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2B [0.0557 + 2.03 x 10-7(9.92 x 10° — pry? JIS ~ 0.236 , 1.01 x 107 Using the pseudopressure IPR, gas rate is expressed by 0.703(20) (22) [6.88 x 108 ~ m(pus)] 98 ~ Gas + 460) (7 + 1.5 x 10™%,) = 0,509[6.88 x 10% — (pug (7 + 1.5 x 10°49)147 EXAMPLE 2.6 continued ‘Table E2.6 Calculation of Gas IPR Curves for the Crawford No. 1 Well 9_ (MMsef(D) for IPR Pos Pos? mPa) PRESSURE- PsEUDO- (sia) (sia?) (psiep) SQUARED PRESSURE o 0.00 0.00 7 Ba 1200 1.44 E6 1.14 E8 108 ns 1600 2.56 6 2.00 ES 9.96 107 2000 4.00 E6 3.06 E8 874 9.28 2500 6.25 E6 4.61 E8 6.50 6.74 2750 7.56 6 5.45 E8 4.89 5.01 3000 9.00 E6 33 E8 253 2.57 or by the quadratic equation with A= 13.8 and B=2.95 x 10-* with the direct solution _ [190 + 1.18 x 1076.88 x 108 — m(puy)]! - 13.8 oa 5.90 10 Table E2.6 tabulates the results of the calculations needed to plot the two IPR curves as in figure E2.6. The plot indicates that IPR calculated by the pressure- squared approach is more conservative than IPR calculated by the pseudopressure approach. Concerning the practical application of the radial flow equation including rate- dependent skin Dg,. equation (2.44) can also be written as a quadratic equation (Forchheimer model) Qs) ThgZ Tatlin lr) — 0.75 +5] (2.52) and TigZ « o703Kh? (253) ‘The term j1Z can be evaluated at any pressure as long as pe < 2000 psia. For high-pressure gas wells with limited drawdown, pressure can be used instead of pressure-squared, in which case the Forchheimer quadratic equation is written Pr Pws= Age + Bag (2.54)148 Reservoir Aspects of Well Performance In(relry) 0.75 +s} (2.55) T__ (be) B aa ()o. (2.56) Note that j1,Z is evaluated at poy = (Px + Pu)/2- If pseudopressure m(p) is used instead of pressure-squared, the rate equation is written (pe) — m( Puy) = Ade + Bags (2.57) where A TaNTEIn relrw) = 0.75 +5] (2.58) and B= she (2.59) The most practical solution of the Forchheimer equation is to plot (pp? — Puy ag versus g., (Pr —Pup)/9g Versus Qe, or [m(pR) — m(Pus)\/ge versus gy on linear coordinate paper. The result is a straight line with intercept A and slope B. Figure 2.13 illustrates such a plot, using pressure-squared for a low-pressure gas well. The slope B in figure 2.13 indicates the significance of high-velocity effect on the productivity of the well. A large slope implies large rate-dependent skin. The intercept A is related to steady-state skin factor. If rate needs to be written in terms of flowing pressure, the quadratic equations can be solved as follows: 2 205 = [Ate sBap A, (2.60) We 2B 2 0s alAP+4BApy*— A, (2.61) % 2B and [42+ 4BAm(p)PS =A, 0.02) We 2B149 ov “sousutio}sad jou uo ays Moy AyDoj—4-yPLy AuyUyULID}Op 409 opd AeoUYT ET"7 ANIL anoswn ‘b ‘giv sv oe oz on T T T "8 ‘NIS BLV4S-AQVALS OL ‘ana $807 auNSEaud S3LVOIGN WV Ld3OU3LNI bq ‘Mond AL10073/-HOIH (04 3na $01 SuNSS3ud SALVOION a 8b za - gd anos zesdReservoir Aspects of Well Performance where Ap? = pa? — Puy’, AP = Pr — Pes and Am(p) = m(pp) — m( pus). Obviously, values of A and B will be different, depending on whether pressure, pressure- squared, or pseudopressure is used. Example 2.7 illustrates the linearized plot of test data for a gas well. The constant D in the rate dependent skin factor is related to the slope B of the linear plot in figure 2.13 by equations (2.53), (2.56), or (2.59). By combining equations (2.37) and (2.44) the constant is related also to rock properties, A D=2.222x 19-8, warily (2.63) EXAMPLE 2.7 LINEAR PLOT OF GASWELL TEST DATA, The Cullender No. 5 gas well produces from a shallow, low-pressure, highly productive reservoir. The well has been tested by a multirate test and the results are listed in table E2.7. One-hour duration of each flow period was enough to reach stabilization of flowing wellbore pressure. In fact, it was observed that pressures stabilized almost instantaneously after