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When protons and neutrons come together to form a nucleus, the mass of the
nucleus is less than the sum of the masses of separated protons and neutrons.
This difference in mass is called the mass excess or mass defect of the nucleus.
Mass Excess (Defect)
= Mass of separated protons & neutrons mass of nucleus
Where Z is the number of proton and N the number of neutrons in the nucleus.
Atomic Mass Unit (u)
At nuclear level, the masses of the nuclei and nucleons
are so small that the unit kg is too big and clumsy to be
used.
Instead the atomic mass unit (u) is used.
One atomic mass unit (1 u) is defined as being equal to
one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
1 u = 1.66 10-27 kg
Using this scale of measurement, to six decimal places,
we have
proton mass, mp = 1.007276 u
neutron mass, mn = 1.008665 u
electron mass, me = 0.000549 u
Example 1
Calculate the mass defect for a carbon-14 nucleus 146 C.
The measured mass is 14.003240 u.
Calculate also the energy-equivalent of this mass loss in eV.
Solution:
Carbon-14 has 6 protons and 8 neutrons
Mass defect = 6 (1.007276) + 8 (1.008665) 14.003240
= 0.109736 u
Most
stable
region
The nucleus is more stable if it has a higher binding energy per nucleon. It
would be more difficult to break up the nucleus as more energy is required
to separate the nucleons.
The most stable nuclide can be found at the peak of the curve. It corresponds
to the element 56
26 Fe
It has the greatest mass defect and the highest binding energy per nucleon.
Mass per Nucleon
Mass per nucleon is small when binding energy per nucleon is high.
Elements with very small or very large mass number are unstable.
To attain stability
Nuclei with low mass numbers may undergo nuclear fusion
Nuclei with high mass numbers may undergo nuclear fission.
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclei with low mass numbers may
undergo nuclear fusion under certain
conditions.
In general nuclear fusion is possible as
long as the final product has more binding
energy per nucleon (i.e. less mass) than
the reactants.
The enormous amount of energy
generated in the Sun is due to this
process.
Energy released in the fusion process is
very much greater than energy released in
the fission process
An example of nuclear fusion:
two deuterium atoms fuse together to form
helium-3 under extremely high
2
1 H + 21 H 23 He + 01 n + energy temperature.
He-3 has a greater binding energy per
nucleon and is more stable than deuterium.
Nuclear Fission
dN
N
dt
dN
N
dt
where
= radioactivity decay constant; t = time
The decay constant is the fraction of the total number of atoms that
decay per unit time.
Its S.I. unit is s-1
Decay Constant
The radioactive law dN/dt = N can be
rewritten and integrated as follows:
dN
N
dt In general x = x0 e- t
dN
dt
N where x could represent
N dN t
N0 N 0 t (a) activity A
(b) number of undecayed particles N
ln N N t 0
N t
0
(c) count rate C or
N (d) mass of undecayed particles m
ln t
N0
N N 0e t
Activity
The activity A of a radioactive source is the
number of disintegration it undergoes per unit
time.
A = dN / dt
= N
= N0 e-t
= A0 e-t
Unit of A is becquerel, Bq
1 Bq = 1 decay s-1
Graphical Representation
Half Life
The half-life of a radioactive nuclide is the time
taken for the number of radioactive nuclide to
disintegrate to half its initial value.
Graph of lnN against t
Half Life of Some Materials
Solution
Example 7
Example 8
Solution 8
Example 9
Solution 9
Physics is Great