CLOSED LOOP WATER SYSTEMES-KAPALI EVRM SU DEVRELER

The closed recirculating cooling water system evolved from methods used for the cooling of early engine designs. In
a closed system, water circulates in a closed cycle and is subjected to alternate cooling and heating without air
contact. Heat, absorbed by the water in the closed system, is normally transferred by a water-to-water exchanger to
the recirculating water of an open recirculating system, from which the heat is lost to atmosphere (Figure 32-1).

Closed recirculating cooling water systems are well suited to the cooling of gas engines and compressors. Diesel
engines in stationary and locomotive service normally use radiator systems similar to the familiar automobile cooling
system. Other closed recirculating cooling applications include smelt spout cooling systems on Kraft recovery boilers
and lubricating oil and sample coolers in power plants. Closed systems are also widely used in air conditioning
chilled water systems to transfer the refrigerant cooling to air washers, in which the air is chilled. In cold seasons, the
same system can supply heat to air washers. Closed water cooling systems also provide a reliable method of
industrial process temperature control.

ADVANTAGES OF CLOSED SYSTEMS

Closed recirculating systems have many advantages. They provide better control of temperatures in heat-producing

equipment, and their small makeup water requirements greatly simplify control of potential waterside problems.
Makeup water is needed only when leakage has occurred at pump packings or when water has been drained to allow
system repair. Little, if any, evaporation occurs. Therefore, high-quality water can usually be used for makeup, and as
a result, scale deposits are not a problem. The use of high-quality water also minimizes the dangers of cracked
cylinders, broken heads, fouled exchangers, and other mechanical failures. Closed systems are also less susceptible
to biological fouling from slime and algae deposits than open systems.

Closed systems also reduce corrosion problems drastically, because the recirculating water is not continuously
saturated with oxygen, as in an open system. The only points of possible oxygen entry are at the surface of the
surge tank or the hot well, the circulating pump packings, and the makeup water. With the small amount of makeup
water required, adequate treatment can virtually eliminate corrosion and the accumulation of corrosion products.

SCALE CONTROL

OPEN CRCULATING COOLING SYSTEMES-AIK SSTEM SU EVRM

An open recirculating cooling system uses the same water repeatedly to cool process equipment. Heat absorbed
from the process must be dissipated to allow reuse of the water. Cooling towers, spray ponds, and evaporative
condensers are used for this purpose.

Open recirculating cooling systems save a tremendous amount of fresh water compared to the alternative method,
once-through cooling. The quantity of water discharged to waste is greatly reduced in the open recirculating method,
and chemical treatment is more economical. However, open recirculating cooling systems are inherently subject to
more treatment-related problems than once-through systems:

cooling by evaporation increases the dissolved solids concentration in the water, raising corrosion and deposition
tendencies
the relatively higher temperatures significantly increase corrosion potential
 the longer retention time and warmer water in an open recirculating system increase the tendency for biological
growth
airborne gases such as sulfur dioxide, ammonia or hydrogen sulfide can be absorbed from the air, causing higher
corrosion rates
microorganisms, nutrients, and potential foulants can also be absorbed into the water across the tower

COOLING TOWERS

Cooling towers are the most common method used to dissipate heat in open recirculating cooling systems. They are
designed to provide intimate air/water contact. Heat rejection is primarily by evaporation of part of the cooling water.
Some sensible heat loss (direct cooling of the water by the air) also occurs, but it is only a minor portion of the total
heat rejection.

Types of Towers

Cooling towers are classified by the type of draft (natural or mechanical) and the direction of airflow (crossflow or
counterflow). Mechanical draft towers are further subdivided into forced or induced draft towers.

Natural draft towers. Sometimes called "hyperbolic" towers due to the distinctive shape and function of their
chimneys, natural draft towers do not require fans. They are designed to take advantage of the density difference
between the air entering the tower and the warmer air inside the tower. The warm, moist air inside the tower has a
lower density, so it rises as denser, cool air is drawn in at the base of the tower. The tall (up to 500 ft) chimney is
necessary to induce adequate airflow. Natural draft towers can be either counterflow or crossflow designs. The tower
pictured is a crossflow model. The fill is external to the shell forming a ring around the base. In a counterflow model,
the fill is inside the shell. In both models, the empty chimney accounts for most of the tower height.

Mechanical Draft Towers. Mechanical draft towers use fans to move air through the tower. In a forced draft design,
fans push air into the bottom of the tower. Almost all forced draft towers are counterflow designs. Induced draft
towers have a fan at the top to draw air through the tower. These towers can use either crossflow or counterflow air
currents and tend to be larger than forced draft towers.

Counterflow Towers. In counterflow towers, air moves upward, directly opposed to the downward flow of water.
This design provides good heat exchange because the coolest air contacts the coolest water. Headers and spray
nozzles are usually used to distribute the water in counterflow towers.

Crossflow Towers. In crossflow towers, air flows horizontally across the downward flow of water. The crossflow
design provides an easier path for the air, thus increasing the airflow for a given fan horsepower. Crossflow
towers usually have a gravity feed system-a distribution deck with evenly spaced metering orifices to distribute the
water. Often, the deck is covered to retard algae growth.