44

Power Electronics Trainer
WST - 23
"WOOSUN CONTROL Co., LTD Printed in Korea"

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short circuit.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. DIODE RECTIFICATION
1-1 SINGLE PHASE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT ---- 3
1-2 SINGLE PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT ---- 13
1-3 THREE PHASE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT ---- 19
1-4 THREE PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT ---- 24
2. SINGLE PHASE PHASE CONTROL RECTIFICATION

2-1 SINGLE PHASE HALF-WAVE PHASE CONTROL RECTIFIER ---- 30
2-2 SINGLE PHASE FULL-WAVE PHASE CONTROL RECTIFIER ---- 41
3. 3 PHASE PHASE CONTROL RECTIFICATION

3-1 THREE PHASE FULL-WAVE PHASE CONTROL RECTIFIER CIRCUIT ---- 53
4. SINGLE PHASE AC CONTROL

4-1 AC CONTROL CIRCUIT BY MEANS OF ONLY SCR ---- 64
4-2 AC POWER CONTROL BY MEANS OF SCR & DIODE ---- 75
5. 3 PHASE AC CONTROL
5-1 3 PHASE AC POWER CONTROL ---- 83
6. SWITCHING BY MEANS OF SCR

6-1 Non-Contact Switch Circuit by means of SCR ---- 93
6-2 AC POWER CONTROL by means of TRIAC ---- 97
6-3 RING COUNTER CIRCUIT ---- 100
6-4 GATE TRIGGER CIRCUIT OF GTO ---- 103
7. DC POWER CONTROL
7-1 DECREASING VOLTAGE CHOPPER CIRCUIT ---- 106
7-2 INCREASING VOLTAGE CHOPPER CIRCUIT ---- 116
8. SINGLE PHASE INVERTER

8-1 SINGLE PHASE INVERTER CIRCUIT ---- 125
9. 3 PHASE INVERTER
9-1 3 PHASE INVERTER CIRCUIT ---- 134
10. SINGLE PHASE CYCLO-CONVERTER

10-1 SINGLE PHASE CYCLO-CONVERTER CIRCUIT ---- 143
- 1 -
1. Diode Rectification
- 2 -
1-1. Single phase Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit
A. The Objective of Experiment

1. The principles and characteristics of Single phase Half-wave Rectifier Circuit by
using diodes should be understood.
B. Preparations
1. Diode Rectifier circuit(WST-2301) ----- 1
2. Oscilloscope ----- 1
C. The Related Knowledge

1. Single phase Half-wave Rectifier Circuit
If sine wave AC voltage of ⋅ ⋅ θ is added to such a circuit as 'Figure
1-1a)', only during plus(+) half-period of 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, Rectifying Diode 'D' is opened up in
way, and the wave form of DC Voltage 'Vr' and Current 'Ir', which are loaded on
Resistance 'R' and the Voltage , which is loaded on diode is as 'Figure 1-1 b)'. This
is said to be 'Half-wave rectification'.
2. Relational Formula of Half-wave Rectification

1) Mean Value of Voltage
The mean value of a voltage of both ends of a resistance is expressed like this.
π π
⌠ θ ⌠ θ θ
π ⌡ ⌡
π
θ
π π
2) Mean Value of Current
Since the wave form of DC Current, which flows in a load is Resistance Load, it is
same with that of a voltage. This mean value is expressed like this.
π π π
Here, is the maximum value of AC voltage and is the maximum of AC Current.
3) As for the Supplied Power on AC side,
is formed.
Here, is the effective current of AC side.
- 3 -
* Figure 1-1 a) : Half-wave Rectifier Circuit
* Figure 1-1 b) : Wave-forms of Single phase Half-wave Rectification which has

resistance load.
4) The Effective current on AC side
π π
⌠ θ ⌠ θ
π ⌡ π ⌡
5) The Efficiency of Rectifier Circuit

Normally, the efficiency, of Rectifier Circuit is expressed as this formula.
- 4 -
In case of half-wave rectification,

π
η
6) Peak Inverse Voltage

The forward resistance of rectifying diode is almost '0'. Therefore during half-period of
the forward, the voltage, which is loaded on diode, is also '0'. But during half-period of
the backward, the AC voltage is loaded on diode as it is. Like this, the maximum value of
backward voltage, which is loaded on diode, is called 'PIV(Peak Inverse Voltage)'. In case
of the above, PIV is ⋅ . For such a reason as above, when rectifying diode
is used in circuits, voltage values should be determined to be endured against this PIV.
3. The Working of Half-wave Rectification and Inductance

Let's figure a circuit that R and L are connected to the load of Half-wave Rectifier Circuit
as 'Figure 1-1 c)'. If DC current which flows in a circuit is , Voltage drops of
resistance and reactor are each , and Rectifying Voltage is , each

wave-form of these is as 'Figure 1-1 d)'.
* Figure 1-1 c) : R, L Load of Half-Wave Rectification
- 5 -
* Figure 1-1 d) : Wave-Forms of R and L Load
As 'Figure 1-1 d)', it becomes θ=0, so though v is '0', diode is opened up in way, then it
becomes 'OFF' when θ=π+β. Unlike forward resistance, current is blown out under θ=π+β.
For with Inductance L piling up energy at first, diode is not blown out until the emission of
energy is ended.
That is,
1) As for Induction Load, it is not blown out under θ=π, and is continued until θ=π+β.
2) The mean value of the voltage Vl of L's both ends during 1 period becomes '0' under
normal state.
- 6 -
3) The mean value of the output voltage Ed of Rectifier is same with that of the Voltage Vr
of resistance 'R'.
The more β is, the lesser Ed is, and if L = ∞, Ed becomes '0'. In this case, β= 2π and
Rectifier Circuit is thought to be opened up during the period of 2π.
4. The working of Free wheeling diode
It is said 'Free wheeling diode' that diode is connected to load in parallel as
'Figure 1-1 e)'.
* Figure 1-1 e) : Free wheeling diode circuit
In this circuit, during plus half-period of v, D1 = ON, and since the voltage on the
cathode side of D2 is higher than that on anode side, D2 = OFF. During minus
half-period, D1=OFF, and since the voltage of anode side of D2 is higher, D2=ON. The
average voltage of this time is like this.
Usually, if in Single phase Half-wave Rectifier Circuit, L is made big, the average voltage
is decreasing, and current is also. Because Free wheeling diode circuit is used in Induction
load, if it is used well, such effects like these can be come out.
1) The Load Current is made smoothing.

2) The backward voltage of diode is constant regardless of loads.
3) The power which is consumed in Resistance 'R' is increasing slightly.
(Improvement of Power Factor)
- 7 -
D. The procedure of practices

1. Connect lines as 'Figure 1-1 f)' for the experiment of Single phase Half-wave Rectifier
Circuit.
* Figure 1-1 f) : Single phase Half-wave Rectifier Circuit
2. Supply AC power voltage 20V, connecting to the tap of 20V in a transformer.
3. Adjust load resistance to 12 Ω and turn on the power switch. And read indications of each
measure and record them on 'Table 1-1 g)'.
Resistance Input Output

Loads
[Ω ] Voltage V[V] Voltage ED[V] Current ID[A]
12
16 20
20
'Table 1-1 g)' Under Resistance Loads
- 8 -
4. Draw up, observing the wave-form of Input AC voltage by using oscilloscope, and also of
DC voltage and current.
AC Voltage
DC Voltage
DC Voltage
5. Continuing to change resistances into 16 and 20 Ω, repeat that practice, and record on
'Table 1-1 g)'.
6. This time, in 'Figure 1-1 f)' connect Resistance load and Induction load 'L' in serial for the
experiment of R and L load. (Other parts are same.)
7. Connecting AC power voltage to 20V and changing loads as 'Table 1-1 h)', repeat the
former experiment and frame this table out.
Load [Ω] Input Output
R L Voltage V[V] Voltage ED[V] Current ID[A]
12
16 16 20
20
'Table 1-1 h)'Under R and L Load
- 9 -
8. Using oscilloscope, observe and draw up the wave-forms of AC input voltage V, DC

voltage Vd, and DC current Id.
AC Voltage
DC Voltage
DC Voltage
9. To know effects of free wheeling diode in Single phase Half-wave Rectifier Circuit, connect
loads and diodes in parallel as 'Figure 1-1 I)'.
* Figure 1-1 i) : Free wheeling diode in Single phase Half-wave Rectifier Circuit
- 10 -
10. Applying AC voltage 20V and changing loads as 'Table 1-1 j)', read indications of each
measure and record on the table.
R[Ω] L[Ω] Voltage V[V] Voltage ED[V] Current ID[A]
12
16 16 20
20
'Table 1-1 j)'Under Free wheeling diode
11. Observe and draw up the wave-forms of AC voltage, DC voltage, and DC current.
AC voltage
DC voltage
DC voltage
- 11 -
E. Post-Questions
1. Explain the relation between Input AC voltage values and Output DC voltage values in
Single phase Half-wave Rectifier Circuit.
2. Explain the difference between pure resistance and R & L loads in Single phase Half-wave
Rectifier Circuit.
3. In which case is Free wheeling diode used? And what advantage is there if free wheeling
diode is used?
- 12 -
1-2. SINGLE PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

1. The principles and constructions of Single phase Full-wave Rectifier Circuit should be
understood.
2. The characteristics of R and L load in Rectifier Circuit should be understood.
B. The Preparations
1. Resistance Loads
In such a circuit as 'Figure 1-2 a)', during plus(+) half-period of sine AC input v, D1 and
D2' are opened up in way and during minus(-) half-period, D2 and D1' are opened up in
way. Then the output voltage Vd is pulsating DC and this is said 'Full-wave rectification'
and this circuit is called 'Full-wave Rectifier Circuit'. Especially it is called Single phase
Bridge Rectifier Circuit.
* Figure 1-2 a) : Single phase Bridge Rectifier Circuit
* Figure 1-2 a) : Wave - Form
- 13 -
1) The rectified average voltage Ed is expressed as this formula.

π
⌠ θ
π ⌡ π
This is as 2 times as Half-wave Rectifier. During plus(+) half-period of v, v is loaded
against D2 and D1' and during the next half-period, v is loaded against D1 and D2'.
Therefore D1, D2, D1', and D2' can not be all opened up in way simultaneously.
2) The average current Id, which flows in loads is,
π π
3) AC input is as 2 times as Half-wave Rectifier,
4) The efficiency is as 2 times as Half-wave Rectifier,
η
π
2. R and L load
'Figure 1-2 c)' is a circuit that Inductance 'L' is inserted into the load side of Single
phase Bridge Rectifier Circuit.
* Figure 1-2 c) : R and L load of Single phase Bridge Rectifier Circuit
- 14 -
* Figure 1-2 a) : Wave - Form
Rectifier Elements D1 and D2' are opened up in way under θ= 0 - π, and D2 and D1' are
opened during the rest period. So the wave form of Vd is as 'Figure 1-2 d)'. The mean
value for 1 period of the voltage Vd which is loaded on both ends of Inductance 'L'
becomes '0', and the mean value of Rectified Voltage Vd and the Voltage Vr of both ends
of Resistance are same, so like this.
π π
⌠ θ ⌠ θ
π ⌡ π ⌡ π
As we know from the relation above, the voltage wave-form of Vr has no relevance with
L's magnitude or existence, but it becomes smoothing if L is big, if L = ∞, Vr and Id
become completely smoothed DC.

