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Project -A
Project Report
UES010-Project
Group Id: 1 Project Id:A
Submitted To: Dr.Shruti Sharma
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Index
Introduction
Formula used
Observations
Graph
Snapshots of the specimen
Result
Numerical Problem
Sources of Error
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Introduction
Project Focus:- Axial stresses and Deformations
Objectives of Project:-
Tensile Strength:-
The maximum load that a material can support without fracture when being stretched, divided
by the original cross-sectional area of the material. Tensile strengths have dimensions of
force per unit area and in the English system of measurements are commonly expressed in
units of pounds per square inch, often abbreviated to PSI. When stresses less than the tensile
strength are removed, a material returns either completely or partially to its original shape
and size. As the stress reaches the value of the tensile strength, however a material if ductile
that has already begun to flow plastically rapidly forms a constricted region called a neck,
where it fractures.
Machines:-
To conduct the experiments for the given project, we have used Tensile Testing Machine.
The machine used to measure the tensile strength universally, is the tensile test machine. It
has one crosshead; to apply tension to the test specimen. The machine must have proper
capabilities for the test specimen being tested.
There are four main parameters: force capacity, speed, precision and accuracy. Force capacity
refers to fact that the machine must be able to generate enough force to fracture the specimen.
The machine must be able to apply the force quickly or slowly enough to properly mimic the
actual application. Finally, the machine must be able to accurately and precisely measure the
gauge length and forces applied; for instance, a large machine that is designed to measure
long elongations may not work with a brittle material that experiences short elongations prior
to fracturing. Alignment of the test specimen in the testing machine is critical, because if the
specimen is misaligned, either at an angle or offset to one side, the machine will exert to one
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side, the machine will exert a bending force on the specimen. This is especially bad for brittle
materials because of it will dramatically skew the results.
The strain measurements were measure with an extensometer. Newer test machines have
digital time, force, and elongation measurement systems consisting of electronic sensors
connected to a data collection device (often a computer) and software to manipulate and
output the data.
Equipment Used:-
Formula used:-
Observations:-
1. The dimensions of the specimen used for the experiment are given below:
Mild Steel
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Thickness
3.27 3.0634
2.96
2.96
Aluminium
Thickness
Thickness(mm) Average(mm)
3.6 3.506
3.45
3.47
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2. Tensile Strength
(ALUMINIUM)
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(MILD STEEL):
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Graphs:-
Aluminium:
STRESS vs STRAIN
100
90
80
70
Stress (N/mm)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Strain
Mild Steel:
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STRESS vs STRAIN
300
250
stress (N/mm)
200
150
100
50
0
0 0.002 0.004 0.006 0.008 0.01 0.012 0.014
Strain
Aluminium:
Mild Steel:
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Extensometer:
Vernier Calipper:
Result:
It can be clearly seen that Mild Steel has more tensile strength than Aluminium.
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Numerical Problem :-
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P=50 KN
ltotal= 5 mm;
l = P[(L1/A1*E1) + (L2/A2*E2)]
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Sources of Error:-
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Extensometer
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Result:
It can be clearly seen that Mild Steel has more tensile strength than Aluminium.
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