BLUESPOON

DEFINITION

Bluespoon AX is an all new construction and the smallest wireless production

headset yet to be released from Nextlink.to. The 4.2cm long headset features Bluetooth
headset and hands-free profiles for optimal compatibility. Left and Right ear usage are
exchangeable soft back pieces with integrated soft springs. Soft springs can be cut by
user for that perfect fit. Mini USB charging port can be charge via computer's USB port
using the supplied USB cable.

SIGNIFICANCE

The tiny, beetle-like Bluespoon certainly has the most unusual design of any
headset we've seen to date. To put it on, you need to twist the headset until a small
spring-like appendage catches inside your ear. Unless you do it exactly right, which takes
a few tries, the earpiece digs uncomfortably against your ear canal. The buttons were tiny
as well, and it fits only in your right ear. But once you get it on correctly, audio quality is
good, with great volume and clarity. Volume was impressive, producing clear sounds.
Battery life also was superior. Bluespoon promises a talk time of 6 hours and a standby
time of 8.2 days.

APPLICATIONS

Like Bluespoon's earlier model it has a soft stem of rubber that bends to fit inside
of the earlobe and manages to hold it in place. It took a few tries, but putting the headset
on is simple once you've mastered the process. Also, unlike its predecessor, it can fit in
either ear. The fit is plenty comfortable--it ships with two different-size earpieces--but we
felt that it was prone to falling out if we were doing something more strenuous than, say,
walking down the street or driving a car.

LIMITATIONS

It is very light, the battery life is good and it looks good but it doesn't fit all ears,
audio quality can be tiring and it does go "In your ear". It is not as small in day-to-day use
so strike that off your reasons to buy it. On the ear, it doesn't feel like it's there it is so
light. That's where it scores, on weight, which is odd as the size is the thing that hits you
first. At 1.6 by 1.1 by 0.9 inches and 0.3 gram, the headset is downright tiny. Because of
its size, the small controls are limited to two volume controls and the multifunction button
that we used to couple the device.

PASAPORTE, ANN JANSSEN M. 1

INVENTOR

Nextlink is a Danish company that specializes in all things Bluetooth from USB
adapters through in-car systems to headsets. Bluespoon is an analog Bluetooth headset
from Nextlink.to, and the successor to the Bluespoon Chameleon. Bluespoon AX is a
completely new construction and very different from previous Bluespoon headsets. The
Bluespoon newer version AX2 represents the finessing of an already good product, the
original AX. Improvements include increased battery life and support for Bluetooth 1.2.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

PASAPORTE, ANN JANSSEN M. 2

 ZIGBEE

DEFINITION

ZigBee is the most popular industry wireless mesh networking standard for
connecting sensors, instrumentation and control systems. ZigBee, a specification for
communication in a wireless personal area network (WPAN), has been called the
"Internet of things." ZigBee is an open, global, packet-based protocol designed to provide
an easy-to-use architecture for secure, reliable, low power wireless networks. ZigBee and
IEEE 802.15.4 are low data rate wireless networking standards that can eliminate the
costly and damage prone wiring in industrial control applications. Flow or process control
equipment can be place anywhere and still communicate with the rest of the system. It
can also be moved, since the network doesn't care about the physical location of a sensor,
pump or valve.

SIGNIFICANCE

ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wireless mesh network standard. The low cost
allows the technology to be widely deployed in wireless control and monitoring
applications. Low power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries. Mesh networking
provides high reliability and more extensive range.

APPLICATIONS

It centralizes all the units in one place and enables the remote monitoring. In a
similar way, a home can be centralized by increasing the security aspect. Many small
equipment are coming with embedded Zigbee technology chips and really works like a
miracle. Zigbee technology is swiftly prevail the market by introducing devices like smoke
and heat sensor, medical and scientific equipments, control units of home and industry
and wireless communication devices. The revolutionize turn in the field of technology with
the introduction of Zigbee technology; the near future of Zigbee technology will prevail in
almost every walk of life.

LIMITATIONS

It is not limited to a certain level but because of being cost-effective, low-power

battery and wireless connectivity, this Zigbee technology is used in almost every
appliance if not in all. Zigbee technology is programmed in a chip form and is used in
many devices. For controlling and monitoring a whole factory unit while sitting in one cabin
is possible by using Zigbee technology.

