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Abstract Sweet orange is one of the most common fruits is significant, with heavy direct consumption due to few
in the World. The waste generated from the fruits needs to and small capacity processing industries to convert the
be put into a beneficial use. In this study some physical fruit to juice, concentrate and canned fruit.
and chemical properties of the primary waste of sweet The inability of the few and small capacity processing
orange was investigated. The result showed sweet orange industries to convert the fruit juice and concentrate has
rinds (peels) as the major waste and contains 45-50% of led to the generation of wastes. Waste is anything in a
the total mass of sweet orange fruits. The chemical ruined or devastated condition (merriamwebster). It can
analysis showed sweet orange rinds to be rich in protein also be defined as any unavoidable material resulting
of 7.15% and crude fibre of 12.79% which can be used as from an activity, which has no immediate economic
ingredients in processed food. These uses will promote demand and which must be disposed of (NISP, 2003).
sustainable disposal of orange rinds. Physical properties are important in many problems
Keywords Orange rinds, proximate analysis, protein, associated with the design of machines and the analysis of
crude fibre. the behaviour of the product during agricultural
processing such as extraction of phytochemicals. Physical
I. INTRODUCTION characteristics of agricultural products are the most
Citrus (citrus spp) is one of the most abundant fruit crops important parameters for determination of proper
with World production estimated at 115 million tons per standards to design of grading, conveying, processing,
year. Citrus is a large family whose dominant members and packaging systems (Tabatabaeefar, and Rajabipour,
include sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis), 2005, Karimiet al., 2009). The food industry has shown a
tangerines/mandarin (Citrus reticulata), lemon (Citrus special interest in finding uses for citrus industry by-
limon), limes (several species) and grape fruits (Citrus products. Hence the need to know the physical and
paradis). Citrus fruits are notable for their fragrance, nutrient component of the peels.
partly due to flavonoids and limonoids contained in the
rinds (Manthey, 2004). Also, citrus fruits and juices are II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
important sources of bioactive materials including 2.1 Raw material characterization
antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, flavonoids and Harvested sweet orange was obtained from a fruit and
phenolic compounds that are important to human nutrition vegetable market centre from a local market in Akure,
(Kamran et al., 2009).Citrus fruits are good source of Ondo State, Nigeria. The samples were selected manually
folic acid, vitamin B (thiamine), potassium, phosphorus, from unripe and overripe fruits, thus providing a uniform
calcium, iron, magnesium, sodium and sulphur (Nagy et samples or fruits of the relatively same ripeness stage.
al., 2007). The ripe fruits were processed at the Crop Processing
The endocarp is rich in soluble sugar and contains Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental
significant amounts of vitamin C, pectin, fibres, different Engineering, Federal University of Technology Akure.
organic acids and potassium salt which give the fruits its These fruits were washed to remove dirts and foreign
characteristic citrus flavour (Ezejioforet al., 2011). materials from the epicarp. The fruits were peeled with
Africa produces 3,741,000 tonnes of varieties of citrus knife to remove epicarp or rind or flavedo or shell.
fruits of which Nigeria contributes 3,240,000 tonnes 2.1.1 Physical Properties of Citrus species
(FAO, 2004). Nigeria produces 3% of fresh citrus in the a. Weight determination
World (FAO, 2004). The rinds (peels) obtained from the The weights of the selected agricultural materials were
pericarp of these fresh fruits are available in large determined using a method described by Varnamkhastiet
quantities during the citrus season thereby constituting al. (2007). The materials were randomly selected from
environmental problems since it is not being put into any each sample into flat plates which were carefully weighed
productive use. The production of citrus fruits in Nigeria using an electronic balance to an accuracy of 0.01g. The
moisture content of the samples.100g of sample were Where MR (D) is mass of material retained in percent
placed in oven at 105 30C and allowed to dry to a is mass of material retained
constant weight for 24 hours (Lagha-Benamrouche, S. The milled peels size (200 g) was determined in a vertical
and Madani, K., 2013). The moisture content (MC) was vibrator sieve shaker Tyler series system (Model 1868
calculated by expressing the weight loss upon drying a Bertel, Caieiras, BR) with sequential openings of 10, 14,
fraction of the initial weight of sample used. The moisture 20, 28, 35, 48, and 65 mesh. The mean particle diameter
content of the seeds was determined by gravimetric was determined using the method of ASAE S319.4
method which determines the mass loss from the sample (ASAE, 2008) for granulometry.
