Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Seismic Design
Type Description Reference Section Category Application
1a. Torsional Irregularity: Torsional irregularity is defined to exist where the 12.3.3.4 D, E, and F
maximum story drift, computed including accidental torsion with Ax = 1.0, 12.7.3 B, C, D, E, and F
at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the 12.8.4.3 C, D, E, and F
average of the story drifts at the two ends of the structure. Torsional 12.12.1 C, D, E, and F
irregularity requirements in the reference sections apply only to structures Table 12.6-1 D, E, and F
in which the diaphragms are rigid or semirigid. Section 16.2.2 B, C, D, E, and F
1b. Extreme Torsional Irregularity: Extreme torsional irregularity is defined 12.3.3.1 E and F
to exist where the maximum story drift, computed including accidental 12.3.3.4 D
torsion with Ax = 1.0, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is 12.7.3 B, C, and D
more than 1.4 times the average of the story drifts at the two ends of the 12.8.4.3 C and D
structure. Extreme torsional irregularity requirements in the reference 12.12.1 C and D
sections apply only to structures in which the diaphragms are rigid or Table 12.6-1 D
semirigid. Section 16.2.2 B, C, and D
2. Reentrant Corner Irregularity: Reentrant corner irregularity is defined to 12.3.3.4 D, E, and F
exist where both plan projections of the structure beyond a reentrant corner Table 12.6-1 D, E, and F
are greater than 15% of the plan dimension of the structure in the given
direction.
3. Diaphragm Discontinuity Irregularity: Diaphragm discontinuity 12.3.3.4 D, E, and F
irregularity is defined to exist where there is a diaphragm with an abrupt Table 12.6-1 D, E, and F
discontinuity or variation in stiffness, including one having a cutout or open
area greater than 50% of the gross enclosed diaphragm area, or a change in
effective diaphragm stiffness of more than 50% from one story to the next.
4. Out-of-Plane Offset Irregularity: Out-of-plane offset irregularity is 12.3.3.3 B, C, D, E, and F
defined to exist where there is a discontinuity in a lateral force-resistance 12.3.3.4 D, E, and F
path, such as an out-of-plane offset of at least one of the vertical elements. 12.7.3 B, C, D, E, and F
Table 12.6-1 D, E, and F
Section 16.2.2 B, C, D, E, and F
5. Nonparallel System Irregularity: Nonparallel system irregularity is 12.5.3 C, D, E, and F
defined to exist where vertical lateral force-resisting elements are not 12.7.3 B, C, D, E, and F
parallel to the major orthogonal axes of the seismic force-resisting system. Table 12.6-1 D, E, and F
Section 16.2.2 B, C, D, E, and F
EXCEPTION: The limit does not apply where 12.3.3.4 Increase in Forces Due to Irregularities for
the weak story is capable of resisting a total seismic Seismic Design Categories D through F
force equal to 0 times the design force prescribed in For structures assigned to Seismic Design
Section 12.8. Category D, E, or F and having a horizontal structural
irregularity of Type 1a, 1b, 2, 3, or 4 in Table 12.3-1
12.3.3.3 Elements Supporting Discontinuous Walls or a vertical structural irregularity of Type 4 in Table
or Frames 12.3-2, the design forces determined from Section
Columns, beams, trusses, or slabs supporting 12.10.1.1 shall be increased 25 percent for the
discontinuous walls or frames of structures having following elements of the seismic force-resisting
horizontal irregularity Type 4 of Table 12.3-1 or vertical system:
irregularity Type 4 of Table 12.3-2 shall be designed to
resist the seismic load effects including overstrength 1. Connections of diaphragms to vertical elements
factor of Section 12.4.3. The connections of such and to collectors.
discontinuous elements to the supporting members shall 2. Collectors and their connections, including
be adequate to transmit the forces for which the discon- connections to vertical elements, of the seismic
tinuous elements were required to be designed. force-resisting system.