1. Connect lines as 'Figure 1-2 e)' for the experiment of Single phase Full-wave Rectifier
Circuit.
* Figure 1-2 e) : Single phase Bridge Rectifier Circuit
2. Adjust AC power voltage to 20V, and load resistance to 12 Ω.

3. Make the power switch ON, read the indications of each measure, and record on 'Figure
1-2 f)'.
- 15 -
12
16 16 20
20
'Table 1-2 f)'Under Resistance Load
4. Using oscilloscope, observe and draw up the wave-forms of AC input voltage, DC output
voltage, and current.
5. Continuing to change resistances into 16 and 20 Ω, repeat that practice, and record on
'Table 1-2 f)'.
6. This time, in 'Figure 1-2 e)' connect Resistance load and Induction load 'L' in serial for
the experiment of R and L load. (Other parts are same.)
- 16 -
7. Connecting AC input voltage to AC 20V and changing loads as 'Table 1-2 g)', repeat the
former experiment and make complete this table.
12
16 16 20
20
8. Using oscilloscope, observe and draw up the wave-forms of AC voltage, DC voltage, and
DC current.
- 17 -
E. Post-Questions
1. Compare the magnitude of Input AC voltage with that of Output DC voltage through their
computed values and measured values in Single phase Full-wave Rectifier.
2. Explain the difference between pure resistance and R & L loads in Single phase Full-wave
Rectifier Circuit.
3. What relation is there between DC voltage and L's magnitude?
- 18 -
1-3. THREE PHASE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

1. The principles of Half-wave Rectifier Circuit, which transforms 3 phase AC inputs into DC
by using 3 rectifying elements should be understood.
2. The voltage, current and efficiency of 3 phase half-wave rectifier circuit should be
recognized.
B. The Preparations

1. It is called '3 phase half-wave rectifier circuit' that 3 diodes are connected to the neutral
point of transformer through loads in common with cathodes in a circuit of 3phase Y
wiring as 'Figure 1-3 a)'.
* Figure 1-3 a) : 3 phase half-wave rectifier circuit
Seeing the neutral point O and the terminal P, it can be known that 3 single phase
half-wave rectifier circuits are connected in parallel. The rectifier element of the biggest
branch in voltage among the balanced 3 phase voltage , is opened
up in way. Thus the voltage which is loaded on load, Vd becomes pulsating DC voltage.
Now, if θ , the mean value of DC load voltage, is like this,
 
 ․
 
  
 
  
 ․      

   ≥
- 19 -
* Figure 1-3 b) : Wave-form
The current which flows in each diode becomes continuous, seeing from load side, and
the average current Id of this time is like this,
The Ripple factor, νof rectifier circuit is like this,
- 20 -

1. Connect lines as 'Figure 1-3 c)' for the experiment of 3 phase Half-wave Rectifier Circuit.
* Figure 1-3 c) : 3 phase Half-wave Rectifier Circuit
2. In wiring, since the first side of 3 single phase transformers is wired as Δ, and the second
side of it is as Y already, only the rest is required to be wired.
3. Adjust load resistance to 12 [Ω] and turn on the power switch. And read indications of
each measure and record them on 'Table 1-3 d)'.
Load [Ω] AC Input DC Output
R[Ω] Voltage V[V] Voltage ED[V] Current ID[A]
12
16 20
20
4. Continuing to change resistances into 16 and 20 Ω, repeat that practice.
5. Using oscilloscope, observe and draw up the wave-forms of DC voltage, and current.
- 21 -
6. This time, in 'Figure 1-3 c)' connect Resistance load and Induction load 'L' in serial for
the experiment of R and L load. Other parts are same with the former practice.
7. Make the power switch ON, and read the indications of each measure, changing loads as
'Table 1-3 e)'. And record on this table.
Load [Ω] AC Input DC Output
R[Ω] Voltage V[V] Voltage ED[V] Current ID[A]
12
16 20
20
'Table 1-2 f)'Under R Road L load
8. Using oscilloscope, observe the wave-forms of DC voltage, and current.
- 22 -
E. Post-Questions
1. In 'Table 1-3 d)' and 'Table 1-3 e)' which are framed in experiment, is there any
difference between the time when pure resistances are connected to loads and when
Inductance 'L' is connected to loads in serial?
2. This relation is said to be made between AC input voltage and DC output voltage.
Compare the computed value with the measured value which is measured in
'Table 1-3 d)'.
           ∣ 


- 23 -
1-4. THREE PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

1. The Relation between Input AC voltage and Output DC voltage in 3 phase Full-wave
Rectifier Circuit should be recognized.
2. The Experiment for the influence of L load in 3 phase Full-wave Rectifier Circuit should be
done.
B. The Preparations

1. Resistance Load
The Wiring is said '3 phase Full-wave Rectifier Circuit or Grate Wiring', that 3 phase
Half-wave circuits are connected in serial by using 2 diodes on each phase as
'Figure 1-4 a)'.
* Figure 1-4 a) : 3 phase Full-wave Rectifier Circuit
In this figure, is the voltage between lines, the phase voltage is , and the neutral
point is O. 3 circuits of , and are connected in parallel between

(+) terminal on the load side and O point, and these circuits can be recognized as '3
phase Half-wave Rectifier Circuits'. The circuit of the highest voltage can be opened up in
way, and the average voltage of these is ` , and becomes D.
3 circuits of D1'-(- ), D2'-(- ), D3'-(- ) between the neutral point O and (-)
terminal on the load side, are connected in parallel. The average value of these is only the
reverse of the former. That is, the average voltage is = - 0.675 V. Therefore the
mean value of DC voltages loaded on load is the electric potential difference of these two,
so = 0.675, and × 2 = 1.35 .
This is expressed as voltage between lines, and if expressed as phase voltage,
= 2.34 .
- 24 -
* Figure 1-4b) wave form
2. R and L load
As we can know in the wave-forms of 'Figure 1-4 b)', the frequency of ripple, which is
included in DC voltage, becomes 6f [Hz] when the power voltage is f [Hz]. Then since
the ripple ratio is relatively small, the reactor for filter also can be made far small in
comparison with single phase.
The effects of L are as follow.
1) The insertion of L has no effect on DC current and voltage.

2) As the L value grows big, it becomes a smoothing DC. If L = ∞, it becomes a complete
DC.

1. Connect lines as 'Figure 1-4 c)' for the experiment of 3 phase Full-wave Rectifier Circuit.
* Figure 1-4 c) : 3 phase Full-wave Rectifier Circuit
- 25 -
2. Adjust load resistance to 12 Ω and read the values of voltage & current between lines, and
DC voltage & current, and record them on 'Table 1-4 d)
Load AC Input DC Output

Resistance Voltage Betweeb
Phase Voltage Voltage Current
R[Ω]
VS [V] lines [V] ED[V] ID[A]
12
16
20
3. Continuing to change resistances into 16 and 20 Ω, repeat that practice. Compute the
phase voltage and record on the table.
4. Using oscilloscope, observe and draw up the wave-forms of Input AC voltage, Output DC
voltage and current. (if R = 16 Ω)
5. This time, in 'Figure 1-4 c)' connect Resistance load and Reactor 'L' in serial for the
experiment of using Reactor as load.
- 26 -
6. Fixing load resistance into 16 Ω, and changing Reactor into 12, 16, and 20 Ω, make
practices and record on 'Table 1-4 e)'.
'Table 1-2 f)'Under Road L load
Loads AC Input DC Output
R L Phase Voltage Voltage Betweeb Voltage Current

[Ω ] [Ω ] VS [V] lines [V] ED[V] ID[A]
12
16 16
20
7. Using oscilloscope, observe and draw up the wave-forms of DC voltage, and current. (if R
= 16 Ω, and L = 20 Ω)
- 27 -
E. Post-Questions
1. According as load resistance values are changing in 3 phase Full-wave Rectifier Circuit, is
there any change in DC voltage?
2. What happens if the value of Reactor grows big under R and L load?
3. If the value of Reactor grows big, is there any change in Rectified DC voltage?
- 28 -
2. Single Phase Control
Rectification
- 29 -
2-1. SINGLE PHASE HALF-WAVE PHASE CONTROL RECTIFIER

1. The characteristics of SCR should be understood and the usage of phase control should
be learned.
2. The Relation between the firing angle α and DC average voltage should be understood.
B. The Preparations
1. Single phase half-wave phase control rectifier circuit(WST-2302) ----- 1

1. The Necessity of Phase Control
To operate DC load as AC power supply, it is needed to rectify AC power supply into DC
by using diodes. But DC voltage can not be varied. Of course, there is another way to
rectify it through varying AC power supply itself by using Sliders or by adjusting the TAP of
Transformer, but this has many problems. In this point, through using SCR and adjusting
Gate pulse applied time, continuous DC power supply can be acquired.
2. The principle of Phase Control

The main part of Single phase Half-wave Phase control Rectifier circuit is represented in
'Figure 2-1 a)'. SCR is used instead of diode in Diode rectifier circuit.
* Figure 2-1 a) : Single phase Half-wave Phase control Rectifier circuit
- 30 -
In 'Figure 2-1 b)', if Gate pulse signal is applied when Power voltage v is in α behind the
point of Zero close,
Gate signal
* Figure 2-1 b) : Single phase Half-wave Phase control
1) From 0 to π, though SCR is forward, because there is no Gate signal it is a closed-way

that is, OFF state, which has a load voltage '0'.
2) If it arrives at the α point, it is forward and has Gate signal. Therefore SCR becomes ON
and makes such an operation as diode, so Rectified DC voltage is applied to load.
3) Although Gate signal disappears, if once SCR is turned on, it continues to be in ON
state.
4) If the current which flows in SCR becomes '0'(below the holding current) on the point of
π, SCR is in OFF state and the load voltage becomes '0' again.
That is, if Gate signal is applied when SCR is forward, SCR becomes 'ON' and makes
rectifying operations, so DC voltage is applied to load. The angle α, from '0' to the point
when Gate signal appears, of DC voltage, is called 'Firing Angle'.
3. The relation between Firing angle and Average voltage Ed
π
⌠ α
θ θ
π ⌡ π
4. In case that L is connected to load,