each rate change. The three high flow rates (March 30, 1950) were obtained by flow-after-flow sequence without shut-in between flow periods. The three low flow rates were performed at three consecutive days; each flow period started from shut-in conditions. Determine the IPR and evaluate the high-velocity-flow effects in the well. SOLUTION The reservoir did not exhibit appreciable depletion during the test period and reservoir pressure was essentially constant. Downhole pressures listed in table E2.7 were calculated from wellhead pressures using vertical flow correlations, which probably explains the spread in static reservoir pressures. The IPR will be established by using both the backpressure equation and the quadratic equation. ‘The log-log backpressure plot in figure E2.7a gives a straight line which defines a backpressure exponent n= l/slope=0.55. The backpressure coefficient is calculated from the curve as C = 8.737 x 105(11270)° = 49,468 scf/Dipsi”. The backpressure equation then is 9q = 49,468( PR — Pus), and the absolute open-flow is 39.8 MMscf/D. A Cartesian plot of Ap*/q, versus q, (fig. E2.7b) gives a straight line (except for a small deviation and the low-rate point). The intercept of the line is151 EXAMPLE 2.7 continued 105 108) PR2-Pwi?, psia 103} on 1.0 10 100 GAS RATE, qg, MMscf/D igure E2.7a Stabilized backpressure curve of the Cullender No. 5 gas well. Reprinted by permission of the SPE-AIME from Cullender 1955. © 1955 SPE-AIME. psia? A= 0.00028 The slope is - 1 psia?/scf/D B=1.26x 10“ or, when expressed in scf/D, 10 Psia?/scf/D B=1.26x 19 WE The low n value and the high B value indicate large rate-dependent skin. Reservoir data were not presented by Cullender (1955) and it is therefore difficult to quantify steady-state skin s and rate-dependent skin coefficient D. It is certain, however, that rate-dependent pressure losses dictate reservoir inflow performance.152__Reservoir Aspects of Well Performance EXAMPLE 2.7 continued 0.002 «2 £5 SLOPE B = 0.000126 ale INTERCEPT A = 0.00028 ° 70 20 GAS RATE, ag, MMsct/D Figure E2.7b Stabilized quadratic IPR curve of the Cullender No. 5 gas well. ‘Table E2.7 Test Data of Cullender No. 5 Gas Well (March-April 1950) Pr At wy 4 Pa'> Puy? AP"lag Date psia br sia MMsct/D sia? psia?/sef/D March 30 439.01 425.97 8.373 11270 0.001340 March 30 439.0 411.69 12.484 25250 0.001860, March30 439.01 390.08 16.817 40600 0.002410 April 3 4399 1 439.80 0.570 90 0.000158 April 4 4396 01 438.45 2.231 1010 0.000453 April 5 398 001 434,86 4.841 4320 0.000892153, The high velocity coefficient (J/ft) can be approximated by an empirical correlation (discussed later in section 3.4) 73 X 101 kg 1145, (2.64) B= where k, is the permeability used to evaluate B, equal to the effective gas permeability near the wellbore. In equation (2.63), ft, is the formation thickness ‘open to flow. If the near-wellbore region is not damaged or stimulated with acid, the D term is essentially independent of permeability, since @ is approximately proportional to 1/k and D is proportional to Bk. Without an estimate of permeability, D can be written (with B ~ 1.69 x 10'/k): yeh D=3.75x 10-*. 3 Batali (2.65) ‘The slope and intercept of the cartesian plot together with equations (2.63) and (2.49) provide a useful mean for interpreting multirate well test data in terms of formation properties and well completion data. Example 2.8 applies the quadratic rate equation to interpret test data. EXAMPLE 2.8 HIGH-PRESSURE GASWELL MULTIRATE TEST INTERPRETATION The McLeod No. 1A (McLeod 1983) is a high-pressure gas well producing from the Worth sandstone. During the first year of production, the average reservoir pressure dropped from 12,31Spsia to 5,565psia. Six tests have been run and relevant data are given in table E2.8a. General reservoir and well data are given in table E2.8b. Use the quadratic equation to develop an inflow performance relation for the McLeod No. 1A at pressures encountered during the second year of production (approximately 5000 psia average reservoir pressure). Table E2.8a Test Data for the McLeod No. 1A Well 1 2 3 4 5 6 49¢ (MMscf/D) 7.152 8.080 7.739 S178 4.850 Pr (psia) 12315 10,177 8,625 6,365 5,815 Po” (psia) 11,458 9,070 7,691 5,915 5,260 Pav (PSia) 1h887 9,624 81586140 5,538 Zat Pov 1.35 1.38 1.26 1.10 1.05 (CP) at Pay 0.0380 0.0340 0.0310 0.0265 0.0245 (87194) (Pas!