Bài tập Toán Cao Cấp - Nguyễn Thủy Thanh - Tập 3: Phép tính tích phân. Lý thuyết chuỗi. Phương trình vi phân

˜ N THUY
NGUYÊ ’ THANH
BÀI TÂ
.P
TOÁN CAO CÂ´P
Tâ.p 3
Phép tı́nh tı́ch phân. Lý thuyê´t chuô˜ i.
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân
´T BA
NHÀ XUÂ Ć GIA HÀ NÔI
’ N DAI HOC QUÔ
. . .
Mu.c lu.c
10 Tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh 4

10.1 Các phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
10.1.1 Nguyên hàm và tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh . . . . . . . 4
10.1.2 Phu.o.ng pháp dô’i biêń . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
10.1.3 Phu.o.ng pháp tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ
`n . . . . . . . 21
10.2 Các ló.p hàm kha’ tı́ch trong ló.p các hàm so. câ´p . . . . 30
10.2.1 Tı́ch phân các hàm hũ.u ty’ . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10.2.2 Tı́ch phân mô.t sô´ hàm vô ty’ do.n gia’n . . . . . 37
10.2.3 Tı́ch phân các hàm lu.o..ng giác . . . . . . . . . . 48
11 Tı́ch phân xác di.nh Riemann 57

11.1 Hàm kha’ tı́ch Riemann và tı́ch phân xác di.nh . . . . . 58
11.1.1 D - i.nh nghı̃a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
11.1.2 D ` u kiê.n dê’ hàm kha’ tı́ch . . . . . . . . . .
- iê . . 59
11.1.3 Các tı́nh châ´t co. ba’n cu’a tı́ch phân xác di.nh . . 59
11.2 Phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân xác d i.nh . . . . . . . . . 61
11.3 Mô.t sô´ ú.ng du.ng cu’a tı́ch phân xác d i.nh . . . . . . . . 78
11.3.1 Diê.n tı́ch hı̀nh phă’ng và thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ . . . . 78
11.3.2 Tı́nh dô. dài cung và diê.n tı́ch mă.t tròn xoay . . 89
11.4 Tı́ch phân suy rô.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
11.4.1 Tı́ch phân suy rô.ng câ.n vô ha.n . . . . . . . . . 98
11.4.2 Tı́ch phân suy rô.ng cu’a hàm không bi. chă.n . . 107
2 MU
. C LU
.C
12 Tı́ch phân hàm nhiê ` u biêń 117

12.1 Tı́ch phân 2-ló.p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.1.1 Tru.ò.ng ho..p miê
` n chũ. nhâ.t . . . . . . . . . . . 118
` n cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.1.3 Mô.t vài ú.ng du.ng trong hı̀nh ho.c . . . . . . . . 121
12.2 Tı́ch phân 3-ló.p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
` n hı̀nh hô.p . . . . . . . . . . . 133
` n cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
12.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.2.4 Nhâ.n xét chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.3 Tı́ch phân d u.ò.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.3.1 Các di.nh nghı̃a co. ba’n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.3.2 Tı́nh tı́ch phân du.ò.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
12.4 Tı́ch phân mă.t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
12.4.2 Phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân mă.t . . . . . . . . 160
12.4.3 Công thú.c Gauss-Ostrogradski . . . . . . . . . 162
12.4.4 Công thú.c Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
13 Lý thuyê´t chuô ˜i 177

13.1 Chuô˜ i sô´ du.o.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
13.1.2 Chuô˜ i sô´ du.o.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
13.2 Chuô˜ i hô.i tu. tuyê.t d ôí và hô.i tu. không tuyê.t d ôí . . . 191
13.2.2 Chuô˜ i dan dâú và dâú hiê.u Leibnitz . . . . . . 192
13.3 Chuô˜ i lũy thù.a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
13.3.2 D ` u kiê.n khai triê’n và phu.o.ng pháp khai triê’n
- iê 201
13.4 Chuô˜ i Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
MU
. C LU
.C 3
` su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i Fourier . . . 212

13.4.2 Dâú hiê.u du’ vê
14 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân 224

14.1 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
14.1.1 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh tách biêń . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
14.1.2 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh d ă’ng câ´p . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
14.1.3 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
14.1.4 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh Bernoulli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
14.1.5 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân toàn phâ ` n . . . . . . . . 247
14.1.6 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh Lagrange và phu.o.ng trı̀nh Clairaut255
14.2 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
14.2.1 Các phu.o.ng trı̀nh cho phép ha. thâ´p câ´p . . . . 260
14.2.2 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân tuyêń tı́nh câ´p 2 vó.i hê.
sô´ hă`ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
14.2.3 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân tuyêń tı́nh thuâ ` n nhâ´t
câ´p n (ptvptn câ´p n ) vó.i hê. sô´ hă`ng . . . . . . 273
14.3 Hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân tuyêń tı́nh câ´p 1 vó.i hê. sô´ hă`ng290
15 Khái niê.m vê` phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân da.o hàm riêng 304
15.1 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1 tuyêń tı́nh dôí vó.i các da.o
hàm riêng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
15.2 Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh d a.o hàm riêng câ´p 2 d o.n gia’n nhâ´t 310
15.3 Các phu.o.ng trı̀nh vâ.t lý toán co. ba’n . . . . . . . . . . 313
15.3.1 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh truyê ` n sóng . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
. .
15.3.2 Phu o ng trı̀nh truyê ` n nhiê.t . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
15.3.3 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh Laplace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Tài liê.u tham kha’o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Chu.o.ng 10
Tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh
10.1 Các phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân . . . . . . 4