82
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS
or nonlinear response analysis utilizing realistic 12.4.4 Minimum Upward Force for Horizontal
expected values of material strengths. Cantilevers for Seismic Design Categories
D through F
12.4.3.2 Load Combinations with In structures assigned to Seismic Design Category
Overstrength Factor D, E, or F, horizontal cantilever structural members
Where the seismic load effect with overstrength shall be designed for a minimum net upward force of
factor, Em, defined in Section 12.4.3, is combined with 0.2 times the dead load in addition to the applicable
the effects of other loads as set forth in Chapter 2, the load combinations of Section 12.4.
following seismic load combination for structures not
subject to flood or atmospheric ice loads shall be used
in lieu of the seismic load combinations in either
12.5 DIRECTION OF LOADING
Section 2.3.2 or 2.4.1:
Basic Combinations for Strength Design with 12.5.1 Direction of Loading Criteria
Overstrength Factor (see Sections 2.3.2 and 2.2 for The directions of application of seismic forces
notation). used in the design shall be those which will produce
the most critical load effects. It is permitted to satisfy
5. (1.2 + 0.2SDS)D + oQE + L + 0.2S
this requirement using the procedures of Section
7. (0.9 0.2SDS)D + oQE + 1.6H
12.5.2 for Seismic Design Category B, Section 12.5.3
NOTES: for Seismic Design Category C, and Section 12.5.4
for Seismic Design Categories D, E, and F.
1. The load factor on L in combination 5 is permitted
to equal 0.5 for all occupancies in which Lo in
12.5.2 Seismic Design Category B
Table 4-1 is less than or equal to 100 psf (4.79 kN/
For structures assigned to Seismic Design
m2), with the exception of garages or areas
Category B, the design seismic forces are permitted to
occupied as places of public assembly.
be applied independently in each of two orthogonal
2. The load factor on H shall be set equal to zero in
directions and orthogonal interaction effects are
combination 7 if the structural action due to H
permitted to be neglected.
counteracts that due to E. Where lateral earth
pressure provides resistance to structural actions
12.5.3 Seismic Design Category C
from other forces, it shall not be included in H but
Loading applied to structures assigned to Seismic
shall be included in the design resistance.
Design Category C shall, as a minimum, conform to
Basic Combinations for Allowable Stress Design the requirements of Section 12.5.2 for Seismic Design
with Overstrength Factor (see Sections 2.4.1 and Category B and the requirements of this section.
2.2 for notation). Structures that have horizontal structural irregularity
Type 5 in Table 12.3-1 shall use one of the following
5. (1.0 + 0.14SDS)D + H + F + 0.7oQE
procedures:
6. (1.0 + 0.105SDS)D + H + F + 0.525oQE + 0.75L +
0.75(Lr or S or R) a. Orthogonal Combination Procedure. The
8. (0.6 0.14SDS)D + 0.7oQE + H structure shall be analyzed using the equivalent
lateral force analysis procedure of Section 12.8, the
12.4.3.3 Allowable Stress Increase for Load modal response spectrum analysis procedure of
Combinations with Overstrength Section 12.9, or the linear response history
Where allowable stress design methodologies are procedure of Section 16.1, as permitted under
used with the seismic load effect defined in Section Section 12.6, with the loading applied indepen-
12.4.3 applied in load combinations 5, 6, or 8 of dently in any two orthogonal directions. The
Section 2.4.1, allowable stresses are permitted to requirement of Section 12.5.1 is deemed satisfied if
be determined using an allowable stress increase of members and their foundations are designed for
1.2. This increase shall not be combined with 100 percent of the forces for one direction plus 30
increases in allowable stresses or load combination percent of the forces for the perpendicular direc-
reductions otherwise permitted by this standard or tion. The combination requiring the maximum
the material reference document except for increases component strength shall be used.
due to adjustment factors in accordance with AF&PA b. Simultaneous Application of Orthogonal
NDS. Ground Motion. The structure shall be analyzed
87