PASAPORTE, ANN JANSSEN M. 3

INVENTOR

Ember was an American company based in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, which is now
owned by Silicon Labs. Ember had a radio development center in Cambridge, England,
and distributors worldwide. It was founded in 2001 by Andrew Wheeler and Robert
Poor. Both were students at MIT when they founded Ember with $3 million in seed
funding led by Polaris Venture Partners with DFJ New England, Stata Venture Partners,
and Bob Metcalfe. The company began by making mesh networking software for other
companies' microchips and has since evolved to manufacturing ZigBee compliant chips
itself.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

PASAPORTE, ANN JANSSEN M. 4

 LI-FI

DEFINITION

As the number of devices that access the internet increases, the fixed bandwidth
available makes it more and more difficult to enjoy high data transfer rates and connect
to a secure network. But, radio waves are just a small part of the spectrum available for
data transfer. A solution to this problem is by the use of Li-Fi. Li-Fi stands for Light-Fidelity.
Li-Fi is transmission of data through illumination by taking the fiber out of fiber optics by
sending data through an LED light bulb that varies in intensity faster than the human eye
can follow. Li-Fi is the term some have used to label the fast and cheap wireless
communication system, which is the optical version of Wi-Fi. Li-Fi uses visible light
instead of Gigahertz radio waves for data transfer.

SIGNIFICANCE

In place of Wi-Fi modems, Li-Fi would use transceivers fitted with LED lamps that
could light a room as well as transmit and receive information. By adding new and
unutilized bandwidth of visible light to the currently available radio waves for data transfer,
Li-Fi can play a major role in relieving the heavy loads which the current wireless system
is facing. Thus it may offer additional frequency band of the order of 400 THz compared
to that available in RF communication which is about 300 GHz. Also, as the Li-Fi uses the
visible spectrum, it will help alleviate concerns that the electromagnetic waves coming
with Wi-Fi could adversely affect our health.

APPLICATIONS

There are numerous applications of Li-Fi technology, from public Internet access
through existing lighting (LED) to auto-piloted cars that communicate through their
headlights (LED based). Applications of Li-Fi can extend in areas where the Wi-Fi
technology lacks its presence like aircrafts and hospitals (operation theatres), power
plants and various other areas, where electromagnetic (Radio) interference is of great
concern for safety and security of equipments and people. Since Li-Fi uses just the light,
it can be used safely in such locations or areas. In future with the Li-Fi enhancement all
the street lamps can be transformed to Li-Fi connecting points to transfer data. As a result
of it, it will be possible to access internet at any public place and street.

LIMITATIONS

Internet cannot be accessed without a light source. This could limit the locations
and situations in which Li-Fi could be used. It requires a near or perfect line-of-sight to
transmit data. Opaque obstacles on pathways can affect data transmission. Natural light,

PASAPORTE, ANN JANSSEN M. 5

sunlight, and normal electric light can affect the data transmission speed. Light waves
dont penetrate through walls and so Li-Fi has a much shorter range than Wi-Fi. High
initial installation cost, if used to set up a full-fledged data network.

INVENTOR

The idea of Li-Fi was introduced by a German physicist, Harald Hass, which he also
referred to as, data through illumination. The term Li-Fi was first used by Haas in his TED
Global talk on Visible Light Communication. He used a table lamp with an LED bulb to
transmit a video of a blooming flower that was then projected onto a screen . According to
Hass, the light, which he referred to as D-Light, can be used to produce data rates higher
than 10 megabits per second which is much faster than our average broadband
connection

BLOCK DIAGRAM

PASAPORTE, ANN JANSSEN M. 6

 TELEMETRY

DEFINITION

Telemetry is defined as the sensing and measuring of information at some remote

location and then transmitting that information to a central or host location. There, it can
be monitored and used to control a process at the remote site. Various mediums of
transmitting data from one site to another have been used. Data radio provides a wireless
method for transmitting the information. Telemetry using radio waves or wireless offers
several distinct advantages over other transmission. Telemetering systems fall into two
categories, either analog or digital, with varying degrees of sophistication in each. Digital
systems generally offer a more secure, reliable means of transmitting data, and they
transmit with a higher degree of accuracy than analog systems.