10.1.1 Nguyên hàm và tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh . . . . . 4
10.1.2 Phu.o.ng pháp dô’i biêń . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
` n . . . . . 21
10.2 Các ló.p hàm kha’ tı́ch trong ló.p các hàm
so. câ´p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
10.2.1 Tı́ch phân các hàm hũ.u ty’ . . . . . . . . . 30
10.2.2 Tı́ch phân mô.t sô´ hàm vô ty’ do.n gia’n . . . 37
10.2.3 Tı́ch phân các hàm lu.o..ng giác . . . . . . . 48
10.1 Các phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân

10.1.1 Nguyên hàm và tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh
- i.nh nghı̃a 10.1.1. Hàm F (x) du.o..c go.i là nguyên hàm cu’a hàm
D
f (x) trên khoa’ng nào dó nêú F (x) liên tu.c trên khoa’ng dó và kha’ vi
10.1. Các phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân 5
ta.i mô˜ i diê’m trong cu’a khoa’ng và F 0(x) = f(x).

- i.nh lý 10.1.1. (vê
D ` su.. tô
` n ta.i nguyên hàm) Mo.i hàm liên tu.c trên
` u có nguyên hàm trên khoa’ng (a, b).
doa.n [a, b] dê
- i.nh lý 10.1.2. Các nguyên hàm bâ´t kỳ cu’a cùng mô.t hàm là chı’
D
khác nhau bo’.i mô.t hă `ng sô´ cô.ng.
Khác vó.i da.o hàm, nguyên hàm cu’a hàm so. câ´p không pha’i bao
giò. cũng là hàm so. câ´p. Chă’ng ha.n, nguyên hàm cu’a các hàm e−x ,
2
1 cos x sin x
cos(x2), sin(x2), , , ,... là nhũ.ng hàm không so. câ´p.
lnx x x
- i.nh nghı̃a 10.1.2. Tâ.p ho..p mo.i nguyên hàm cu’a hàm f (x) trên
D
khoa’ng (a, b) du.o..c go.i là tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh cu’a hàm f (x) trên khoa’ng
(a, b) và du.o..c ký hiê.u là
Z
f (x)dx.
Nêú F (x) là mô.t trong các nguyên hàm cu’a hàm f (x) trên khoa’ng
(a, b) thı̀ theo di.nh lý 10.1.2
Z
f(x)dx = F (x) + C, C ∈ R
trong dó C là hă`ng sô´ tùy ý và dă’ng thú.c câ
` n hiê’u là dă’ng thú.c giũ.a
hai tâ.p ho..p.
Các tı́nh châ´t co. ba’n cu’a tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh:
Z
1) d f (x)dx = f(x)dx.
Z 0
2) f (x)dx = f (x).
Z Z
3) df(x) = f 0 (x)dx = f(x) + C.
Tù. di.nh nghı̃a tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh rút ra ba’ng các tı́ch phân co.
ba’n (thu.ò.ng du.o..c go.i là tı́ch phân ba’ng) sau dây:
6 Chu.o.ng 10. Tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh
Z
I. 0.dx = C.
Z
II. 1dx = x + C.
Z
xα+1
III. xαdx = + C, α 6= −1
α+1
Z
dx
IV. = ln|x| + C, x 6= 0.
x
Z Z
x ax
V. a dx = + C (0 < a 6= 1); ex dx = ex + C.
lna
Z
VI. sin xdx = − cos x + C.
Z
VII. cos xdx = sin x + C.
Z
dx π
VIII. 2
= tgx + C, x 6= + nπ, n ∈ Z.
cos x 2
Z
dx
IX. = −cotgx + C, x 6= nπ, n ∈ Z.
sin2 x

