLUX.

4. MAGNESIA. DECREASES SHRINKAGE
DURING BURNING, ACTS AS
FLUX.
5. IRON OXIDE 1% - 2% GIVES COLOUR TO THE
BRICKS, BINDS THE
PARTICLES OF BRICKS
TOGETHER AND ALSO ACTS
AS FLUX
NAME OF SPECIAL PROPORTION. FUNCTION.
SPECIAL CONSTITUENT.
BRICK.
1. SILICA SILICA 95% - 97% BEARS
BRICKS. TEMPERATU
RE.
2. BLUE IRON OXIDE 7% - 10% COLOUR
BRICKS. AGENT.
3. FLY FLY ASH 80% STRENGTH,
ASH COLOUR.
BRICKS. SAND 13% GIVES
STRENGTH,
HARDNESS.
LIME 7% ACTS AS A
BINDING
MATERIAL.
 BRICKS CAN ALSO CONTAIN
SOME HARMFUL CONSTITUENTS WHICH
AFFECT THE QUALITY OF BRICKS AND
CAN ALSO MAKE THEM USELESS.
HERE ARE THE NAMES OF
SOME OF THEM:-
KANKAR/LIMESTONE.
ALKALIES.
IRON PYRITES.
PEBBLES OF STONE AND GRAVEL.
ORGANIC MATTER OR VEGETATION.
 TESTING METHODS
1. HARDNESS:- A SCRATCH IS MADE ON A
BRICK BY FINGER NAIL.IF NO
IMPRESSION IS LEFT ON SURFACE OF
BRICK THEN,THE BRICK IS
CONSIDERED TO BE HARD.
2. CRUSHING STRENGTH:- IT IS
DETERMINED BY COMPRESSION
TESTING MACHINE. MINIMUM
CRUSHING STRENGTH OF A BRICK IS 3.5
N/mmsq.
3. SOUNDNESS:- WHEN TWO BRICKS
STRUCKS ON EACH OTHER,IF THEY
DONT BREAK AND GIVE A METALLIC
RINGING SOUND THEN IT INDICATES
GOOD QUALITY OF BRICKS.
4. WATER ABSORPTION TEST:- LET,THE
WEIGHT OF BRICK BE W GRAMS.WHEN IT
IS SOAKED IN WATER FOR 24 HOURS AT
ROOM TEMPERATURE AND THEN IT IS
WEIGHTED AT ROOM TEMPERATURE
WHICH WILL BE W1.
% OF WATER ABSORPTION=W1-W x100.
W
5. EFFLORESCENCE TEST:- SOLUBLE SALTS
WHICH ARE PRESENT IN WATER CAUSES
EFFLORESCENCE ON SURFACE OF
BRICK.WHEN THE BRICK IS DIPPED IN
WATER FOR 24HOURS AFTER WHICH IT IS
ALLOWED TO DRY IN SHADE GIVES WHITE
OR GREY DEPOSITS ON ENTIRE SURFACE.
6. STRUCTURE:- AFTER BREAKING A BRICK,
ITS INNER STRUCTURE OBSERVED
SHOULD BE COMPACT,HOMOGENEOUS
AND FREE FROM HOLES,DUST,ETC.
7. IMPACT TEST:- BRICK IS ALLOWED TO
DROP ON FLAT HARD SURFACE FROM
HEIGHT OF 1METER i.e. 3.28 FEET AND IT
SHOULD NOT BREAK INTO PIECES.
 COMPARISON
COMPARISON CLAY BRICKS. FLY - ASH BRICKS.
ACCORDING TO FOLL
PROPERTIES.
1. SIZE. 19X9X9CM. 9X4X3CM.
2. SURFACE. UNEVEN DUE TO EVEN AND
HAND MOULDS AND UNIFORM,SMOOTH
NOT UNIFORM,ROUGH SURFACE/FINISH.
SURFACE/FINISH.
3. COLOUR. COPOROUS RED OR CEMENT LIKE
AS PER THE COLOUR COLOUR.
OF SOIL. (GREYISH).
4. COMPRESSIVE 35 N/MM Sq. 100 N/MM Sq.
STRENGTH.
5. DIMENSIONAL NO DIMENSIONAL DIMENSIONALLY
ACCURACY. ACCURACY. ACCURATE.
6. BONDING. LIGHTLY BONDED. DENSE COMPOSITION.
7. WATER 20 25% 6 12%
ABSORPTION.
COMPARISON CLAY BRICKS. FLY ASH BRICKS.
ACCORDING TO
FOLL PROPERTIES.
8. POROUSITY. MORE POROUS. LESS POROUS.
9. SOAKING IN SOAKING IN ONLY SPRINKLING
WATER. WATER IS OF WATER IS
REQUIRED. ENOUGH.
10. PLASTERING. PLASTERING IS NO PLASTERING IS
REQUIRED. REQUIRED.
11. WEIGHT. HEAVY. LIGHT WEIGHTED.
12. MORTAR MORE MORTAR IS LESS MORTAR IS
REQUIRED. REQUIRED. REQUIRED.
13. SHAPED BY. HAND MADE , MACHINES.
MOULDS.
14. BURNING KILNS , VITT OVENS.
BHATTI.
COMPARISON CLAY BRICKS. FLY ASH BRICKS.
ACCORDING TO
FOLL PROPERTIES.

15. AVAILABILITY MAINLY IN RURAL MAINLY IN URBAN

AREAS. AREAS.

16. VITRIFICATION. LESS VITRIFIED. MORE VITRIFIED.

17. EXPENSIVE / EXPENSIVE. CHEAP.

CHEAP.

18. COST. 4000 5000 4200

19. COST OF INCREASES COST DECREASES COST

CONSTRUCTION. OF COSTRUCTION. OF CONSTRUCTION.
 CONCLUSION
FLY ASH BRICK HAS UNIFORM SHAPE AND
SIZE WITH SMOOTH FINISH AND DIMENSIONAL
STABILITY. IT IS GREYISH IN COLOUR AND
DOESNT REQUIRE SOAKING IN WATER BUT JUST
IN SPRINKLING IS ENOUGH.IT ALSO REQUIRES
LESS MORTAR DURING CONSTRUCTION AND IS
CHEAP IN COST.IT HAS HIGH COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH, DENSELY COMPOSED,LESS
POROUS,ABSORBS LESS AMOUNT OF WATER.IT IS
LIGHT WEIGHTED AND REDUCES THE COST OF
CONSTRUCTION.
FLY ASH BRICK IS MORE DURABLE AND
THE COMPARISON IMPLIES THAT FLY ASH
BRICK SHOULD BE WIDELY USED IN
CONSTRUCTION.
 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS.
(NIRALI PRAKASHAN G
SCHEME.)
NOTES OF KANCHAN PATIL
MISS.

BY NEHA PATIL.