a) To determine and calculated the creep in different materials at different

stresses and temperatures.

b) To calculate the strain hardening co-efficient

c) To demonstrate and measure the creep recovery in plastics

What is Creep? On what factors creep in a material depends?

creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to move slowly or
deform permanently under the influence of mechanical stresses. It can occur as a result of long-term
exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of the material.

Factors:
Aggregate
Mix Proportions
Age of concrete
1. Influence of Aggregate
Aggregate undergoes very little creep. It is really the paste which is responsible for the creep.
However, the aggregate influences the creep of concrete through a restraining effect on the magnitude
of creep. The paste which is creeping under load is restrained by aggregate which do not creep. The
stronger the aggregate the more is the restraining effect and hence the less is the magnitude of creep.
The modulus of elasticity of aggregate is one of the important factors influencing creep. It can be
easily imagined that the higher the modulus of elasticity the less is the creep. Light weight aggregate
shows substantially higher creep than normal weight aggregate.

2. Influence of Mix Proportions:

The amount of paste content and its quality is one of the most important factors influencing
creep. A poorer paste structure undergoes higher creep. Therefore, it can be said that creep increases
with increase in water/cement ratio. In other words, it can also be said that creep is inversely
proportional to the strength of concrete. Broadly speaking, all other factors which are affecting the
water/cement ratio are also affecting the creep.

3. Influence of Age:
Age at which a concrete member is loaded will have a predominant effect on the magnitude
of creep. This can be easily understood from the fact that the quality of gel improves with time. Such
gel creeps less, whereas a young gel under load being not so stronger creeps more. What is said above
is not a very accurate statement because of the fact that the moisture content of the concrete being
different at different age also influences the magnitude of creep.

Discuss Primary, Secondary and Tertiary creep. Give graphical

representation and also show elastic region and plastic region. What is
creep recovery and how is it measured?
Primary Creep: starts at a rapid rate and slows with time.
Secondary Creep: has a relatively uniform rate.
Tertiary Creep: has an accelerated creep rate and terminates when the material breaks or
ruptures. It is associated with both necking and formation of grain boundary voids.
Creep rate:
The rate of deformation is called the creep rate. It is the slope of the line in a Creep Strain vs.
Time curve

How creep recovery:

If the applied load is released before the creep rupture occurs, an immediate elastic recovery equal to
the elastic deformation, followed by a period of slow recovery is observed . The material in most
cases does not recover to the original shape and a permanent deformation remains. The magnitude of
the permanent deformation depends on length of time, amount of stress applied, and temperature.

Creep curve with recovery. A constant load is applied at t0 and removed at t1.
The creep rupture is basically similar to a creep test with the exception that it is continued until the
material fails. Since higher loads are used, creep rates are higher and the material fails in a shorter
time. This test is useful in establishing a safe envelope inside which a creep test can be conducted.
The basic information obtained from the stress rupture test is the time to failure at a given stress.

how is it measured
???
Graphical representation of creep with effect of Temperature.
Creep in service is usually affected by changing conditions of loading and temperature
The number of possible stress-temperature time combinations is infinite.
The creep mechanisms is often different between metals, plastics, rubber, concrete.

What are elasticity, plasticity and Strain-hardening?

Elasticity:
the ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape after being stretched or
compressed; stretchiness.
Plasticity:
Property of material to be deformed repeatedly without rupture by the action of a force, and
remain deformed after the force is removed.
Stain hardening:
Work hardening, also known as strain hardening is the strengthening of a metal by plastic
deformation. This strengthening occurs because of dislocation movements and dislocation generation
within the crystal structure of the material.

What is stain hardening coefficient:

The strain hardening exponent (also called strain hardening index), noted as n, is a material's constant
which is used in calculations for stressstrain behavior in work hardening.
In the formula = K n,
represents the applied stress on the material,
is the strain,
K is the strength coefficient.
The value of the strain hardening exponent lies between 0 and 1. A value of 0 means that a material is
a perfectly plastic solid, while a value of 1 represents a 100% elastic solid. Most metals have an n
value between 0.10 and 0.50.

Factor depends on strain hardening:

The applied stress provides a driving force for dislocation movement and diffusion of atoms.
As the stress is increased, the rate of deformation also increases. In general, it is found that where n is
termed the stress exponent. Prediction of the value of n from first principles is not easy, but its value
does depend on which mechanism of creep is operating. For example, for diffusion creep its value is
approximately 1, while for dislocation creep it is usually in the range 3-8.

Stain rate:
Strain rate is the change in strain of a material with respect to time. The strain rate at some point
within the material measures the rate at which the distances of adjacent parcels of the material.
Apparatus
Stop watch
Hanger
Different weight
Dial gauge
Specimen

Procedure:
Frist we check a shearing and bending moment apparatus that can work correctly then we
place material that can be test on this apparatus and attach a dial gauge to measure the deflection and
take a stop watch on hand for note down a time attach a hanger at the end of loading lever and put a
weight on it if we attach small load then deformation in material is slowly and it may take some hours
and may be take some hours when we apply on it high load than it will deform fast and break in some
minutes select the time interval mean how much seconds note reading when we apply weight then
look dial gauge round and count also look time on stop watch when time reach our time interval then
note the time and do not stop the stopwatch if start once if we pause stopwatch and note time then we
cannot measure correct deformation
Diagrame