Z arc sin x + C,
dx
X. √ = −1 < x < 1.
1 − x2 −arc cos x + C

Z arctgx + C,
dx
XI. =
1 + x2 −arccotgx + C.
Z √
dx
XII. √ = ln|x + x2 ± 1| + C
x2 ± 1
(trong tru.ò.ng ho..p dâú trù. thı̀ x < −1 hoă.c x > 1).
Z
dx 1 1 + x
XIII. = ln + C, |x| =
6 1.
1 − x2 2 1−x
Các quy tăć tı́nh tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh:
Z Z
1) kf (x)dx = k f (x)dx, k 6= 0.
Z Z Z
2) [f(x) ± g(x)]dx = f (x)dx ± g(x)dx.
Z
3) Nêú f(x)dx = F (x) + C và u = ϕ(x) kha’ vi liên tu.c thı̀
Z
f (u)du = F (u) + C.
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Chú.ng minh ră`ng hàm y = signx có nguyên hàm trên
khoa’ng bâ´t kỳ không chú.a diê’m x = 0 và không có nguyên hàm trên
mo.i khoa’ng chú.a diê’m x = 0.
Gia’i. 1) Trên khoa’ng bâ´t kỳ không chú.a diê’m x = 0 hàm y = signx
là hă`ng sô´. Chă’ng ha.n vó.i mo.i khoa’ng (a, b), 0 < a < b ta có signx = 1
và do dó mo.i nguyên hàm cu’a nó trên (a, b) có da.ng
F (x) = x + C, C ∈ R.
2) Ta xét khoa’ng (a, b) mà a < 0 < b. Trên khoa’ng (a, 0) mo.i
nguyên hàm cu’a signx có da.ng F (x) = −x + C1 còn trên khoa’ng (0, b)
nguyên hàm có da.ng F (x) = x + C2. Vó.i mo.i cách cho.n hă`ng sô´ C1
và C2 ta thu du.o..c hàm [trên (a, b)] không có da.o hàm ta.i diê’m x = 0.
Nêú ta cho.n C = C1 = C2 thı̀ thu du.o..c hàm liên tu.c y = |x| + C
nhu.ng không kha’ vi ta.i diê’m x = 0. Tù. dó, theo di.nh nghı̃a 1 hàm
signx không có nguyên hàm trên (a, b), a < 0 < b. N
Vı́ du. 2. Tı̀m nguyên hàm cu’a hàm f (x) = e|x| trên toàn tru.c sô´.
Gia’i. Vó.i x > 0 ta có e|x| = ex và do dó trong miê
` n x > 0 mô.t
trong các nguyên hàm là ex . Khi x < 0 ta có e|x| = e−x và do vâ.y
trong miê ` n x < 0 mô.t trong các nguyên hàm là −e−x + C vó.i hă`ng
sô´ C bâ´t kỳ.
Theo di.nh nghı̃a, nguyên hàm cu’a hàm e|x| pha’i liên tu.c nên nó
` u kiê.n
pha’i tho’a mãn diê
lim ex = lim (−e−x + C)

x→0+0 x→0−0
tú.c là 1 = −1 + C ⇒ C = 2.
Nhu. vâ.y


ex nêú x > 0,


F (x) = 1 nêú x = 0,



−e−x + 2 nêú x < 0
là hàm liên tu.c trên toàn tru.c sô´. Ta chú.ng minh ră`ng F (x) là nguyên
hàm cu’a hàm e|x| trên toàn tru.c sô´. Thâ.t vâ.y, vó.i x > 0 ta có
F 0(x) = ex = e|x|, vó.i x < 0 thı̀ F 0(x) = e−x = e|x|. Ta còn câ ` n pha’i
chú.ng minh ră`ng F 0(0) = e0 = 1. Ta có
F (x) − F (0) ex − 1
F+0 (0) = lim = lim = 1,
x→0+0 x x→0+0 x
F (x) − F (0) −e−x + 2 − 1
F−0 (0) = lim = lim = 1.
x→0−0 x x→0−0 x
Nhu. vâ.y F+0 (0) = F−0 (0) = F 0(0) = 1 = e|x|. Tù. dó có thê’ viê´t:

Z ex + C, x<0
e|x|dx = F (x) + C =
−e−x + 2 + C, x < 0. N
Vı́ du. 3. Tı̀m nguyên hàm có dô ` thi. qua diê’m (−2, 2) dôí vó.i hàm
1
f (x) = , x ∈ (−∞, 0).
x
1
Gia’i. Vı̀ (ln|x|)0 = nên ln|x| là mô.t trong các nguyên hàm cu’a
x
1
hàm f (x) = . Do vâ.y, nguyên hàm cu’a f là hàm F (x) = ln|x| + C,
x
C ∈ R. Hă`ng sô´ C du.o..c xác di.nh tù. diê
` u kiê.n F (−2) = 2, tú.c là
ln2 + C = 2 ⇒ C = 2 − ln2. Nhu. vâ.y
x

F (x) = ln|x| + 2 − ln2 = ln + 2. N
2
Vı́ du. 4. Tı́nh các tı́ch phân sau dây:

Z x+1 Z
2 − 5x−1 2x + 3
1) dx, 2) dx.
10x 3x + 2
Gia’i. 1) Ta có
Z x Z h x
2 5x 1 1 1 x i
I= 2 x− dx = 2 − dx
10 5 · 10x 5 5 2
Z x Z x
1 1 1
=2 dx − dx
5 5 2
1 x 1 x
5 1 2
=2 − +C
1 5 1
ln ln
5 2
2 1
=− x + + C.
5 ln5 5 · 2x ln2
2)
3 h 2 5i
Z 2 x+ x + +
I= 2 dx = 2 3 6 dx
2 3 2
3 x+ x+
3 3
2 5 2
= x + lnx + + C. N
3 9 3
Vı́ du. 5. Tı́nh các tı́ch phân sau dây:

