Kinema Tics

Revision Notes on Kinematics
Inertial frame of reference:- Reference frame in which Newtonian mechanics holds are
called inertial reference frames or inertial frames. Reference frame in which Newtonian
mechanics does not hold are called non-inertial reference frames or non-inertial frames.
ur
The average speed vav and average velocity V av of a body during a time interval t
is defined as,
vav = average speed
= s/t
ur
V av = average velocity
r
r
=
t
Instantaneous speed and velocity are defined at a particular instant and are given
by,
r r
s ds ur r d r
v = lim = and V = lim =
t 0 t dt t 0 t dt
Note: (a) A change in either speed or direction of motion results in a change in

velocity
(b) A particle which completes one revolution, along a circular path, with uniform
speed is said to possess zero velocity and non-zero speed.
(c) It is not possible for a particle to possess zero speed with a non-zero velocity.
Average acceleration is defined as the change in velocity V over a time interval t.

ur
V
ur

aav =
t
The instantaneous acceleration of a particle is the rate at which its velocity is
changing at that instant.
ur ur
V dV
ains = lim =
t 0 t dt
The three equations of motion for an object with constant acceleration are given
below.
(a) v= u+at
(b) s= ut+1/2 at 2
(c) v2 =u 2 +2as
TransWeb Educational Services Pvt. Ltd

B 147,1st Floor, Sec-6, NOIDA, UP-201301
Website:www.askiitians.com Email. info@askiitians.com
Tel:1800-2000-838
Here u is the initial velocity, v is the final velocity, a is the acceleration , s is the
displacement travelled by the body and t is the time.
Note: Take +ve sign for a when the body accelerates and takes ve sign when
the body decelerates.
The displacement by the body in n th second is given by,

s n = u + a/2 (2n-1)
Position-time (x vs t), velocity-time (v vs t) and acceleration-time (a vs t) graph
for motion in one-dimension:
(i) Variation of displacement (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a) with respect to time for
different types of motion.
Displacement(x) Velocity(v) Acceleration (a)
a. At rest x v a
x=const.
t t
t O O
O
b. Motion with x v a
2
constant velocity x = x0+ v0t +x0t
v = const.
v0
x0
t t
t O
O O
c. Motion with x v a
x = v0t +(1/2)a0t2 v = v0+a0t a = constant
constant
acceleration a0
v0
t t
t O O
O

Tel:1800-2000-838
d. Motion with x v a
2
constant x = v0t -(1/2)a0t v0 a = constant
O t
deceleration
a0
t t
O O
Scalar Quantities:- Scalar quantities are those quantities which require only
magnitude for their complete specification.(e.g-mass, length, volume, density)
Vector Quantities:- Vector quantities are those quantities which require
magnitude as well as direction for their complete specification. (e.g-displacement,
velocity, acceleration, force)
Null Vector (Zero Vectors):- It is a vector having zero magnitude and an
arbitrary direction.
When a null vector is added or subtracted from a given vector the resultant vector
is same as the given vector.
Dot product of a null vector with any arbitrary is always zero. Cross product of a
null vector with any other vector is also a null vector.
Collinear vector:- Vectors having a common line of action are called collinear
vector. There are two types.
Parallel vector (=0 ):- Two vectors acting along same direction are called
parallel vectors.
Anti parallel vector (=180 ):-Two vectors which are directed in opposite
directions are called anti-parallel vectors.
Co-planar vectors- Vectors situated in one plane, irrespective of their directions,

are known as co-planar vectors.
Vector addition:-
Vector addition is commutative- A + B = B + A
r r r r
( )
Vector addition is associative- A + B + C = A + B + C ( )
r r r r r r
Vector addition is distributive- mA + mB = m( A + B )

r r r r
Triangles Law of Vector addition:- If two vectors are represented by two sides
of a triangle, taken in the same order, then their resultant in represented by the
third side of the triangle taken in opposite order.

Tel:1800-2000-838
R = A+ B
r r r
r
Magnitude of resultant vector R :- R=(A 2 +B 2 +2ABcos)
r r
Here is the angle between A and B .
r r
If is the angle between R and A ,
then,
sin
tan
cos
If three vectors acting simultaneously on a particle can be represented by the three

sides of a triangle taken in the same order, then the particle will remain in
equilibrium.
So, A + B + C = 0
r r r
Parallelogram law of vector addition:-

R = A+ B
r r r

R=(A 2 +B 2 +2ABcos), tan
Cases 1:- When, =0 , then,

R= A+B (maximum), =0
R= A-B (minimum), =0
R=(A 2 +B 2 ), tan /
The process of subtracting one vector from another is equivalent to adding,

vectorially, the negative of the vector to be subtracted.
( )
So, A B = A + B
r r r r
Resolution of vector in a plane:-