¥Z) 2 Bl 25.2 183-46 “Bottomhole pressures calculated from surface pressures.184 Reservoir Aspects of Well Performance EXAMPLE 2.8 continued ‘Table E2.8b Reservoir and Well Data for the Mcleod No. 1A Well Formation permeability” k 200md Net pay f 26f Estimated drainage radius r, 1320ft Wellbore radius 1 0.3758 Gas gravity +, 0.635 Formation temperature Tx 245°F *From sidewall core data. SOLUTION The quadratic equation (2.51) can be written (a")E2) where A'+ Bigg. pot A’ = Taarpglltlrelra) — 0.75 +] D. 407k Note that pt, and Z are evaluated at pay, where Pov = (Pr Pus/2- ‘This form of normalizing pressure accounts for severe depletion and large changes in pressure-dependent properties during the period of testing. In other words, since the term Poy/tigZ shows considerable variation as a result of depletion, it has been eliminated from the expressions of the slope and the intercept. A plot of [(Ap/ 4s) (Pavlt4gZ)] versus gy is shown in figure E2.8. ‘The reservoir has high permeability and the drainage volume appears to be limited, based on the rapid depletion indicated by the test data in table E2.8a. We ‘can assume stabilized flow for all five tests. Two interpretations of the data are possible. ‘The first interpretation uses rates 1, 2, 3, and 4, which define a straight line with slope B’ = 3.01 x 10~° and intercept A’ = 2.7. Based on kh = 200(26) = 5200 md-ft and In(r,/r,) —0.75 = In(1320/0.375) — 0.75 = 7.42, we calculate D=B'1.407khiT = 3.01 x 10°(1.407) (5200)/(460 + 245)155 EXAMPLE 2.8 continued 32 sot 12,34) 270,36) = \a \ Ye. > 3.01-10-6 D=3.12-1075(sct/D)~1 (Ap/ag) (Pav iigZ) a a 10 A’= (T/1.407kh) [fn(rg/ty)-0.75 + 8] B’ = (1/1.407kn)D a ee ee ee ee ee 102 83 4 5 6 7 8 8 10 1 12 GAS RATE dg, MMsct/D Figure E2.8 Quadratic IPR plot of test data of the McLeod No. 1 gas well.156 Reservoir Aspects of Well Performance EXAMPLE 2. continued =3.12 x 107%(scf/D)! and $= A'LAOTKAIT = [IN (relre) ~ 0.75) = 2.7(1.407) (5200)/(460 + 245) — 7.42 = +206, ‘The second interpretation uses rates 1, 3, and 6 to define a straight line with slope B' =1.49 x 10° and intercept A‘ = 13.6, yielding D=1.49 x 107*(1.407)(5200)/(460 + 245) = 1.55 x 10-“(scf/D)“! and 5 = 13.6(1.407)(5200)/(460 + 245) — 8.2 = +134 The two interpretations are considerably different. Table E2.8c indicates the actual difference and its impact on stabilized well performance. The conclusion about the test data is that (1) a damaged zone appears to restrict flow near the wellbore, and (2) the high-velocity flow is exacerbated by the damaged permeability. Also, the test data show considerable scatter, indicating changing conditions near the wellbore through the first year of production, and/or bad data. Part of the scatter may result from calculating bottomhole pressures from. wellhead measurements. McLeod used the test data to substantiate a high-velocity- flow model for the perforations. His model is discussed in chapter 3 (section 3.5) and in example 3.8. ‘Table E2.8¢ Results of Two Interpretations of Test Data for the McLeod No. 1A Total Skin s+ Dq (well flowing pressure) 5 = 4206, 5 = 4134, (MMscf/D) D=3.12x 10-5 D=1.55%10-> 2 82.2 (4921) 164.0 (4849) 4 144.6 (4732) 195.0 (4644) 6 207.0 (4434) 226.0 (4384) 8 269.4 (4027) 257.0 (4071) 10 331.8 (3511) 288.0 (3703) * pa SOOO psa, (PavhipZ)= 220,000, oF 1/2 =0.0227Potrebbero piacerti anche
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