Z Z Z
2 1 + cos2 x √
1) tg xdx, 2) dx, 3) 1 − sin 2xdx.
1 + cos 2x
Gia’i. 1)
Z Z Z
2 sin2 x 1 − cos2 x
tg xdx = dx = dx
cos2 x cos2 x
Z Z
dx
= − dx = tgx − x + C.
cos2 x
2)
Z Z Z Z
1 + cos2 x 1 + cos2 x 1 dx
dx = dx = + dx
1 + cos 2x 2 cos2 x 2 cos2 x
1
= (tgx + x) + C.
2
3)
Z Z p
√
1 − sin 2xdx = sin2 x − 2 sin x cos x + cos2 xdx
Z p Z
= (sin x − cos x)2dx = | sin x − cos x|dx
= (sin x + cos x)sign(cos x − sin x) + C. N
BÀI TÂ
.P
` ng nhâ´t, hãy du.a các tı́ch phân dã cho
Bă`ng các phép biêń dô’i dô
`
vê tı́ch phân ba’ng và tı́nh các tı́ch phân dó1
Z
dx 1 x − 1 1
1. . (DS. ln − arctgx)
x4 − 1 4 x+1 2
Z 2
1 + 2x 1
2. dx. (DS. arctgx − )
x2 (1 + x2 ) x
Z √ 2 √
x + 1 + 1 − x2 √
3. √ dx. (DS. arc sin x + ln|x + 1 + x2|)
1 − x4
Z √ 2 √
x + 1 − 1 − x2 √ √
4. √ dx. (DS. ln|x + x2 − 1| − ln|x + x2 + 1|)
x4 − 1
Z √ 4
x + x−4 + 2 1
5. 3
dx. (DS. ln|x| − 4 )
x 4x
Z 3x
2 −1 e2x
6. dx. (DS. + ex + 1)
ex − 1 2
Dê’ cho go.n, trong các “Dáp sô´” cu’a chu.o.ng này chúng tôi bo’ qua không viê´t
1
`ng sô´ cô.ng C.

các hă
Z
2 h2 2 i
3x
22x − 1 x
7. √ dx. (DS. + 2− 2 )
2x ln2 3
Z
dx 1 lnx
8. 2 . (DS. √ arctg √ )
x(2 + ln x) 2 2
Z √3
ln2 x 3
9. dx. (DS. ln5/3x)
x 5
Z x
e + e2x
10. dx. (DS. −ex − 2ln|ex − 1|)
1 − ex
Z x
e dx
11. . (DS. ln(1 + ex))
1 + ex
Z
x 1 sin x
12. sin2 dx. (DS. x − )
2 2 2
Z
13. cotg2 xdx. (DS. −x − cotgx)
Z π
√
14. 1 + sin 2xdx, x ∈ 0, . (DS. − cos x + sin x)
2
Z
15. ecos x sin xdx. (DS. −ecos x )
Z
16. ex cos ex dx. (DS. sin ex)
Z
1 x
17. dx. (DS. tg )
1 + cos x 2
Z
dx 1 x π
18. . (DS. √ lntg + )
sin x + cos x 2 2 8
Z
1 + cos x 2
19. dx. (DS. − )
(x + sin x)3 2(x + sin x)2
Z
sin 2x 1p
20. p dx. (DS. − 1 − 4 sin2 x)
1 − 4 sin2 x 2
Z
sin x √
21. p dx. (DS. −ln| cos x + 1 + cos2 x|)
2 − sin2 x
Z sin2 x
sin x cos x 1
22. p dx. (DS. arc sin √ )
3 − sin4 x 2 3
Z
arccotg3x 1
23. 2
dx. (DS. − arccotg2 3x)
1 + 9x 6
Z √
x + arctg2x 1 2 1
24. dx. (DS. ln(1 + 4x ) + arctg3/22x)
1 + 4x2 8 3
Z
arc sin x − arc cos x 1
25. √ dx. (DS. (arc sin2 x + arc cos2 x))
1 − x2 2
Z
x + arc sin3 2x 1√ 1
26. √ dx. (DS. − 1 − 4x2 + arc sin4 2x)
1 − 4x2 4 8
Z
x + arc cos3/2 x √ 2
27. √ dx. (DS. − 1 − x2 − arc cos5/2 x)
1 − x2 5
Z
|x|3
28. x|x|dx. (DS. )
3
Z
29. (2x − 3)|x − 2|dx.

