Nombre: Lorena Guznay Saldaa

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PENICILINA

ALEXANDER FLEMING

In 1928, researcher Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin, an event that

changed the course of the history of medicine. This finding, which Fleming did
not disclose until 1929, opened the doors of the antibiotic revolution. Many
medical specialties today have not been found in a plate of his microscope a
fungus baptized as "Penicillium notatum".

Much of the discoveries in the world of research originate casually. The same
happened with the discovery of penicillin.

Fleming was working with the bacteria called golden staphylococci, as we will
see, he discovered that the bacteria were destroyed by a very common fungus
caused by the decomposition of the substances. This British scientist
discovered, unintentionally, the bactericidal power (kill bacteria) of this mold
called Penicillium Notatum, that is, penicillin.

http://www.areaciencias.com/DESCUBRIMIENTOS%20CIENTIFICOS/COMO%
20SE%20DESCUBRIO%20LA%20PENICILINA.htm
Nombre: Lorena Guznay Saldaa
English 2
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ALEXANDER FLEMING
Alexander Fleming was a doctor and bacteriologist who discovered penicillin,
receiving the Nobel Prize in 1945.

Synopsis

Alexander Fleming was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, on August 6, 1881, and

studied medicine, serving as a physician during World War I. Through research
and experimentation, Fleming discovered a bacteria-destroying mold which he
would call penicillin in 1928, paving the way for the use of antibiotics in modern
healthcare. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945 and died on March 11,
1955.

Early Years

Alexander Fleming was born in rural Lochfield, in East Ayrshire, Scotland, on

August 6, 1881. His parents, Hugh and Grace were farmers, and Alexander was
one of their four children. He also had four half-siblings who were the surviving
children from his father Hugh's first marriage. He attended the Louden Moor
School, the Darvel School and Kilmarnock Academy before moving to London
in 1895, where he lived with his older brother, Thomas Fleming. In London,
Fleming finished his basic education at the Regent Street Polytechnic (now the
University of Westminster).

Fleming was a member of the Territorial Army, and served from 1900 to 1914 in
the London Scottish Regiment. He entered the medical field in 1901, studying at
St. Mary's Hospital Medical School at the University of London. While at St.
Mary's, he won the 1908 gold medal as the top medical student.

Early Career and World War I

Alexander Fleming had planned to become a surgeon, but a temporary position

in the Inoculation Department at St. Mary's Hospital changed his path toward
the then-new field of bacteriology. There, he developed his research skills under
the guidance of bacteriologist and immunologist Sir Almroth Edward Wright,
whose revolutionary ideas of vaccine therapy represented an entirely new
direction in medical treatment.
Nombre: Lorena Guznay Saldaa
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https://www.biography.com/people/alexander-fleming-9296894

How penicillin changed medicine: perspective from an infectious disease expert.

The discovery of penicillin changed the world of medicine enormously. With its
development, infections that were previously severe and often fatal, like
bacterial endocarditis, bacterial meningitis and pneumococcal pneumonia, could
be easily treated. Even dating all the way back to World War II and today with
the war in Iraq, soldiers experienced injuries that would have been fatal without
penicillin and other antibiotics that were developed subsequently. It is really
impossible for me to imagine what the world would be like without penicillin. I
question whether there would be a discipline of infectious diseases as we know
it today.

There were beginning treatments for pneumococcal pneumonia in the 1930s

with antisera and sulfonamides, but use of these treatments quickly came to a
halt, and everyone began using penicillin. This quickly led to a number of
pharmaceutical industries beginning to screen a variety of other natural
products for antibacterial activity, which led to a whole host of new antibiotics,
such as streptomycin, aminoglycosides, tetracycline and the like. Penicillin
clearly led the way in that development.

It is interesting that using penicillin for the treatment of infections like

pneumococcal pneumonia and bacterial endocarditis never had a randomized,
controlled trial because the difference with treatment was so clearly apparent
that no one even thought of doing a randomized controlled trial.

https://www.healio.com/endocrinology/news/print/endocrine-
today/%7B15afd2a1-2084-4ca6-a4e6-7185f5c4cfb0%7D/penicillin-an-
accidental-discovery-changed-the-course-of-medicine
Nombre: Lorena Guznay Saldaa
English 2
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TUTORIAL

The real story behind penicillin

The discovery of penicillin, one of the world's first antibiotics, marks a true
turning point in human history - when doctors finally had a tool that could
completely cure their patients of deadly infectious diseases.

Many school children can recite the basics. Penicillin was discovered in London
in September of 1928. As the story goes, Dr. Alexander Fleming, the
bacteriologist on duty at St. Mary's Hospital, returned from a summer vacation
in Scotland to find a messy lab bench and a good deal more.

Upon examining some colonies of Staphylococcus aureus, Dr. Fleming noted

that a mold called Penicillium notatum had contaminated his Petri dishes. After
carefully placing the dishes under his microscope, he was amazed to find that
the mold prevented the normal growth of the staphylococci.

Sir Alexander Fleming (1881 - 1955), studying a test tube culture with a hand
lens. Photo by Chris Ware / Getty Images.

It took Fleming a few more weeks to grow enough of the persnickety mold that
he was able to confirm his findings. His conclusions turned out to be
phenomenal: there was some factor in the Penicillium mold that not only
inhibited the growth of the bacterium but, more important, could be harnessed
to combat infectious diseases.

https://translate.google.com.ec/translate?hl=es-
419&sl=es&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fhealth
%2Fthe-real-story-behind-the-worlds-first-antibiotic
Nombre: Lorena Guznay Saldaa
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Conclusion

Without Fleming, no Florey or Chain, without Chain no Florey, without Florey,

no Heatley, without Heatley no Penicillin.

Sir Henry Harris in a BBC TV programme entitled Breaking the Mould, aired
July 2009.

Although revisionists have dismissed Fleming, Sir Henry Harris' quote really
explains why Fleming, Florey and Chain where given the Nobel Prize for
Medicine in 1945. Antibiotic sales today are estimated at more than 6 million a
year, and without the amazing knowledge gained from mycology the world
would be a very different place.

https://www.kew.org/blogs/library-art-and-archives/story-penicillin