Figure the case that L component is connected to load as 'Figure 2-1 c)'.
- 31 -
* Figure 2-1 c) : R and L load circuit
In this circuit, since L piles up energy as 'Figure 2-1 d)', SCR is not blown out till the
emission of energy ends. That is, SCR is opened up in way from α to π + β. θ is within
this range.
The time π + β, until the forward current becomes '0', is affected by the firing angle α of
gate pulse and L & R of load circuit. The SCR's open time γ is γ = π + β - α. If free
wheeling diode is connected to load in parallel, α ≤ θ ≤ π will do.
Gate Pulse
* Figure 2-1 d) : the wave-forms of Half-wave control rectifier under R and L load
5. Gate Pulse Circuit

The gate pulse circuit for SCR firing by means of IC TCA 785 for phase control is
represented in 'Figure 2-1 e)'.
- 32 -
* Figure 2-1 e) : Gate Pulse Circuit
Gate circuits can be made as many various forms of circuits, but here, by using IC TCA
785 for phase control, the gate pulse of SCR is made. Besides this, gate circuits can be
constructed as various forms, but the detail interpretation and operative explanation about
Gate circuits are omitted. This experiment omits detail explanations about it because the
experiment for electrics and electronics is of the main purpose, and it is intended to
explain briefly about the functions of each terminal which is required in the experiment.
The main pin numbers and functions of IC TCA 785 for phase control is as follows.
Pin 5 : it adjusts the synchronization of Main circuit and Gate circuit through AC of low
voltage from the same power supply as the main circuit.
Pin 9 and 10 : it is the terminal which adjusts triangular waves.
Pin 11 : It is Control signal terminal which varies the firing angle α by changing resistance
values.
Pin 12 : It is the terminal which adjusts the breadth of gate pulses.
Pin 15 : It is Gate pulse output terminal. The gate pulse comes out on the cross point of
triangular waves of Terminal 10 and control signals of Terminal 11.
- 33 -
* Figure 2-1 f) : The wave forms of each part of Gate circuit
- 34 -

1. There are two circuits in the graphic board of experimental devices, the circuit on the left
side is Single phase Half-wave Phase control Rectifier circuit. Experiment circuits are
composed of the main, gate, and load circuit. The main and Gate circuit are already wired
and adjusted.
2. The main part of Single phase Half-wave Phase control Rectifier circuit is represented in
'Figure 2-1 g)'.
Figure 2-1 g) The main circuit
3. Without connecting loads, turn on MCB.

4. At first, make sure if the gate circuit operates well.
5. Using oscilloscope, observe the wave forms of Test Point ⓐ to ⓕ, draw up them below
and make sure if it is same with 'Figure 2-1 f)'. And write Firing angle α in.
- 35 -
6. This time, put the oscilloscope on Test Point ⓒ. Increasing and decreasing VR for
adjusting Firing angles, observe any change and record.
7. If it is ascertained that Gate pulses come out well, turn off the Power switch and connect
only resistance loads.
8. Fixing the resistance into 20 Ω, and using oscilloscope, display Input voltage and Gate
pulse in a folding. And adjusting VR for firing angles, fix the firing angle into 60°.
9. Draw up the wave forms of Input and Output voltage, read the indications of Voltmeter,
and write them in. And change load resistance values.
The wave form of

Input Voltage
The wave form of

Output Voltage
- 36 -
10. This time, fixing the firing angle into 90°, repeat Practice 9 and 10.
The worve form of

Input Voltage
The worve form of

Output Voltage
11. This time, fixing the firing angle into 120°, repeat Practice 9 and 10.
The wave form of

Input Voltage
The wave form of

Output Voltage
12. Turn off MCB and connect Reactor to resistance loads in serial for the experiment of R
and L load.
13. Adjust the resistance load to 12Ω and Reactor to 12Ω.
14. Turn on MCB and adjust the firing angle to 60°. And draw up the wave forms of input
voltage, output voltage and output current, read the indications of Voltmeter and
Amperemeter and write them in.
15. Changing only L load into 16Ω and putting the firing angle on 60°, repeat Practice 15
above.
- 37 -
The wave form of

Input Voltage
The wave form of

Output Voltage
The wave form of

Output Voltage
16. Changing L load into 20Ω, repeat practices.
The wave form of

Input Voltage
The wave form of

Output Voltage
The wave form of

Output Current
- 38 -
17. This time, connecting Free wheeling diode to load in parallel, repeating the practice
above.
The wave form of

Input Voltage
The wave form of

Output Voltage
The wave form of

Output Current
18. This time, changing load into a motor and changing VR for adjusting firing angles from
the beginning to the end, observe the speed of the motor.
19. In the practice above, adjusting the firing angles as 'Table 2-1 f)', record the speeds
of the motor everytime. And connecting Free wheeling diode in parallel, make a practice.
'Table 2-1 f)'

The fifing
30 60 90 120 150 180
angle[α]
With Free Wheecity Rotating
diode Numbers [rpm]
Without Free Wheecity Rotating

diode Numbers [rpm]
- 39 -
E. Post-Questions
1. In Single phase Half-wave Phase control Rectifier circuit, if the load resistance values are
changing, is there any change in the outputs of resistance load?
2. What happens if the value of Reactor grows big under R and L load?
3. Under R and L load, compare the time of there being Free wheeling diode with that of not.
4. In operating a motor, what difference is there between the time of there being Free
wheeling diode and that of not? And what is the reason for that?
- 40 -
2-2. SINGLE PHASE FULL-WAVE PHASE CONTROL RECTIFIER

1. The principles of Full-wave phase rectification should be understood and the relation
between Input and Output voltage should be learned.
2. The effects of L-load should be observed and the usage of Free wheeling diode should be
understood.
B. The Preparations
1. Single phase half-wave phase control rectifier circuit(WST-2302) ----- 1

1. In Single phase Full-wave Phase control Rectifier circuit, there are two kinds of Hybrid
bridge(Half bridge) and Symmetrical bridge(Full bridge). It means a circuit of 2 diodes and
2 SCRs as 'Figure 2-2 a) and b)'. Symmetrical bridge is a bridge of all 4 SCRs.
'Figure 2-2 a) Hybrid Bridge
'Figure 2-2 b) Hybrid Bridge
- 41 -
'Figure 2-2 c) Hybrid Bridge
2. Symmetrical Bridge of resistance load

In such a circuit as 'Figure 2-2 c)', under L=0, the wave form of DC voltage Ed is as
'Figure 2-2 d)', and Id is 0 if θ is in A and B. At that time, the mean value of voltages is
as follows.
π π
⌠ ⌠ α α
θ θ
π ⌡ π ⌡ π
'Figure 2-2 d)' The wave form under L=0
3. Symmetrical Bridge under L = ∞

In 'Figure 2-2 c)', in case of L=0, the wave form of DC voltage is as 'Figure 2-2 e)'.
Then the mean value Ed of DC voltages is,
π πα
⌠ θ ⌠ θ α
π ⌡ π ⌡
Since the mean value of voltages loaded on L is 0, Ed becomes the mean value of
voltages loaded on Resistance R. And under L = ∞, the current becomes completely
smoothing.
'Figure 2-2 d)' The wave form under L=∞

- 42 -
4. Gate circuit
The gate circuit used in Single phase Full-wave Phase control Rectifier is represented in
'Figure 2-2 f)'. TCA 785 which is Phase control IC is used as when in Single phase
Half-wave Phase control.
* Figure 2-2 f) : Single phase Phase control Rectifier Gate circuit
2 gate signals come out being fired, which have a phase difference of 180°in 2 signals of
SCR. That is, Q1 and Q2 are fired by one signal, and Q3 and Q4 are fired by the another
signal. Gate circuit can be constructed in various forms, but the explanation about
this circuit will be here.
Pin 5 : To adjust the synchronization of Main circuit and Gate circuit, it is supplied through
acquiring low voltage from the AC power used in the main circuit.
Pin 10 : it adjusts the breadth of gate pulses as well as the element of Pin 9.
Pin 11 : It controls the firing angle α by changing VR values.
Pin 14, 15 : These are Gate pulse output terminals, which have a phase difference of 18
0°each other.
- 43 -
The wave forms of each part of Gate circuit is represented in 'Figure 2-2 g)'.
Figure 2-2 g) : The wave forms of each part of Gate circuit

1. There are two circuits in the graphic board of experimental devices, the circuit on the right
side is Single phase Full-wave Phase control Rectifier circuit. Experiment circuits are
composed of the main, gate, and load circuit. The main and Gate circuit are already wired
and adjusted.
- 44 -
2. The main part of Single phase Full-wave Phase control Rectifier circuit is represented in
'Figure 2-2 h)'.
* Figure 2-2 h) : The main circuit of Single phase Full-wave Phase control Rectifier
3. Without connecting loads, turn on switch.

4. Using oscilloscope, observe the wave forms of Test Point ⓐ to ⓕ, draw up them below
and make sure if it is same with 'Figure 2-2 g)'.
- 45 -
5. If the wave forms of each part of Gate circuit are ascertained, connecting resistance
device as load, turn on MCB.
6. Adjust the load resistance to 20Ω, and the firing angle to 30°. At that time, draw up the
wave forms of AC voltage, DC voltage and current, read the indications of Voltmeter and
Amperemeter and write them in.
- 46 -
7. Putting the load resistance on 20Ω, and adjusting the firing angle to 90°, repeat Practice 8
above.
8. Adjusting the firing angle to 150°, repeat the practice above.
- 47 -
9. This time, connect Reactor 'L' to resistance load in serial for the experiment of R and L
load. Fixing R into 12Ω and L into 12Ω and adjusting the firing angle to 30°, repeat the
above practice.
10. Changing L into 16Ω and putting the firing angle on 60°, repeat Practice above.
- 48 -
11. Adjusting L load to 20Ω, repeat the Practice above.
12. Connecting Free wheeling diode to load in parallel, repeat the above practice.
- 49 -
13. This time, changing load into a motor and increasing the firing angle from 30°gradually,
observe the rotary speed of the motor everytime and record them. And under the firing
angle 60°, draw up the wave forms of DC voltage and current.
'Table 2-1 i)'

The fifing
30 60 90 120 150 180
angle[α]
With Free Wheecity Rotating
diode Numbers [rpm]
Without Free Wheecity Rotating

diode Numbers [rpm]
Loac= motor
14. Connecting Free wheeling diode to the motor load in parallel, repeat Practice 15 above.
Loac= motor
- 50 -
E. Post-Questions
1. In Single phase Full-wave Phase control Rectifier circuit, if the load resistance values are
changing, is there any change in the outputs?
2. What happens if the 'L' value grows big under R and L load?
3. Under R and L load, compare the time of there being Free wheeling diode with that of not.
4. In operating a motor, what difference is there between the time of there being Free
wheeling diode and that of not? And what is the reason for that?
- 51 -
3. Phase Phase Control
- 52 -
3-1. THREE PHASE FULL-WAVE PHASE CONTROL RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

1. The Principles and operating characteristics of 3 phase Full-Bridge should be understood.
2. The Meaning of Recovery in operating motors should be understood.
B. The Preparations
1. Three phase phase control rectifier circuit(WST-2303) ----- 1


In 'Figure 3-1 a)' 3 phase Bridge circuit(Greate Wiring) is represented. This is like a circuit of
connecting two of 3 phase Half-wave rectifier circuits in serial.
* Figure 3-1 a) : 3 Phase Bridge Phase control Rectifier circuit
1. Resistance Load
In 'Figure 3-1 a)', in case of L=0, the wave forms of input and output are as
'Figure 3-1b)'.
* Figure 3-1 b) : The wave forms of Input and Output voltage
- 53 -
The mode that 6 SCRs are firing is as follows.
mode 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
Q2' Q3' Q1' Q2' Q3' Q1' Q2'

ON
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q1 Q2 Q3
That is, in Mode 1 Q2' and Q1 are fired simultaneously, in Mode 2 Q2' is blown out, Q3 is
fired, and Q1 and Q3' are fired simultaneously. And in Mode 3 Q1 is blown out, Q3' and Q2
are fired simultaneously. In this way, it is repeated from Mode 1 to Mode 6. The average
value of DC voltages in 3 phase Full-wave rectifier circuit is as follows.
α
π
Like this, the average output is the function of the firing angle α.
Firing angles and output voltages are represented in 'Table 2-1 d)'.
'Table 2-1 d)'.