 2 7
− x3 + x2 − 6x + C, x < 2
(DS. F (x) = 3 2 )
 2 7
 x3 − x2 + 6x + C, x>2
3 2

Z 1 − x2, |x| 6 1,
30. f (x)dx, f(x) =
1 − |x|, |x| > 1.
 3
x − x + C

nêú |x| 6 1
(DS. F (x) = 3 )
x − x|x| + 1 signx + C

nêú|x| > 1
2 6
10.1.2 Phu.o.ng pháp dô’i biêń

- i.nh lý. Gia’ su’.:
D
1) Hàm x = ϕ(t) xác di.nh và kha’ vi trên khoa’ng T vó.i tâ.p ho..p giá
tri. là khoa’ng X.
2) Hàm y = f(x) xác di.nh và có nguyên hàm F (x) trên khoa’ng X.
Khi dó hàm F (ϕ(t)) là nguyên hàm cu’a hàm f (ϕ(t))ϕ0 (t) trên
khoa’ng T .
Tù. di.nh lý 10.1.1 suy ră`ng
Z
f(ϕ(t))ϕ0(t)dt = F (ϕ(t)) + C. (10.1)
Vı̀
Z

F (ϕ(t)) + C = (F (x) + C)x=ϕ(t) = f(x)dxx=ϕ(t)
cho nên dă’ng thú.c (10.1) có thê’ viê´t du.ó.i da.ng
Z Z

f (x)dx x=ϕ(t) = f (ϕ(t))ϕ0(t)dt. (10.2)
Dă’ng thú.c (10.2) du.o..c go.i là công thú.c dô’i biêń trong tı́ch phân
bâ´t di.nh.
Nêú hàm x = ϕ(t) có hàm ngu.o..c t = ϕ−1 (x) thı̀ tù. (10.2) thu
du.o..c
Z Z

f(x)dx = f (ϕ(t))ϕ0 (t)dtt=ϕ−1 (x) . (10.3)
Ta nêu mô.t vài vı́ du. vê ` phép dô’i biêń.

i) Nêú biê’u thú.c du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân có chú.a căn √a2 − x2, a > 0
π π
thı̀ su’. du.ng phép dô’i biêń x = a sin t, t ∈ − , .
2 2 √
ii) Nêú biê’u thú.c du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân có chú.a căn x2 − a2, a > 0
a π
thı̀ dùng phép dô’i biêń x = , 0 < t < hoă.c x = acht.
cos t 2 √
iii) Nêú hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân
π π chú .a căn thú.c a2 + x2, a > 0
thı̀ có thê’ dă.t x = atgt, t ∈ − , hoă.c x = asht.
2 2
. .
iv) Nêú hàm du ó i dâú tı́ch phân là f (x) = R(ex , e2x, . . . .enx ) thı̀
có thê’ dă.t t = ex (o’. dây R là hàm hũ.u ty’).
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Z
dx
Vı́ du. 1. Tı́nh .
cos x
Gia’i. Ta có
Z Z
dx cos xdx
= 2 (dă.t t = sin x, dt = cos xdx)
cos x
Z 1 − sin x
dt 1 1 + t x π

= 2
= ln + C = ln tg + + C. N
1−t 2 1−t 2 4
Z 3
x dx
Vı́ du. 2. Tı́nh I = .
x8 − 2
Gia’i. ta có
√ 4
1 2 x
Z d(x4 ) Z d √
4 4 2
I= = h
8
x −2 x4 2i
−2 1 − √
2
x4
Dă.t t = √ ta thu du.o..c
2
√ √
2 2 + x4
I=− ln √ + C. N
8 2 − x4
Z
x2 dx
Vı́ du. 3. Tı́nh I = p ·
(x2 + a2 )3
adt
Gia’i. Dă.t x(t) = atgt ⇒ dx = . Do dó
cos2 t
Z 3 2 Z Z Z
a tg t · cos3 tdt sin2 t dt
I= = dt = − cos tdt
a3 cos2 t cos t cos t
t π

= lntg + − sin t + C.
2 4
x
Vı̀ t = arctg nên
a
1 x π x

I = lntg arctg + − sin arctg +C
2 a 4 a
x √
= −√ + ln|x + x2 + a2| + C.
x2 + a2
Thâ.t vâ.y, vı̀ sin α = cos α · tgα nên dê˜ dàng thâý ră`ng
x x
sin arctg =√ ·
a x + a2
2
Tiê´p theo ta có

1 x π x π x
sin arctg + 1 − cos arctg + 1 + sin arctg
21 a 4 =
x π
a 2
x π = a
x
cos arctg + sin arctg + − cos arctg
2 a 4 a 2 a
√
x + a2 + x2
=
a
và tù. dó suy ra diê

` u pha’i chú.ng minh. N
Z √
Vı́ du. 4. Tı́nh I = a2 + x2 dx.
Gia’i. Dă.t x = asht. Khi dó
Z q Z
2
I= 2
a (1 + sh t)achtdt = a 2
ch2 tdt
Z
2 ch2t + 1 a2 1
=a dt = sh2t + t + C
2 2 2
a2
= (sht · cht + t) + C.
2
r √
p x2 t x + a2 + x2
2
Vı̀ cht = 1 + sh t = 1 + 2 . e = sht + cht = nên
a a
x + √a2 + x2

t = ln và do dó
a
Z √
x√ 2 a2 √
a2 + x2 dx = a + x2 + ln|x + a2 + x2| + C. N
2 2
Vı́ du. 5. Tı́nh