Tel:1800-2000-838
Product of two vectors:-
(a) Dot product or scalar product:-

A.B = AB cos , A . B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Az z
r r r r
r r
Here A is the magnitude of A , B is the magnitude of B and is the angle between
r r
A and B .
(i) Perpendicular vector (c):-
A.B = 0
r r
(ii) Collinear vector:-

When, Parallel vector (=0 ), A.B = AB
r r
When, Anti parallel vector (=180 ), A.B = AB

r r
(b) Cross product or Vector product:-
A B = AB sin n
r r
i j k
r r
Or, A B = Ax Ay Az
B B B
x y z
r r r
Here A is the magnitude of A , B is the magnitude of B , is the angle between A
r
and B and n is the unit vector in a direction perpendicular to the plane containing
r r
A and B .
(i)Perpendicular vector (=90 ):-
A B = AB
r r

Tel:1800-2000-838
(ii)Collinear vector:-
When, Parallel vector (=0 ), A B = 0 (null vector)
r r
When, =180 , A B = 0 (null vector)

r r
Unit Vector:- Unit vector of any vector is a vector having a unit magnitude,
drawn in the direction of the given vector.
In three dimension,
r
A
A =
A
Ax i + Ay j + Az k
=
Ax 2 + Ay 2 + Az 2
Area:-
1 r r
Area of triangle:- A = A B
2
Area of parallelogram:- A = A B
r r
Volume of parallelepiped:- V = A . B C ( )
r r r r
Equation of Motion in an Inclined Plane:
(i) At the top of the inclined plane (t = 0, u = 0 and a = g sin ), the equation
of motion will be,
(a) v= (g sin)t
(b) s = (g sin) t 2
(c) v2 = 2(g sin)s
m
s
gcos g sin
g
h
(ii) If time taken by the body to reach the bottom is t, then s = (g sin) t 2
t = (2s/g sin)
Tel:1800-2000-838
But sin =h/s or s= h/sin
So, t =(1/sin) (2h/g)
(ii) The velocity of the body at the bottom

v=g(sin)t
=2gh
The relative velocity of object A with respect to object B is given by

V AB =V A-V B
Here, V B is called reference object velocity.
Variation of mass:- In accordance to Einsteins mass-variation formula, the
relativistic mass of body is defined as,
m= m0 /(1-v2 /c2 )
Here, m0 is the rest mass of the body, v is the speed of the body and c is the speed
of light.
Projectile motion in a plane:- If a particle having initial speed u is projected at
an angle (angle of projection) with x-axis, then,
Time of Flight, T = (2u sin)/g

Horizontal Range, R = u 2 sin2/g
Maximum Height, H = u 2 sin 2 /2g
Equation of trajectory, y = xtan-(gx2 /2u 2 cos 2 )
Motion of a ball:-
(a) When dropped:- Time period, t=(2h/g) and speed, v=(2gh

(b) When thrown up:- Time period, t=u/g and height, h = u 2 /2g
Condition of equilibrium:-
(
(a) F3 = F1 + F2 )
r r r

Tel:1800-2000-838
(b) |F 1 +F 2 ||F 3 || F 1 -F 2 |

Tel:1800-2000-838

Kinema Tics

Caricato da

Informazioni sul documento

Copyright

Formati disponibili

Condividi questo documento

Condividi o incorpora il documento

Opzioni di condivisione

Hai trovato utile questo documento?

Questo contenuto è inappropriato?

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Kinema Tics

Caricato da

Copyright:

Formati disponibili

Revision Notes on Kinematics

Note: (a) A change in either speed or direction of motion results in a change in

Average acceleration is defined as the change in velocity V over a time interval t.

TransWeb Educational Services Pvt. Ltd

The displacement by the body in n th second is given by,

Displacement(x) Velocity(v) Acceleration (a)

TransWeb Educational Services Pvt. Ltd

Co-planar vectors- Vectors situated in one plane, irrespective of their directions,

Vector addition is distributive- mA + mB = m( A + B )

TransWeb Educational Services Pvt. Ltd

If three vectors acting simultaneously on a particle can be represented by the three

Parallelogram law of vector addition:-

Cases 1:- When, =0 , then,

The process of subtracting one vector from another is equivalent to adding,

Resolution of vector in a plane:-

(a) Dot product or scalar product:-

(ii) Collinear vector:-

When, Anti parallel vector (=180 ), A.B = AB

(b) Cross product or Vector product:-

TransWeb Educational Services Pvt. Ltd

When, =180 , A B = 0 (null vector)

Equation of Motion in an Inclined Plane:

(ii) The velocity of the body at the bottom

The relative velocity of object A with respect to object B is given by

Time of Flight, T = (2u sin)/g

(a) When dropped:- Time period, t=(2h/g) and speed, v=(2gh

TransWeb Educational Services Pvt. Ltd

TransWeb Educational Services Pvt. Ltd

Potrebbero piacerti anche