Fining angle[α] Average DC Voltage
0 1.65 x ( V )
30 1.43 x ( V )
60 0.83 x ( V )
90 0 x ( V )
120 -0.83 x ( V )
150 -1.43 x ( V )
180 -1.65 x ( V )
2. L load
If the load is inductive, that is, if L≠0 and there are L and R, the load current becomes
smoothing by the working of L. Since L is accumulating energy and emitting it, if L=∞, it
becomes a complete DC. But if L≠0, it has some ripples.
- 54 -
3. Gate Circuit
Figure 3-1 e)' represents 3 Phase Phase control Gate circuit, which is a circuit united
out of 3 Gate circuits for Single.
* Figure 3-1 e) : 3 Phase Phase control Gate circuit
- 55 -
The wave forms of each part of Gate circuit is as 'Figure 3-1 f)'.
Simul taneous Signal
a-phase
Control Signal
Triangaclar wave
Signal 1
Signal 2
b-phase
Control Signal
Triangaclar wave
Signal 3
Signal 4
c-phase
Control Signal
Triangaclar wave
Signal 5
Signal 6
- 56 -

1. In the graphic board of experimental devices, there are part of the main, gate, and load
circuit. The main and Gate circuit are already wired and adjusted.
2. The main part of 3 phase Full-wave Phase control Rectifier circuit is represented in 'Figure
3-1 g)'.
* Figure 3-1 g) : The main circuit of 3 phase Full-wave Phase control Rectifier
3. Without connecting loads, turn on MCB.

4. Putting VR for adjusting firing angles in an adequate place, and using oscilloscope,
observe the trigger pulses in the interval of SCR's gate(G-terminal) and
Cathode(K-terminal) and draw up them below.
- 57 -
5. Connecting load resistances, adjusting resistance to 20Ω.

6. Adjusting the firing angle to 30°, draw up the wave forms of DC voltage and current of
that time, read the indications of Voltmeter and Amperemeter and write them in.(Observed
from a-phase)
- 58 -
- 59 -
10. This time, connect Reactor 'L' to resistance load in serial. Adjusting the firing
angle to 60°, observe the wave forms. Fixing Resistance into 20Ω and changing Reactor
into 12, 16, and 20Ω, make practices.
- 60 -
11. This time, changing load into a motor and changing the firing angle into 30°, 60°, 9
0°, and 120°, observe the wave forms of voltages and currents everytime and measure and
record the average voltage, current, and RPM of that time.
Load = Motor
Rotating numbers
= (RPM)
Load = Motor
Rotating numbers
= (RPM)
Load = Motor
Rotating numbers
= (RPM)
Load = Motor
Rotating numbers
= (RPM)
- 61 -
E. Post-Questions
1. Under R load, what relation is there between the firing angles and the outputs?
2. What happens if the 'L' value grows big under R and L load?
3. What relation is there between the firing angles and RPM of motor?
4. What happens if the firing angles are 90°and 120°?
- 62 -
4. Single Phase AC Control
- 63 -
4-1. AC CONTROL CIRCUIT BY MEANS OF ONLY SCR
1. The Characteristic and Principle to control Single phase AC output voltage by means of
SCR should be understood.
2. The Speed Control Method of Inductive Motor by means of Single phase control should be
understood.
B. The Preparations
1. Single phase AC control circuit(WST-2304) ------------------- 1
2. oscilloscope ------------------- 1

In AC power control, there are two kind of methods of
1) the On-Off method that it connects the power supply to a circuit by switch operation
during several cycles, and
2) the phase control method that it connects a circuit only during a certain period every
half-cycle. In output voltage which becomes phase control, Higher harmonics is included
as well as a component of dominant wave. Because of that, this method is more used in
heating and lighting, which put their focus on effective values. Also it is well used for the
TAB adjustment of a Transformer and the variable voltage power supply of speed-control
light of a motor.
1. AC Voltage Control Method
1) Inverse Parallel Circuit by means of 2 SCRs

This is a very basic Full-wave control circuit, in which 2 SCRs are connected in inverse
parallel, and its output voltage can be controlled into a range of 0 to 100 %.
L
O
A
D
2) a circuit of 2 SCRs and 2 diodes
- 64 -
In this circuit, when Inverse voltage is loaded on SCR, the circuit is shorted by rectifying
diode of Inverse Polarity, so it has a characteristic that the inverse voltage is not applied
to a thyrister.
L
O
A
D
3) a circuit of 1 SCR and 4 diodes

In the figure below, when AC power is in (+), the circuit is controlled through D1-Q-D4,
and current flows in load. When AC power in (-), it is controlled through D3-Q-D2, and
current flows. At this time, the wave form of load voltage is as the circuit of 1).
L
O
A
D
4) a circuit of 1 SCR and 1 diode

his is a circuit of thyristor and diode in inverse parallel. Only during half-cycle SCR
controls and during the rest of half-cycle it does not control, but supply current to load
through a diode. Because of this, the wave form of load voltage becomes asymmetrical,
so that it can not be used for load control as has a magnetic circuit as transformers and
motors, but mainly used for the control of lighting and heating.
L
O
A
D
- 65 -
Besides it, there are circuits using TRAIC or SSS. The characteristic of these circuits is
that the constructive elements of circuits are more simple than the circuits which use
SCRs are. These are mainly used for small size power control. Of 4 circuits above, in this
chapter, the circuit of 1), that is, of inverse parallel of 2 SCRs will be experimented for
the method of full-wave controlling of load power.
2. Single Full-wave AC Control

'Figure 4-1 a)' represents Single Full-wave AC Control Circuit, which connects 2 SCRs in
inverse parallel.
* Figure 4-1 a) : Single Full-wave AC Control
1) Resistance Load
The operating wave forms of Single Full-wave AC Control are represented in
'Figure 4-1 b)'.
Gate Signal
* Figure 4-1 b) : Operating Wave-forms in Resistance Load
- 66 -
Gate signal is applied simultaneously at the point Q1, which is α behind Zero cross of
the power voltage V, and at Q2, which is half-cycle behind it. In 'Figure 4-1 a)', a) when
the power polarity is (+), if signals are applied to 2 SCRs at Zero cross point and the
point of θ=α, Q1 is in ON because it is forward and Q2 is in OFF because it is
backward. Like this, power supply and load come to be connected by Q1 from θ=α to θ
=π. b) In θ=π, the current of SCR becomes '0', so that Q1 which is in ON until now
becomes OFF. That is, the power and load are divided.
c) When the power polarity is (-) and gate signals are applied at θ=π+α, Q1 is in OFF
as it is, and Q2 becomes ON so that the power and load are connected. Q2 becomes
OFF at θ=2π. Repeating operations like this, it becomes such a wave-form of voltage as
'Figure 4-1 b)'. Like this, the method to cut a part of wave forms by using SCR and not
to use it, is called 'Phase Control'.
2) R and L load
This above explanation is for the case of pure resistance load, but when motors are
intended to be operated, the explanation for it is not like above, because motors are
made by being rolled around a core, so to be R and L serial circuit. The operating wave
form in R and L serial load, is represented in 'Figure 4-1 c)'.
Gate Signal
* Figure 4-1 c) : The Operating Wave-Form in R and L load
In 'Figure 4-1 c)',
a) When the power voltage is in (+) and Gate signals are applied to SCR of Q1 and Q2
at θ=α, Q1 becomes ON so to flow in load. This current is Inductance load, so the
increasing of current is restrained, and decreasing is extended. (This happening is same
with rectifier circuit.) So then, at θ=π IL is not 0, but at θ=β which is behind θ=π, the
current IL is 0 and this β is called 'Blowout angle'.
- 67 -
b) At θ=π IL becomes 0, so Q1 becomes OFF.
c) When the power supply continues to be in (-) and signals are applied to the plus gate
of SCR at θ=π+α, in this time, Q2 becomes 0 so to make operations like a) repeatedly.
Here as L value grows big, β value of the current also grows big. That is, though they
are the same firing angles, the magnitudes of load voltage are different. At this time, the
effective value of AC voltage is as follows.
⌠β θ θ
π ⌡α
α β
β α
π
3. Gate Circuit
The gate circuit of single phase AC control is represented in 'Figure 4-1 d)'.
* Figure 4-1 d) : Gate Circuit
Pin 5 : It is AC low-voltage input terminal for adjusting synchronizations of the

main and gate circuit
Pin 11 : It is VR for adjusting firing angles, which can adjust them from 0 to π.
Pin 12 : It is a terminal for adjusting the pulse breadth of gate pulses.
Pin 14, 15 : It is Gate signal output terminal, 2 signals of which have a phase
difference of 180°.
- 68 -

1. In this experiment board, there are 2 circuits, the left one of which is used for this
experiment.
2. Since in this circuit the main and Gate circuit are already wired and adjusted, in
experimenting only load can be connected and used according to the practice indications.
3. The main circuit of single phase AC control experiment by means of 2 SCRs is represented
in 'Figure 4-1 e)'.
* Figure 4-1 e) : The main circuit of single phase AC control
5. Observe and draw up the wave forms of each part of Gate circuit. (Under the firing angle
60°)
- 69 -
- 70 -
6. Connecting load resistances, turn on switch.
7. Adjusting the firing angle to 60°, and changing load resistance into 12, 16, 20Ω, draw up
the wave forms of output voltage and current in overlap, read the indications of Voltmeter
and Amperemeter and write them in place.
8. This time, fixing the resistance into 20Ω and changing the firing angle into 30°, 60°, 90°,
120°, and 150°, repeat the practice above.
- 71 -
9. Fixing load resistance into 12Ω and the firing angle into 60°, and changing Inductance L
into 12, 16, and 20Ω, repeat the practice above.
- 72 -
10. This time, changing load into single phase inductive motor, and the firing angle into 30°,
60°, 90°, 120°, and 150°, repeat the practice above.
speed
speed
speed
speed
speed
11. If the experiment is finished, turn off MCB and remove the load connecting line.
12. Put it in order.
- 73 -
E. Post-Questions
1. In Practice Procedure 7, if the load resistance value is changing, what change is there in
wave forms of output voltage?
2. In Practice Procedure 8, what relation is there between firing angles and output voltages?
Draw up a graph, with the parallel axis being the firing α and the vertical axis being the
output voltage V2.
3. In Practice Procedure 9, if the value of Inductance grows big, what happens in outputs?
4. In Practice Procedure 10, what relation is there between the firing angle and the rotating
speed of motor?
Draw up a graph, with the parallel axis being the firing and the vertical axis being the
rotating numbers.
- 74 -
4-2. AC POWER CONTROL BY MEANS OF SCR & DIODE