Z Z
x2 + 1 3x + 4
1) I1 = √ dx, 2) I2 = √ dx.
x6 − 7x4 + x2 −x2 + 6x − 8
Gia’i. 1) Ta có
1 1
Z 1+ Z d x− Z
x2 x dt
I1 = r dx = r = √
1 1 2 t2 − 5
x2 − 7 + 2 x− −5
x x
r
√ 1 1
= ln|t + t2 − 5| + C = lnx − + x2 − 7 + 2 + C.
x x
2) Ta viê´t biê’u thú.c du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân du.ó.i da.ng
3 −2x + 6 1
f (x) = − · √ + 13 · √
2 −x2 + 6x − 8 −x2 + 6x − 8
và thu du.o..c
Z
I2 = f(x)dx
Z Z
3 2 − 12 2 d(x − 3)
=− (−x + 6x − 8) d(−x + 6x − 8) + 13 p
2 1 − (x − 3)2
√
= −3 −x2 + 6x − 8 + 13 arc sin(x − 3) + C. N

Z Z
dx sin x cos3 x
1) , 2) I2 = dx.
sin x 1 + cos2 x
Gia’i
1) Cách I. Ta có
Z Z Z
dx sin x d(cos x) 1 1 − cos x
= 2 dx = = ln + C.
sin x sin x cos2 x − 1 2 1 + cos x
Cách II.
x x
Z Z d Z d
dx 2 2
= x x = x x
sin x sin cos tg · cos2
2x 2 2 2
Z d tg x
2
= x = lntg 2 + C.
tg
2
2) Ta có
Z
sin x cos x[(cos2 x + 1) − 1]
I2 = dx.
1 + cos2 x
Ta dă.t t = 1 + cos2 x. Tù. dó dt = −2 cos x sin xdx. Do dó
Z
1 t−1 t
I2 = − dt = − + ln|t| + C,
2 t 2
trong dó t = 1 + cos2 x. N
Z Z
exdx ex + 1
1) I1 = √ , 2) I2 = dx.
e2x + 5 ex − 1
Gia’i
1) Dă.t ex = t. Ta có ex dx = dt và
Z
dt √ √
I1 = √ = ln|t + t2 + 5| + C = ln |ex + e2x + 5| + C.
t2 + 5
dt
2) Tu.o.ng tu.., dă.t ex = t, exdx = dt, dx = và thu du.o..c
t
Z Z Z
t + 1 dt 2dt dt
I2 = = − = 2ln|t − 1| − ln|t| + C
t−1 t t−1 t
= 2ln|ex − 1| − lnex + c
= ln(ex − 1)2 − x + C. N
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân:

Z
e2x 4 p
x
1. √
4
dx. (DS. (3e − 4) 4
(ex + 1)3 )
x
e +1 21
˜ n. Dă.t ex + 1 = t4.
Chı’ dâ
Z
dx √ 1 + ex − 1