by drying to constant weight (ASABE STANDARDS, The diameter measurement of the particles of Orange
1993 and AOAC, 2000). peels was determined in terms of geometric mean
3 0 diameter (or median size), geometric standard deviation
(%) = 100(3)
1 0 of log-normal distribution by mass in ten- based
% = 100 %(4) logarithm, and geometric standard deviation by mass
Where is weight of empty crucible (ASABE STANDARDS, 2008), A mass retained in
1 is weight of crucible plus sample before drying cadapeneira was weighed in semi-analytical balance (the
3 is weight of crucible plus sample after drying 5500 Mars, Sao Paulo, Brazil) and the average diameter
DM is dry matter and of the particles was calculated by the equation
MC is the moisture content
=1 ( )
= 1 [
]
e. Bulk density =1
The bulk density was determined using the mass to (7)
volume ratio. The volume was determined by water
=1 ( )
2
= [
=1
]1/2 =
2.3
displacement method as described by Archimmedes law
of floatation. True or real density is the mass of the (8)
1 1
sample divided by volume and can be calculated using the [1 (1 ) ]
2
equation (5): (9)
3
= ( ) (/ )(5) Where is nominal sieve aperture size of the ith sieve,
Where, (mm)
Pr(kg/m3) = True density +1 is nominal sieve aperture size in next larger than ith
M (kg) =dry specimen mass 0f 300g sieve (just above the set ), (mm)
(dimensionless) (12)
is geometric standard deviation of log-normal iv. Protein determination
distribution by mass in natural logarithm, (dimensionless) Protein content of the sample was determined
is geometric standard deviation of particle by mass using the Kjeldahl method
,(mm) v. Carbohydrate determination
mass of material retained on the i-th sieve (g) % = 100 (% + % + % +
N is number of sieves +1 (pan % ) (13)
h. Proximate analysis
The proximate compositions of the dried sample were III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
determined using standard methods to know the nutritive 3.1 Physical Properties of the Citrus Species
properties. All measurements were done in duplicates and Physical properties are important in many problems
values were presented in percentage. associated with the design of machines and the analysis of
i. Ash content determination the behaviour of the product during agricultural
processing operations such as extraction of
% = 100
phytochemicals. The summary of the result for all the
(10) physical parameters measured were, collated, analysed
ii. Fat content determination and presented (Table 1).
The mass of orange ranges from 202.72 - 3132 g with The bulk density was determined using the mass to
average mass of 250.05 g Mass of orange peels ranges volume. Natural bulk density of sweet orange was 0.99
from 73.96 - 55.23 g with average mass of 32.69 g for gcm-3 and mean relative density obtained was 0.4007
Nigeria orange. Citrus fruits contains pulp, peels, internal 0.0023 gcm-3 for the dried milled sweet orange peels.
tissues and seeds. Citrus pulp is the solid residue that The rinds (peels) obtained from the pericarp of citrus is
remains after fresh fruits are squeezed for their juice. It the primary waste and is available in large quantities
amounts to 50 70% of the fresh weight of original fruit, during the citrus season thereby constituting
contains peels 30 45%, internal tissues of 20 35% and environmental hazard and pollution to the environment.
seeds 0 10%. The result obtained from the peels were There is therefore an urgent need to put it into productive
lower than the result reported by Sharma et al, (2017) of use. Figure 1 shows the result of dried orange milled peels
50% of citrus peels. from sweet orange.
Fig.2: Nutrient composition of sweet ornage (Citrus Sinensis) rind (dry matter basis)
The crude fibre was 12.79 % which also have high value Board, Institute of Medicine, 2001).Nassaret al. (2008)
of dietary fibre and higher than the value of water leaf suggested that 15 % of orange peel and pulp could be
(Talinumtriangulare) of 12% as reported by Aja et al, incorporated as an ingredient in making biscuits, as they
2010. It is also higher than the crude fibre of red bell are a suitable source of dietary fibre with associated
pepper of 7.4% as reported by Odewole and Olaniyan, bioactive compounds (flavonoids, carotenoids etc.).It also
(2016). The result of the crude protein of 7.4% is higher contains a variety of other nutrients such as proteins,
than the crude protein reported by Awogbemi and crude fibre and some minerals.
Ogunleye (2009) of Fluted pumpkin
(Telfairiaoccidentalis) of 2.3%. The result from the IV. CONCLUSION
nutritive composition showed sweet orange as a In this study some physical properties and chemical
promising source of proteins and crude fibre. The average characteristics of sweet orange peels were determined. It
daily requirement of dietary fibre is 2125 g per day for showed sweet orange rinds as a primary waste. The study
women and 3038 g per day for men (Food and Nutrition