1. The Characteristic and Principle of AC power control by connecting SCR and diode in
inverse parallel should be understood.
2. It should be compared with the circuit by means of only SCR and the usage for it should
be understood.
B. The Preparations
1. Single phase AC control circuit(WST-2304) ----- 1

'Figure 4-2 a)' is single phase AC power control circuit of connecting 1 SCR and 1 diode
in inverse parallel, in which phase control is done through SCR during half-cycle of power
voltage, and current is supplied to load through rectifying diode during the rest of
half-cycle.
L
O
A
D
* Figure 4-2 a) : Single phase AC control
Because of this, the wave form of voltage becomes asymmetrical, so that it can not be
used for load control as has a magnetic circuit as transformers and motors, but mainly
used for the control of lighting and heating.
- 75 -
1. Resistance Load
If resistance load is connected to the circuit of 'Figure 4-2 a)', the operating wave form is
as 'Figure 4-2 b)'.
Gate Signal
* Figure 4-2 b) : The wave forms in resistance load
Gate signal is applied at the point Q1, which is α behind Zero cross of the power voltage
V.
In 'Figure 4-2 a)',
a) when the power polarity is (+), if signals are applied to the gate of SCR Q at Zero
cross point and the point of θ=α, Thyristor is in ON because it is forward and current
is supplied to load. In this time, Diode D is in OFF state.
b) In θ=π, the current of SCR becomes '0', so that Thyristor which is in ON until now
becomes OFF. That is, the power and load are divided.
c) When the power polarity is (-), the diode becomes a forward bias so to supply current
to load. This time, Thyristor is in OFF state. If θ=2π, diode becomes OFF and the
power supply and load are divided. Repeating this operations, it becomes such a
wave-form of voltage as 'Figure 4-2 c)'. As we know from the Figure, the wave form
of output voltage of this circuit becomes asymmetrical.
- 76 -
3. Gate Circuit
The gate circuit of single phase AC control is represented in 'Figure 4-2 c)'.
* Figure 4-2 c) : Gate Circuit
Pin 5 : It is AC low-voltage terminal for adjusting synchronizations of the main and

synchronous circuit
Pin 11 : It is VR for adjusting firing angles, which can adjust them from 0 to π.
Pin 12 : It is a terminal for adjusting the pulse breadth of gate pulses.
Pin 15 : It is Gate signal output terminal, which applies signals to gates through pulse
trance.
1. In this experiment board, there are 2 circuits, the right one of which is used for this
experiment.
3. 'Figure 4-2 d)' is single phase AC control circuit of connecting Thyristor and diode in
inverse parallel.
* Figure 4-2 d) : Single phase AC control circuit

5. Observe and draw up the wave forms of each part of Gate circuit.
- 77 -
6. Connecting load resistances, turn on switch.
- 78 -
7. Adjusting the firing angle to 60°, and changing load resistance into 12, 16, and 20Ω, draw
up the wave forms of output voltage and current in overlap, read the indications of each
measure and write them in place.
- 79 -
8. This time, changing load into a light bulb and changing the firing angle into 30°, 60°, 90°,
120°, and 150°, repeat the practice above.
Load = Light Bulb
Load = Light Bulb
Load = Light Bulb
Load = Light Bulb
Load = Light Bulb
- 80 -
E. Post-Questions
1. Under load resistance, if the load resistance value is changing, what change is there in
outputs?
2. In Practice Procedure 8, what relation is there between firing angles and the brightness of
a light bulb?
What is the reason for that?
3. What is the reason that 'Figure 4-2 f)' can not be used for motor operating?
- 81 -
5. 3 PHASE AC POWER CONTROL
- 82 -
5-1. 3 PHASE AC POWER CONTROL

1. The Characteristic and Principle of 3 Phase AC power control by means of Thyristors
should be understood.
2. The control range of the firing angle α in 3 Phase AC power control should be understood.
B. The Preparations
1. 3 phase AC power control circuit(WST-2305) ----- 1

1. Resistance Load
'Figure 5-1 a)' is the main circuit of 3 Phase AC voltage control, and 'Figure 5-1 b)'
represents the phase relation, that is, the firing sequence of gate pulses of each thyristor.
* Figure 5-1 a) : 3 Phase AC Power control
If gate signals are applied first to Q1 and Q4 simultaneously, current flows from A-phase
to B-phase in 3 phase load. After then, if gate signals are applied to Q1 and Q6 in a
phase which is 60°behind, current flows from A-phase to C-phase in load. If Q3 and Q6
are fired in a phase which is 60°behind that, current flows from B-phase to C-phase. After
then, from B to A, from C to A, from C to B, and from A-phase to B-phase current flows.
As above, 3 Phase AC Voltage can be controlled by thyristors. Load voltage to be
controlled is balanced symmetrical, and its variable range is 0 to 100%.
2. Gate pulse
'Figure 5-1 b)' represents Gate signals to control 3 phase AC, in which gate pulses are
indicated at intervals of 60°to each thyristor. But if the gate signal of large breadth of
'60°+ t' is applied, 3 phase AC can be controlled also by 1 gate signal every cycle.
Besides the Inverse parallel connection circuit of SCR, TRAIC and SSS etc. can be used
for 3 phase AC power control. And in 'Figure 5-1 a)' instead of SCR Q2, Q4 and Q6,
rectifying diode can be used for phase control only during half-cycle.
This time, because output voltage is asymmetrical, it can not be used for load control as
- 83 -
has a magnetic circuit as transformers and motors, but only used for the resistance control
of lighting and heating, etc. The gate pulses of this time has 1 every cycle and intervals of
120°.
Figure 5-1b) : Gate signal
- 84 -
3. Gate Circuit
The gate circuit to be used in this practice is as 'Figure 5-1 c)'.
* Figure 5-1 c) : The Gate circuit of 3 phase AC control
- 85 -
D. The Procedure of Practices

1. The main circuit to be used for 3 phase AC control is as 'Figure 5-1 d)'.
* Figure 5-1 d) : 3 phase AC Control Circuit
3. Without connecting loads, turn on MCB, observe gate pulses which are applied to SCR of
Q1 to Q6, and draw up them below.
- 86 -
4. Connect to load the light bulbs which are wired in 3 phase Y wiring as in 'Figure 5-1 e)'
and turn on the power switch MCB.
* Figure 5-1 e) : 3 phase AC control in light bulb load
5. Adjusting the firing angle to 30°, draw up in overlap the wave forms of the voltages V1,
V2, and V3, which are loaded on the light bulbs L1, L2, and L3. Then read the indications
of each measure and write them in place.
Brightness =
Gate signal
6. Continuing adjusting the firing angle to 30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, and 150°, repeat the practice
above.
Brightness =
Gate signal
- 87 -
Brightness =
Gate signal
Brightness =
Gate signal
Brightness =
Gate signal
Brightness =
Gate signal
- 88 -
7. This time, changing load into 3 phase Inductive motor and changing the firing angle into
30° to 180°, repeat the practice above.
Velocity =
Gate signal
Velocity =
Gate signal
Velocity =
Gate signal
- 89 -
Velocity =
Gate signal
Velocity =
Gate signal
Velocity =
Gate signal
- 90 -
E. Post-Questions
1. In Practice Procedure 3, if the firing angle is changed, what is the gate pulse changed
into?
2. In Practice Procedure 5, if the firing angle is changed under light bulb load, what is the
brightness of light bulbs changed into?
And what are Output voltage wave forms changed into?
3. In Practice Procedure 7, what relation is there between firing angles and the rotating
velocity of Inductive motor?
4. When Inductive motor is used for load, what are Output voltage wave forms changed into
according to adjusting firing angles?
- 91 -
6. The Switching Circuit by
Means of SCR
- 92 -
6-1. Non-Contact Switch Circuit by means of SCR

1. The High-speed switch of AC power by means of SCR should be constructed.
2. The Concept of Non-contact switch should be understood.
B. The Preparations
1. The switching circuit by means of SCR(WST-2306) -----1
C. The Experiment Circuit

1. Use the 6-1 non-contact switch circuit by means of SCR in the upper part of left side of
the experiment board.
2. Put Variable resistor VR in Minimum, and turn on the switch of power.
3. Set each switch as follows.
S1 -- ON
S2 -- OFF
S3 -- ON
4. Adjusting Variable resistor VR, turn on SCR1 and measure the wave forms and voltage
values of VL which is the voltage between a and b, and VSCR1 which is the voltage
between b and c.
- 93 -
5. Turn off Switch S1 and turn on Switch S2. On that condition, measure the values of VL
and VSCR1.
- 94 -
6. Setting switches like this, and adjusting Variable Resistor VR, measure the values of VL,
VSCR1, and the Maximum and Minimum of Control Angle
MIN
MIN
α.
- 95 -
E. Post-Questions
1. Explain that the circuit which is used for this experiment, is operated by AC non-contact
switch.
2. What is the functions of Diode D1 and D2 in the experiment circuit?
3. Compute Ig when α is each in maximum and minimum.
4. In the practice above, explain the difference in case of using TRIAC instead of SCR.
5. Compute the VR value for the purpose of using the above circuit in AC 110V.
- 96 -
6-2. AC POWER CONTROL by means of TRIAC

By Investigating the operations of Single phase Full-wave AC power control circuit by
means of TRIAC, the AC power control by it should be understood. And it should be
applied to the control of lighting in lighting devices and that of speed in motors.
B. The Preparations
1. The switching circuit by means of SCR(WST-2306) ----- 1