2. √ . (DS. ln √ )
ex + 1 x
1+e +1
Z
e2x
3. dx. (DS. ex + ln|ex − 1|)
ex − 1
Z √
1 + lnx 2p
4. dx. (DS. (1 + lnx)3)
x 3
Z √
1 + lnx
5. dx.
xlnx
√ √
(DS. 2 1 + lnx − ln|lnx| + 2ln| 1 + lnx − 1|)
Z
dx x x
6. x/2 x
. (DS. −x − 2e− 2 + 2ln(1 + e 2 ))
e +e
Z √
arctg x dx √
7. √ . (DS. (arctg x)2)
x 1+x
Z √
2
8. e3x + e2xdx. (DS. (ex + 1)3/2 )
3
Z
2 1 2
9. e2x +2x−1 (2x + 1)dx. (DS. e2x +2x−1 )
2
Z
dx √
10. √
x
. (DS. 2arctg ex − 1)
e −1
Z
e2xdx 1 √
11. √ . (DS. ln(e2x + e4x + 1))
e4x + 1 2
Z
2x dx arc sin 2x
12. √ . (DS. )
1 − 4x ln2
Z
dx √ √
13. √ . (DS. 2[ x + 1 − ln(1 + x + 1)])
1+ x+1
Chı’ dâ˜ n. Dă.t x + 1 = t2.
Z r
x+1 √ √ x−2
14. √ dx. (DS. 2 x − 2 + 2arctg )
x x−2 2
Z
dx 2 √ √
15. √ . (DS. ax + b − mln| ax + b + m| )
ax + b + m a
Z
dx √ √
16. √ √ . (DS. 3 3 x + 3ln| 3 x − 1|)
3
x( x − 1)
3
Z
dx
17. . (DS. tg(arc sin x))
(1 − x2)3/2
π π
˜ n. Dă.t x = sin t, t ∈ − ,
Chı’ dâ )
2 2
Z
dx 1 x
18. . (DS. sin arctg )
(x2 + a2)3/2 a2 a
π π
˜ n. Dă.t x = atgt, t ∈ − ,
Chı’ dâ .
2 2
Z
dx 1 1
19. . (DS. − , t = arc sin )
(x2 − 1)3/2 cos t x
1 π π
˜ n. Dă.t x =
Chı’ dâ , − < t < 0, 0 < t < .
sin t 2 2
Z √ √
a2 x x a2 − x2
20. a2 − x2 dx. (DS. arc sin + )
2 a 2
˜ n. Dă.t x = a sin t.
Chı’ dâ
Z
√ x√ 2 a2 √
21. a2 + x2dx. (DS. a + x2 + ln|x + a2 + x2|)
2 2
˜ n. Dă.t x = asht.
Chı’ dâ
Z
x2 1 √ √
22. √ dx. (DS. x a2 + x2 − a2ln(x + a2 + x2) )
a2 + x2 2
Z √
dx x2 + a2
23. √ . (DS. − )
x2 x2 + a2 a2x
1
˜ n. Dă.t x = hoă.c x = atgt, hoă.c x = asht.
Chı’ dâ
t
Z 2
x dx a2 x x√ 2
24. √ . (DS. arc sin − a − x2 )
a2 − x2 2 a a
˜ n. Dă.t x = a sin t.
Chı’ dâ
Z
dx 1 a
25. √ . (DS. − arc sin )
x x2 − a2 a x
1 a
˜ n. Dă.t x = , hoă.c x =
Chı’ dâ hoă.c x = acht.
t cos t
Z √ √
1 − x2 1 − x2
26. dx. (DS. − − arc sin x)
x2 x
Z
dx x
27. p . (DS. √ )
2
(a + x ) 2 3 a x2 + a2
2
Z √
dx x2 − 9
28. √ . (DS. )
x2 x2 − 9 9x
Z
dx x
29. p . (DS. − √ )
2
(x − a ) 2 3 a x2 − a2
2
Z √
30. x2 a2 − x2dx.
x a2 √ a4 x
(DS. − (a2 − x2)3/2 + x x2 − a2 + arc sin )
4 8 8 a
Z r
a+x √ x
31. dx. (DS. − a2 − x2 + arc sin )
a−x a
˜
Chı’ dâ n. Dă.t x = a cos 2t.
Z r
x−a
32. dx.
x+a
√ √ √
(DS. x2 − a2 − 2aln( x − a + x + a) nêú x > a,
√ √ √
− x2 − a2 + 2aln( −x + a + −x − a) nêú x < −a)
a
˜ n. Dă.t x =
Chı’ dâ .
cos 2t
Z r √
x − 1 dx 1 x2 − 1
33. . (DS. arc cos − )
x + 1 x2 x x
1
˜ n. Dă.t x = .
Chı’ dâ
t
Z
dx √
34. √ . (DS. 2arc sin x)
x − x2
˜ n. Dă.t x = sin2 t.
Chı’ dâ
Z √ 2 1 + √x2 + 1
x +1 √
35. dx. (DS. x2 + 1 − ln )
x x
Z
x3dx x2 √ 4√
36. √ . (DS. − 2 − x2 − 2 − x2)
2 − x2 3 3
Z p p
(9 − x2)2 (9 − x2 )5
37. dx. (DS. − )
x6 45x5
Z
x2dx x√ 2 a2 √
38. √ . (DS. x − a2 + ln|x + x2 − a2|)
x2 − a2 2 2
Z xex
(x + 1)dx
39. . (DS. ln )
x(1 + xex) 1 + xex
˜ n. Nhân tu’. sô´ và mâ˜ u sô´ vó.i ex rô
Chı’ dâ ` i dă.t xex = t.
Z
dx 1 h x ax i
40. . (DS. arctg + )
(x2 + a2)2 2a3 a x2 + a2
˜ n. Dă.t x = atgt.
Chı’ dâ

`n
Phu.o.ng pháp tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ
` n du..a trên di.nh lý sau dây.
- i.nh lý. Gia’ su’. trên khoa’ng D các hàm u(x) và v(x) kha’ vi và hàm
D
v(x)u0(x) có nguyên hàm. Khi dó hàm u(x)v 0(x) có nguyên hàm trên
D và
Z Z
u(x)v (x)dx = u(x)v(x) − v(x)u0(x)dx.
0
(10.4)
Công thú.c (10.4) du.o..c go.i là công thú.c tı́nh tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ
` n.
Vı̀ u0(x)dx = du và v 0(x)dx = dv nên (10.4) có thê’ viê´t du.ó.i da.ng
Z Z
udv = uv − vdu. (10.4*)
Thu..c tê´ cho thâý ră`ng phâ