SIGNIFICANCE

Although the term commonly refers to wireless data transfer mechanisms, it also
encompasses data transferred over other media such as a telephone or computer
network, optical link or other wired communications like power line carriers. Many modern
telemetry systems take advantage of the low cost and ubiquity of GSM networks by
using SMS to receive and transmit telemetry data.

APPLICATIONS

A telemeter is a device used to remotely measure any quantity. It consists of

a sensor, a transmission path, and a display, recording, or control device. Telemeters are
the physical devices used in telemetry. Electronic devices are widely used in telemetry
and can be wireless or hard-wired, analog or digital. Other technologies are also possible,
such as mechanical, hydraulic and optical. Telemetry may be commutated to allow the
transmission of multiple data streams in a fixed frame. Telemetry has been used by
weather balloons for transmitting meteorological data since 1920.

LIMITATIONS

The receiver consisted of an antenna, a set of radio-frequency (RF) amplifiers, a

demodulator and recording devices. Mainframe computers were used to process and
store the received information. Short circuit in the wiring can disrupt the monitoring
process. If the electrodes are attached incorrectly, the transmission of signals can
become poor. Room humidity below 40% can reduce performance of telemetry
monitoring units. Hence, if ideal conditions are not maintained, telemetry monitoring fails
to give desired accuracy.

PASAPORTE, ANN JANSSEN M. 7

INVENTOR

Telemetering information over wire had its origins in the 19th century. One of the
first data-transmission circuits was developed in 1845 between the Russian Tsar's Winter
Palace and army headquarters. In 1874, French engineers built a system of weather and
snow-depth sensors on Mont Blanc that transmitted real-time information to Paris. In
1901 the American inventor C. Michalke patented the selsyn, a circuit for sending
synchronized rotation information over a distance. In 1906 a set of seismic stations were
built with telemetering to the Pulkovo Observatory in Russia. In 1912, Commonwealth
Edison developed a system of telemetry to monitor electrical loads on its power grid.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

PASAPORTE, ANN JANSSEN M. 8

 WIMAX

DEFINITION

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) is currently one of the

hottest technologies in wireless. It is a standard-based wireless technology that provides
high throughput broadband connections over long distance. WiMAX can be used for a
number of applications, including last mile broadband connections, hotspots and high-
speed connectivity for business customers. It provides wireless metropolitan area network
(MAN) connectivity at speeds up to 70 Mbps and the WiMAX base station on the average
can cover between 5 to 10 km.

SIGNIFICANCE

WiMAX is not projected to replace Wi-Fi, but to complement it by connecting Wi-

Fi networks to each other or the Internet through high-speed wireless links. You can
therefore use WiMAX technology to extend the power and range of Wi-Fi and cellular
networks. However, in developing countries, WiMAX may become the only wireless
technology because Wi-Fi and cellular have not penetrated areas that can be reached
with WiMAX technology.

APPLICATIONS

The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for providing a wireless
alternative to cable and DSL for "last mile broadband access. Providing data and
telecommunications services. Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a
business continuity plan. That is, if a business has a fixed and a wireless Internet
connection, especially from unrelated providers, they are unlikely to be affected by the
same service outage.

LIMITATIONS

WiMAX can offer very high data rates and extended coverage. However, 75 Mbit/s
capacity for the base station is achievable with a 20 MHz channel in best propagation
conditions. But regulators will often allow only smaller channels (10 MHz or less) reducing
the maximum bandwidth. Even though 50 km is achievable under optimal conditions and
with a reduced data rate (a few Mbit/s), the typical coverage will be around 5 km with
indoor CPE (NLOS) and around 15 km with a CPE connected to an external
antenna(LOS).

PASAPORTE, ANN JANSSEN M. 9

INVENTOR

The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June
2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard, including the definition
of predefined system profiles for commercial vendors. The forum describes WiMAX as "a
standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access
as an alternative to cable and DSL".IEEE 802.16m or WirelessMAN-Advanced was a
candidate for the 4G, in competition with the LTE Advanced standard.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

PASAPORTE, ANN JANSSEN M. 10