1. For the experiment, use 6-2 circuit in the upper part of right side of the experiment board.
2. Use pure resistance load for load, and set switches as follows. And adjusting Variable
Resistor VR, operate it at α= 90°.
S1 = OFF, S2 = OFF
3. measure the wave forms of which is the voltage of both ends of condenser C1,
according to the period of Igt.
- 97 -
4. With Switch S1 being in OFF, measure the voltage VT and the wave forms of voltage of
both ends of TRIAC, in the state of ON and OFF of Switch S2.
5. On the condition that S1 is in OFF and S2 is in ON, measure the operating wave forms of
load according to α=45°, 90°, and 135°and the effective values Vrms and Irms of voltage
and current.
- 98 -
6. With Switch S2 being in ON, measure Vrms, Irms, the operating wave forms of load, and
the value α in the minimum control angle according to the state of ON and OFF of S1.
E. Post-Questions
1. Explain the operations of ON and OFF of S2 in the experiment.
2. Explain the operations of ON and OFF of S1 in the experiment.
- 99 -
6-3. RING COUNTER CIRCUIT

By investigating the operations of Ring Counter circuit by means of SCR, the operations of
DC halting switch by Forced current method should be recognized and it should be applied
to Gate trigger circuit of DC non-contact relay and 3 phase inverter.
B. The Preparations

1. For the experiment, use the circuit in the lower part of left side of the experiment board.
2. Turn on S in a moment, adjusting Variable Resistor VR, and operate the circuit in a proper
period.
3. According to the period of voltage wave form VB1 of B1 terminal of UJT, measure the
operating wave forms and peak values of , , , and .
- 100 -
- 101 -
E. Post-Questions
1. In above circuit, compute the maximum and minimum value of oscillation frequency.
2. What is the functions of Switch S?
- 102 -
6-4. GATE TRIGGER CIRCUIT OF GTO

By investigating the gate trigger method of GTO, the characteristics of gates should be
understood, so that it should be used safely within rating.
B. The Preparations

1. Use 6-4 circuit in the lower part of right side of the experiment board.
2. Put VR in Minimum, and turn on the main and AC switch.
3. Measure the present state and voltage of GTO and Lamp and record them.
- 103 -
4. Adjusting VR adequately, turn on GTO and measure the state and voltage of GTO and
Lamp of that time. Also observe the wave forms and record them.
E. Post-Questions
1. Investigate and record about GTO.
2. Comparing the gate trigger of GTO with SCR, explain the difference.
- 104 -
7. DC Power Control (Chopper)
- 105 -
7-1. DECREASING VOLTAGE CHOPPER CIRCUIT

CIRCUI

1. The concept of Decreasing voltage chopper and the time ratio should be understood.
2. The method of controlling DC load through DC power should be experimented.
B. The Preparations
1. Decreasing voltage chopper circuit (WST-2307) ----- 1

There are many cases of transforming a certain DC voltage into another DC voltage in using
it, as Armature voltage control, Power supply for Inverter, Power supply for electrolytic, and
Power supply for control, etc of DC motor do. That is, it is to transform or control DC
voltage into another voltage which is proper to real load, as a transformer in AC does. This
method is called 'Chopper' or 'Time Ratio Control(TRC)'. In chopper, there are 2 kinds of
Decreasing Voltage Chopper which is low in output voltage, and Increasing Voltage Chopper
which is high in output voltage.
In 'Figure 7-1 a) and b)', the circuit and operating wave forms of decreasing voltage
chopper are represented.
L
O
A
D
* Figure 7-1 a) : The main circuit of Decreasing Voltage Chopper
- 106 -
* Figure 7-1 b) : The wave forms of Each part
First, if CHOP part Q is in ON, the current im1 flows through the path of Es-Q-L-R-Es,
voltage is applied from the power supply to load and the output voltage becomes Eab =
Es. After then, if CHOP part Q is in OFF, the current im2 flows through the path of
L-R-D-L because of the energy accumulated in L.
If Q is in ON
- 107 -
If Q is in OFF
The voltage equation for On and Off time of CHOP part in this circuit is as follows.
Em : Output Voltage Es : InPut Voltage

T = ton + toff ; Chopper Pertod
ton ; ON - Time
toff ; OFF - Time
α = ton / T ; Time Ratio
Considering an ideal case, if the relation of Input and output voltage is expressed,
This Time Ratio(TR) α can be changed from 0 to 1, and changing the Time Ratio α, we
can know that Output voltage Em changes from 0 to Es.
The Gate circuit is represented in 'Figure 7-1 c)', the wave forms of each part in 'Figure
7-1 d)', and the Driver circuit in 'Figure 7-1 e)'.
* Figure 7-1 c) : The Gate circuit
- 108 -
Base Voltage
Figure 7-1 d) : The wave forms of each part
* Figure 7-1 e) : The Driver circuit
- 109 -
NE555 IC is used for Square Wave Oscillating Circuit in Gate circuit, and adjusting VR R1
to 47KΩ, Resistor R2 to 10 kΩ and condenser C to 0.2 μΩ, the output frequency can be
changed. Here varying the VR of 47KΩ, the frequency can be adjusted until 500 Hz. The
relation of output frequency f [Hz], R1, R2 and C is as follows.

1. In the graphic board of experimental devices, there are two circuits. Use 7-1 decreasing
voltage chopper circuit in the left side. This circuit is already wired and connected.
2. The main circuit of Decreasing voltage chopper is represented in 'Figure 7-1 f)'.
* Figure 7-1 f) : The main circuit of Decreasing voltage chopper
3. Without connecting loads, turn on the power supply switch, observe the wave forms of
each part of Gate circuit by using oscilloscope, and draw up below.
- 110 -
Base Voltage
4. Draw up also the wave form of Base voltage of output transistor of CHOP part.
5. Connect resistance load and adjust resistance value to 12Ω. And adjust VR1 to 47 kΩ and
the frequency to 500 Hz. Adjusting VR4 so to make the Time Ratio being 0.5 (1:1),
observe and draw up the wave forms of output voltage and current. Also record the values
of Input and output voltage.
The Wave Form of

Output Voltage
The Wave Form of

Output Current
- 111 -
6. Put the frequency and TR as they are, and changing load resistance value into 16 and
20Ω, repeat the above Practice 5.
The Wave Form of

Output Voltage
The Wave Form of

Output Current
The Wave Form of

Output Voltage
The Wave Form of

Output Current
- 112 -
7. This time, change load into DC motor and adjust TR into 0.2. And draw up the wave forms
of voltage applied to DC motor. Also record the values of Input and output voltage and the
rotating numbers of motor. (The frequency should be put in 500 Hz as it is.)
The Wave Form of

Output Voltage
8. Changing TR into 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8, repeat the above Practice.
The Wave Form of

Output Voltage
The Wave Form of

Output Current
The Wave Form of

Output Voltage
9. Magnifying TR at most as long as you can do, repeat the above Practice.
The Wave Form of

Output Voltage
- 113 -
10. Using DC motor as load, and putting TR on 0.5, adjust the frequency to 200 Hz and
repeat the Practice.
The Wave Form of

Output Voltage
11. Putting TR as it is, changing the frequency into 300, 400, and 500 Hz, repeat the above
Practice.
The Wave Form of

Output Voltage
The Wave Form of

Output Voltage
The Wave Form of

Output Voltage
- 114 -
E. Post-Questions
1. In Practice 5 and 6, as the values of load resistance are changing, what change is there
in outputs?
2. What relation is there between the TR and the rotating numbers of motor?
- 115 -
7-2. INCREASING VOLTAGE CHOPPER CIRCUIT

1. The concept of Increasing voltage chopper and the time ratio should be understood.
2. The principles of Increasing voltage chopper should be understood, and the operating
method should be experimented.
B. The Preparations
1. Decreasing voltage chopper circuit (WST-2307) ----- 1

The Chopper circuit which acquires output voltage higher than DC power voltage by using
DC Chopper circuit, is called 'Increasing Chopper'. There are mainly two kinds of its
principles.
1) The Method to use electronic energy accumulated in Inductance

2) The Method to use electrostatic energy in Condenser
1. The Method to use electronic energy

'Figure 7-2 a)' is the circuit which represents the principle of Increasing voltage. Switch S
represents the halting switch by means of SCR, and Condenser C which is connected to
Load R in parallel, is a condenser for smoothing load voltage.
* Figure 7-2 a) : Increasing Chopper Circuit by means of Electronic Energy
Now if S is closed, Energy is accumulated in Inductance L, and then if S is opened,

energy is supplied from L to C and load. It is supposed that the time while S is closed is
'Ton', and the time while opened is 'Toff', and the ripple of power and load voltage can
be ignored because the capacities of L and C are enough big.
The energy accumulated in L during Ton time of Switch S is E1‧I1‧Ton, and in case of
Toff, the energy supplied from L to C and load is (E2-E1) ‧Toff. At this time, the energy
of E1‧I1‧Toff is also supplied from power supply to C and load. So from the Principle of
Energy Conservation, the load voltage is as follows.
As we know from above equation, the load voltage E2 grows bigger than the input voltage
E1, and output voltage can be controlled by either Ton or Toff.
- 116 -
⋅ ≒ ⋅
2. The Method to use electrostatic energy

As the left figure in 'Figure 7-2 b)', connect n of Condenser C's to DC power voltage E1
in parallel (during T1), and then as the right side of this figure, connect these Condensers
to power supply in serial, supply charged energy to load and at last divide load from
power and condensers only during the time T3.
* Figure 7-2 b) : Increasing Chopper Circuit by means of Electrostatic Energy
If the connection and disconnection time are enough short in comparison with T1, T2, and
T3 and each visibility number CR/n is enough big to the time T1, the wave-forms are as
'Figure 7-2 c)' and the Average voltage E2 is as follows.
So by adjusting the time, T1, T2 and T3, the increasing voltage is done.
* Figure 7-2 c) : Wave-Form
Here T1 + T2 = Ton(the time while Chopper is in On), T3 = (the time while Chopper is
in Off), and since T1《T2+T3, output voltage E2 is as follows.
- 117 -
 
                  

    
3. The Experiment Circuit

The experiment for Increasing chopper circuit by electronic energy as 'Figure 7-2 d)' will
be done. 'Figure 7-2 e)' represents the wave forms of each part of main circuit.
L
O
A
D
'Figure 7-2 d) The Main Circuit
First, if Chop part Q is in On, Current im1 flows through the path of Es-L-Q-Es, so that
energy is accumulated in L. And then if Chop part Q is in OFF, since Es is connected to
energy accumulated in L in serial, Current im2 flows into load side.
- 118 -
'Figure 7-2 e) Wave - forms of each part
In this circuit, the voltage equation when being ON and OFF of Chop part is,
The relation between Input voltage Es and Output voltage Em is as follows.
So as the Time Ratio α is changing within the range of 0<α<1, Output voltage higher than
Input voltage can be acquired. Gate and driver circuit are like 'Experiment 7-1'.
- 119 -

1. In the graphic board of experimental devices, there are two circuits. Use 7-2 decreasing
voltage chopper circuit in the right side. In this circuit, the main, gate and driver circuit are
already wired and adjusted.
2. The main circuit is represented in 'Figure 7-2 d)'.
3. Connect the resistance of 12Ω as load and adjust the frequency to 300 Hz. Adjusting VR4
so to make the Time Ratio being 0.5 (1:1), observe and draw up the wave forms of output
voltage and current. Also record the values of Input and output voltage.
The wave form of

Output Voltage
The wave form of

Output Current
4. Changing resistance value into 16 and 20Ω, repeat the above Practice.
The wave form of

Output Voltage
The wave form of

Output Current
- 120 -
The wave form of

Output Voltage
The wave form of

Output Current
5. This time, changing load into DC motor and TR into 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6, draw up the wave
forms of voltage applied to DC motor. Also record the values of Input and output voltage
and the rotating numbers of motor. (At this time, the frequency should be put in 300 Hz.)
The wave form of

Output Voltage
The wave form of

Output Voltage
The wave form of

Output Voltage
The wave form of

Output Voltage
- 121 -
6. Making TR being closely near 1.0, repeat the Practice.
The wave form of

Output Voltage
7. Using DC motor as load, and putting TR on 0.5, adjust the frequency to 100, 200, 300,
and 400 Hz and repeat the Practice.
The wave form of

Output Voltage
The wave form of

Output Voltage
The wave form of

Output Voltage
The wave form of

Output Voltage
- 122 -
E. Post-Questions
1. In Practice 3 and 4, as the values of load resistance are changing, what change is
there in outputs?
2. What relation is there between the TR and the rotating numbers of motor?
- 123 -
8 SINGLE PHASE INVERTER CIRCUIT
- 124 -
8. SINGLE INVERTER CIRCUIT

1. The principle of Single phase voltage-type Inverter which transforms DC into AC, should
be understood.
2. The Single phase Inductive Motor should be operated by Single phase Inverter which uses
Power Transistor.
B. The Preparations
1. Single inverter circuit (WST-2308) ----- 1

1. The Principle
'Figure 8-1 a)' represents a basic circuit of Single phase voltage-type Inverter.
LOAD
* Figure 8-1 a) : Single phase voltage-type Inverter
Voltage-type Inverter gives outputs of AC voltage from DC voltage, and phases are
changing according to Power Factor. In Input DC power supply, '0' of Inner Impedance is
ideal, but usually a big capacity of condenser is used by being connected to Rectifier
power supply in parallel. Here 4 condensers of Q1 to Q4 are connected and in each, 4
diodes of D1 to D4 are connected to transistor in inverse parallel. In the Figure, Q1 and
Q2 are in ON and OFF simultaneously, and Q3 and Q4 are simultaneously in ON and OFF
after half-period. Q1 and Q4 can not be simultaneously in ON, and Q2 and Q3 also can
not. Therefore signals should be applied to transistor Δt later after Inverse voltage is
applied to the base of transistor.
'Figure 8-1 b)' represents the wave forms for the operations of each transistor.
- 125 -
L o a d
Plus
power
L o a d
Minus
power
* Figure 8-1 b) : The operating wave forms of Single phase Inverter
In case that load is pure resistance load, if Q1 and Q2 are in ON, current flows from a to
b, and if Q3 and Q4 are in ON current flows from b to a. So the wave forms of them are
like 'Figure 8-1 b)'. But in case that load is R and L load, current increases with a slack
curve as 'Figure 8-1 c)'. That is, in case of R load, Current i=E/R flows, yet if R and L
load, current increases with drawing up slowly a curve unlike resistance load. For in case
of R and L load, it has a characteristic to restrain a sudden change of current by
Self-Induced Operation of Inductance.
- 126 -
* Figure 8-1 c) : R and L load & Increasing of current
This happens extremely as the Inductance values are big. This phenomenon that with
transistor being changed from ON to OFF, current which flows there gradually moves into
transistor which switches into ON, it is called 'Commutation'. In the circuit of 'Figure 8-1
d)', consider the commutation from Q1 and Q2 to Q3 and Q4.
* Figure 8-1 d) : Inductance Operation of R and L load
When Q1 and Q2 are in ON, Current i flows from a) to b) as the Figure. And then, Q1
and Q2 becomes OFF and Q3 and Q4 must become ON. At this time, if load is pure
resistance load, load current i is immediately commutated so for the current which flows
from a) to b) to change its direction into flowing from b) to a). But in case of R and L
load, by the self-induced operation, current i has flow direction of the same in which it
flows until then. But transistor is a switching element that has direction characteristic, so
that current can not flow backwardly. That is, current can not flow in a direction of from
Emitter to Collector. If the path for current to flow disappears, current must be 'O'
suddenly. Therefore the voltage of e = ∞ is applied to both ends of Inductance for dt is
extremely a short time in e = L .
( di / dt ). Since this voltage is far bigger value than the enduring voltage of transistor, it
will destroy the transistor. To prevent this before, diode should be connected to transistor
in inverse parallel, that current may flow in another direction. This diode is called 'Free
Wheeling Diode'. 'Figure 8-1 e)' represents the current operation of transistor. As the left
figure, if Transistor Q1 and Q2 are in On, current flows through the path of '(+) of power'
- Q1 - 'a' point - R and L load - 'b' point - Q2 - '(-) of power'. That is, 'a' point is
connected to (+) side of DC power and 'b' point to (-) side. At this time, let's make the
direction of load voltage being (+) direction. After then, if Q1 and Q2 are in OFF and Q3
- 127 -
and Q4 in ON, by the self-induced operation current flows through the path of '(-) of
power' - D2 - 'a' point - R and L load - 'b' point - D3 - '(+) of power'. That is, since
load is connected in (-) direction, Q3 and Q4 are in ON, yet in the beginning the current
can not flow. As soon as different current which has counter-polarity of DC power,
gradually is diminished to '0', current can flow through the path of '(+) of power' - Q3 -
'b' point - R and L load - 'a' point - Q4 - '(-) of power'. At this time, load is connected
In (-) direction to power supply. Here the meaning of load voltage's being in (+) direction
is that power is moving from power to load, and that of being in (-) is that power is
moving from load to power.
The relation between input DC power voltage E[V] and output AC effective voltage V is as
follows.
θ
π
2. Gate circuit and Driver circuit

'Figure 8-1 f)' represents Gate circuit which uses TCA 785 of Phase control IC.
* Figure 8-1 f) : Single phase Inverter Gate circuit
- 128 -
'Figure 8-1 g)' represents the wave forms of check points a) to f) of this circuit.
'Figure 8-1 h)' represents Driver circuit.
- 129 -

1. The main circuit of Inverter in experiment devices is represented in 'Figure 8-1 i)'. The
main, gate and driver circuit are already wired and adjusted. In graphic board, check
points are expressed as terminals.
2. The main circuit of Single phase Inverter for experiment is represented in 'Figure 8-1 i)'.
* Figure 8-1 i) : Single phase Inverter circuit
3. Without connecting load, observe the wave forms of each part of Gate circuit, and draw
up them below. (Control angle should be about 90°.)
- 130 -
4. Connect the resistance of 12Ω as load. And adjusting control angle to 90°, draw up the
wave forms of output voltage and current, read the indications of each measure and write
them in place.
The wave form

of Voltage
The wave form

of Current
The wave form

of Voltage
The wave form

of Current
The wave form

of Voltage
- 131 -
6. This time, make load being single phase Inductive Motor, and changing control angles into
60°, 120°, and 180°, repeat the above Practice.
The wave form

of Current
E. Post-Questions
1. From Practice 4 and 5, what can the result be known about?
2. Write the things to find from the above Practice 6.
3. Write about the characteristics of voltage-type Inverter.
4. What is the functions of Inverse parallel diode in main circuit?
- 132 -
9. 3 PHASE INVERTER CIRCUIT
- 133 -

1. The principle and construction of 3 phase current-type Inverter should be understood.
2. 3 phase Inductive Motor should be operated by 3 phase Inverter.
B. The Preparations
1. 3 phase inverter circuit (WST-2309) ----- 1

1. The Principle
'Figure 9-1 a)' represents Inverter of Serial Diode Method. This Inverter is that Diode D1,
D2, D3, D4, D5, and D6 are each connected to Thyristors of the former Bridge inverter in
serial and Condenser is connected within the interval. The reason why Rectifier circuit of
Diode DF is connected to Inverter in parallel, is that by the operation of this diode, load
should be operated safely through small capacity of commutation condenser regardless of
resistance, inductivity, capacity, and frequency. Since the diode which is connected to
thyristor in serial, prevents charge accumulated in commutation condenser from being
discharged through load, the condenser voltage right before commutating becomes as
much about 1.5 times as DC voltage E when Inductance L is not very big, regardless of
power factors of load and whether large or small. So though the capacity of commutation
condenser is not big, commutation comes to be stably. The operation of this inverter is as
follows. Consider the case that load is pure resistance. 6 thyristors are being fired in a
sequence of Q1, Q2, ..., and Q6.
- 134 -
1) At first, if Q1 and Q6 are fired, the voltages of A, B, and C point are each E, E/2, and
0. Here E is the voltage on DC side. At this time, C12 has a magnitude of about 1.5E,
and has charging of the polarity as is represented in the Figure.
* Figure 9-1 a) : 3 Phase Inverter of Serial Diode-type
2) And then, if Q2 is fired, the voltage of C12 turns off Q1 because it is applied to
between the terminals of Q1 in inverse direction.
3) After that, the voltage of C12 is discharging through D1, DF1, L2 and Q2, and the voltage
of C12 is changing into (-) direction of polarity.
4) If the voltage of C12 becomes E/2 on the way of changing, D2 is opened up in way and
load current begins to flow on V-phase.
5) When the voltage of C12 becomes 0, DF1 comes to halt flowing, and the charging of
C12 comes to be only through current on U-phase.
6) If the voltage of C12 comes to -E/2, D1 comes to halt flowing, so at this time the
commutation from U to V phase is completely finished.
Actually since this progress is very short and is finished in several 100 [μsec], the current
of DF1 becomes pulse state. Current pulses which are coming out except in commutation
time, are charging and discharging current pulses coming out through changing voltage of
condenser by means of commutation between different thyristors.
In case of low power factor load as Induced load, though Q2 is fired the current of load V
is not increasing suddenly and of load U also not decreasing suddenly.
For that, C12 is charged speedily and DF4 is opened up in way and the current of load U
begins to flow, if the voltage of A point becomes 0. For the energy accumulated in
induced load is returned to power side. Since in this inverter commutation condenser is
charging and discharging in a pulse form, yet all are not through loads, it becomes inner
loss in Inverter.
- 135 -
2. Gate Circuit
'Figure 9-1 b)' represents the gate circuit of 3 phase Inverter.
* Figure 9-1 b) : the gate circuit of 3 phase Inverter
- 136 -
The wave forms of each part of 3 phase current-type Inverter gate circuit are represented
in 'Figure 9-1 c)'.
* Figure 9-1 c) : The wave forms of SCR gate
- 137 -

1. The main circuit of 3 phase current-type Inverter is represented in 'Figure 9-1 d)'. Gate
circuit is already wired and adjusted.
* Figure 9-1 d) : 3 phase current-type Inverter
2. Without connecting load, turn on MCB. And adjust VR for frequency adjustment to f=120
Hz, and observe the wave forms of each part of Gate circuit, and record them.
- 138 -
3. Connect the resistance of 12Ω as load in Practice 2. And observe and draw up the wave
forms of output voltage and current. Also write Input and output voltage.
The wave form

of Voltage
The wave form

of Current
The wave form

of Voltage
The wave form

of Current
The wave form

of Voltage
The wave form

of Current
- 139 -
5. This time, changing load into Induced motor and frequency into 120, 240, and 360 Hz,
repeat the above Practice.
Under Motor Load
The wave form

of Voltage
The wave form

of Current
Under Motor Load
The wave form

of Voltage
The wave form

of Current
Under Motor Load

The wave form
of Voltage
The wave form

of Current
- 140 -
E. Post-Questions
1. In above Practice 3 and 4, if load resistance is changing, is there any change in outputs?
2. When load is resistance and induced load, what difference is there between the outputs of
each case?
3. In above Practice 5, if frequency is changing, is there any change in outputs?
4. As in the above Practice 5, what is the method to control the velocity of motor by
adjusting frequency of Gate circuit called?
5. In the above Practice 5, what is the reason why the velocity of motor is controlled?
- 141 -
10.SINGLE PHASE CYCLO-CONVERTER
CIRCUIT
- 142 -
10. SINGLE PHASE CYCLO-CONVERTER CIRCUIT

1. The process to transform AC power into AC power of another frequency should be
understood.
2. The functions of P-converter and N-converter should be understood.
B. The Preparations
1. Single phase cyclo-converter circuit (WST-2310) ----- 1

1. The Classification of Cyclo-Converter
* According to the relation between Input frequency(f1) and Output frequency(f2)

1) The constant proportion expression ---- if f1/f2 is constant
2) Gradual Decreasing CYCLO-Converter ---- f2<f1, output wave form is good, and it
resents the characteristics of CYCLO-converter very well.
3) Gradual Increasing CYCLO-Converter ---- f2 > f1, and the equation f2=3f1 is used.
* According to using frequency

2) It is used for keeping constantly output frequency of high-frequency generator which is
directly connected to the engine of variable velocity. So it is used for an airplane,
etc.
3) It is used in power supply for velocity control of motor.
* According to circulating current
1) Circulating current mode

This is to insert Reactor between both ends of p and n side, and to take outputs from
the middle of the Reactor. In this case, both p and n side are operating simultaneously,
and circulating current comes about, yet Reactor can restrain higher harmonics of output
voltage, restraining that current.
2) Non-circulating mode
This is to use either p or n side according to the polarity of load current, and to operate
through choosing one of p and n side by detecting the polarity of load current. So there
is no circulating current, and the insertion of Reactor needs not. It is applied to
small-type and high-efficiency.
- 143 -
* According to commutation mode
1) Natural Commutation Mode

The circuit for current can be omitted for using natural commutation, and its devices are
simplified.
2) Forced Commutation Mode
It is constructively complex for it has commutation circuit, yet arbitrary commutation is
possible and circulating current does not come about.
2. The operating principle

CYCLO-converter is that 2 groups of converters which have same characteristics are
connected in inverse parallel, and output is connected to the center, so that p side
converter controls the flowing of half-wave of (+) direction, and n side converter (-)
direction. To produce AC voltage of sine wave, Gate control angle of each converter
should be controlled continually. Besides not to produce current which circulates between
p and n converter, the voltage of both should be same, so between phase control angles
of both converters, the relation as follows should be formed.
o
αp + αn = 180
αp : Phase control angle of p-converter
αn : Phase control angle of n-converter
In this state, if load is connected to output terminal, load current flows, p converter takes
a share of current of (+) direction and n converter (-) direction, and each converter comes
to make operations of forward or backward conversion automatically in corresponding to
load power factor. 'Figure 10-1 a), b), and c)' represent operation states of p and n
converter according to power factor angle of load.
- 144 -
Output Voltage
Output Current
P-Converter current
N-Converter current
P-Converter
currence Voltage
Forward Backward
Conversion Conversion
N-Converter
currence Voltage
Backward Forward
'Figure 10-1 a)' is the case that the displacement angle of load
(power factor 100%) is 0°.
In this case, only if each converter is in the domain of forward conversion(rectifying

operation), output(load) current flows, and if in the domain of backward conversion(inverter
operation), output(load) current does not flow so to be in state of operation halt.
- 145 -
Output Voltage
Output Current
P-Converter current
N-Converter current
P-Converter
currence Voltage
Backward
Forward Conversion
Conversion
N-Converter
currence Voltage
Backward Forward
'Figure 10-1 b)' is the case that the displacement angle of load 90°.
'Figure 10-1 b)' is the case that displacement angle of load is 90°. Until the former part of
90°of 1/2 period of output current(0 to π), p and n converter supply current to load each
in the domain of forward conversion(rectifying operation), the latter part of 90°is operated
in the domain of backward conversion(inverter operation). Thus load resuscitates power in
CYCLO-converter output terminals and returns it to AC input side.
- 146 -
Output Voltage
Output Current
P-Converter current
N-Converter current
P-Converter
currence Voltage
Backward
Conversion
Forward
Conversion
N-Converter
currence Voltage
Backward Forward
'Figure 10-1 c)' is the case that the displacement angle of load 90°.
By this principle, Single phase CYCLO-Converter operates successively. 'Figure 10-1d)

'represents a circuit of Single-Single phase CYCLO-converter.
- 147 -
L
O
A
D
In case that the frequency of resistance load is f=60 Hz, the operating wave forms are
represented in 'Figure 10-1 e)', and in case of f=20 Hz, also they in the Figure.
P converter ON
N converter ON
* Figure 10-1 e) : The wave forms under resistance load
- 148 -
3. Gate circuit
* Figure 10-1 F) :Gate circuit
The wave forms of each part of Gate circuit is as follow.
- 149 -
Delay - time Delay - time
converter
converter
* Figure 10-1 G) : The wave form of each part
The average output voltage of p and n converter is the same, yet their polarities are the
opposite each other.
V01 = - V02[V]
1. The main circuit of Single phase CYCLO-converter is represented in 'Figure 10-1 h)'.
* Figure 10-1 h) : Single phase CYCLO-converter circuit
- 150 -
2. By using a low-frequency generator, supply sine wave of 5Vp-p, 20 Hz to Terminal ④,

observe and draw up the wave forms of each part, and make sure if they are same with
'Figure 10-1 g)'. (At this time, adjust VR1 to α= 90°.)
- 151 -
3. Adjusting Variable Resistance VR1 to α= 90°, and increasing low-frequency generator from
10 Hz to 60 Hz by the unit of 20 Hz, draw up the wave forms of output voltage and
current in overlap. (Connect Resistor as load, and adjust the resistance value to 20 Ω.)
4. Adjusting control angle to α= 60°, repeat the above Practice 3.
- 152 -
5. Adjusting control angle to α= 120°, repeat the above Practice 3.
6. This time, changing load into single phase inductive motor, repeat the above Practice 3. (α
= 90°)
- 153 -
7. This time, fixing low-frequency generator into 30 Hz and changing control angle into 30°,
60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, and 180°, continue to experiment.
- 154 -
E. Post-Questions
1. In Practice 3, compare each graph with one another.
2. In Practice 3, 4 and 5, when control angle is changed, observe graphs and compare them.
3. In Practice 6, compare each graph with one another.
4. In Practice 7, observe each graph and compare its result with one another.
- 155 -
Power Electronic Trainer
WST-23
Copyright
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Holder
Original edition
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published on
This edition
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published on
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Power Electronics Trainer

"WOOSUN CONTROL Co., LTD Printed in Korea"

2. SINGLE PHASE PHASE CONTROL RECTIFICATION

3. 3 PHASE PHASE CONTROL RECTIFICATION

4. SINGLE PHASE AC CONTROL

6. SWITCHING BY MEANS OF SCR

8. SINGLE PHASE INVERTER

10. SINGLE PHASE CYCLO-CONVERTER

1-1. Single phase Half-Wave Rectifier Circuit

A. The Objective of Experiment

C. The Related Knowledge

2. Relational Formula of Half-wave Rectification

* Figure 1-1 a) : Half-wave Rectifier Circuit

* Figure 1-1 b) : Wave-forms of Single phase Half-wave Rectification which has

5) The Efficiency of Rectifier Circuit

In case of half-wave rectification,

6) Peak Inverse Voltage

3. The Working of Half-wave Rectification and Inductance

resistance and reactor are each , and Rectifying Voltage is , each

* Figure 1-1 c) : R, L Load of Half-Wave Rectification

* Figure 1-1 d) : Wave-Forms of R and L Load

* Figure 1-1 e) : Free wheeling diode circuit

1) The Load Current is made smoothing.

D. The procedure of practices

* Figure 1-1 f) : Single phase Half-wave Rectifier Circuit

2. Supply AC power voltage 20V, connecting to the tap of 20V in a transformer.

Resistance Input Output

'Table 1-1 g)' Under Resistance Loads

Load [Ω] Input Output

R L Voltage V[V] Voltage ED[V] Current ID[A]

'Table 1-1 h)'Under R and L Load

8. Using oscilloscope, observe and draw up the wave-forms of AC input voltage V, DC

Load [Ω] Input Output

R[Ω] L[Ω] Voltage V[V] Voltage ED[V] Current ID[A]

'Table 1-1 j)'Under Free wheeling diode

1-2. SINGLE PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

A. The Objective of Experiment

C. The Related Knowledge

* Figure 1-2 a) : Single phase Bridge Rectifier Circuit

* Figure 1-2 a) : Wave - Form

1) The rectified average voltage Ed is expressed as this formula.

2) The average current Id, which flows in loads is,

3) AC input is as 2 times as Half-wave Rectifier,

4) The efficiency is as 2 times as Half-wave Rectifier,

* Figure 1-2 c) : R and L load of Single phase Bridge Rectifier Circuit

* Figure 1-2 a) : Wave - Form

D. The procedure of practices

* Figure 1-2 e) : Single phase Bridge Rectifier Circuit

2. Adjust AC power voltage to 20V, and load resistance to 12 Ω.

Load [Ω] Input Output

R[Ω] L[Ω] Voltage V[V] Voltage ED[V] Current ID[A]

'Table 1-2 f)'Under Resistance Load

Load [Ω] Input Output

R[Ω] L[Ω] Voltage V[V] Voltage ED[V] Current ID[A]

'Table 1-2 f)'Under Resistance Load

3. What relation is there between DC voltage and L's magnitude?

1-3. THREE PHASE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CIRCUIT

A. The Objective of Experiment

C. The Related Knowledge

* Figure 1-3 a) : 3 phase half-wave rectifier circuit

* Figure 1-3 b) : Wave-form

The Ripple factor, νof rectifier circuit is like this,

D. The procedure of practices