` n ló.n các tı́ch phân tı́nh du.o..c bă`ng
phép tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ
` n có thê’ phân thành ba nhóm sau dây.
Nhóm I gô ` m nhũ.ng tı́ch phân mà hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân có chú.a
thù.a sô´ là mô.t trong các hàm sau dây: lnx, arc sin x, arc cos x, arctgx,
(arctgx)2, (arc cos x)2, lnϕ(x), arc sin ϕ(x),...
Dê’ tı́nh các tı́ch phân này ta áp du.ng công thú.c (10.4*) bă`ng cách
dă.t u(x) bă`ng mô.t trong các hàm dã chı’ ra còn dv là phâ ` n còn la.i cu’a
biê’u thú.c du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân.
Nhóm II gô ` m nhũ.ng tı́ch phân mà biê’u thú.c du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân
có da.ng P (x)eax , P (x) cos bx, P (x) sin bx trong dó P (x) là da thú.c, a,
b là hă`ng sô´.
Dê’ tı́nh các tı́ch phân này ta áp du.ng (10.4*) bă`ng cách dă.t u(x) =
P (x), dv là phâ ` n còn la.i cu’a biê’u thú.c du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân. Sau mô˜ i
` n tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ
lâ ` n bâ.c cu’a da thú.c sẽ gia’m mô.t do.n vi..
Nhóm III gô ` m nhũ.ng tı́ch phân mà hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân có
da.ng: eax sin bx, eax cos bx, sin(lnx), cos(lnx),... Sau hai lâ ` n tı́ch phân
tù.ng phâ ` n ta la.i thu du.o..c tı́ch phân ban dâ ` u vó.i hê. sô´ nào dó. Dó là
phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh vó.i â’n là tı́ch phân câ ` n tı́nh.
. . .
Du o ng nhiên là ba nhóm vù a nêu không vét hê´t mo.i tı́ch phân
tı́nh du.o..c bă`ng tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ ` n (xem vı́ du. 6).
Nhâ.n xét. Nhò. các phu.o.ng pháp dô’i biêń và tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ `n
ta chú.ng minh du.o..c các công thú.c thu.ò.ng hay su’. du.ng sau dây:
Z
dx 1 x
1) 2 2
= arctg + C, a 6= 0.
x +a a a
Z
dx 1 a + x

2) = ln + C, a 6= 0.
a2 − x2 2a a − x
Z
dx x
3) √ = arc sin + C, a 6= 0.
2
a −x 2 a
Z
dx √
4) √ = ln|x + x2 ± a2| + C.
x2 ± a2
CÁC VÍ DU .
Z
√ √
Vı́ du. 1. Tı́nh tı́ch phân I = xarctg xdx.
Gia’i. Tı́ch phân dã cho thuô.c nhóm I. Ta dă.t
√
u(x) = arctg x,
√
dv = xdx.
1 dx 2 3
Khi dó du = · √ , v = x 2 . Do dó
1+x 2 x 3
Z
2 3 √ 1 x
I = x 2 arctg x − dx
3 3 1+x
Z
2 3 √ 1 h 1 i
= x arctg x −
2 1− dx
3 3 1+x
2 3 √ 1
= x 2 arctg x − (x − ln|1 + x|) + C. N
3 3
Z
Vı́ du. 2. Tı́nh I = arc cos2 xdx.
Gia’i. Gia’ su’. u = arc cos2 x, dv = dx. Khi dó
2arc cos x
du = − √ dx, v = x.
1 − x2
Theo (10.4*) ta có
Z
2 xarc cos x
I = xarc cos x + 2 √ dx.
1 − x2
Dê’ tı́nh tı́ch phân o’. vê´ pha’i dă’ng thú.c thu du.o..c ta dă.t u =
xdx
arc cos x, dv = √ . Khi dó
1 − x2
Z √ √
dx
du = − √ , v = − d( 1 − x2) = − 1 − x2 + C1
1 − x2
√
` n lâý v = − 1 − x2:
và ta chı’ câ
Z √ Z
xarc cos x 2
√ dx = − 1 − x arc cos x − dx
21 − x2
√
= − 1 − x2arc cos x − x + C2 .
Cuôí cùng ta thu du.o..c

√
I = xarc cos2 x − 2 1 − x2arc cos x − 2x + C. N
Z
Vı́ du. 3. Tı́nh I = x2 sin 3xdx.
Gia’i. Tı́ch phân dã cho thuô.c nhóm II. Ta dă.t
u(x) = x2,
dv = sin 3xdx.
1
Khi dó du = 2xdx, v = − cos 3x và
3
Z
1 2 2 1 2
I = − x cos 3x + x cos 3xdx = − x2 cos 3x + I1.
3 3 3 3
` n tı́nh I1. Dă.t u = x, dv = cos 3xdx. Khi dó du = 1dx,
Ta câ
1
v = sin 3x. Tù. dó
3
Z
1 2 2h1 1 i
I = − x cos 3x + x sin 3x − sin 3xdx
3 3 3 3
1 2 2
= − x2 cos 3x + x sin 3x + cos 3x + C. N
3 9 27
Nhâ.n xét. Nêú dă.t u = sin 3x, dv = x2dx thı̀ lâ ` n tı́ch phân tù.ng
` n thú. nhâ´t không du.a dêń tı́ch phân do.n gia’n ho.n.
phâ
Z
Vı́ du. 4. Tı́nh I = eax cos bx; a, b 6= 0.
Gia’i. Dây là tı́ch phân thuô.c nhóm III. Ta dă.t u = eax, dv =
1
cos bxdx. Khi dó du = aeaxdx, v = sin bx và
b
Z
1 a 1 a
I = eax sin bx − eax sin bxdx = eax sin bx − I1 .
b b b b
Dê’ tı́nh I1 ta dă.t u = eax, dv = sin bxdx. Khi dó du = aeaxdx,
1
v = − cos bx và
b
Z
1 ax a
I1 = − e cos bx + eax cos bxdx.
b b
Thê´ I1 vào biê’u thú.c dôí vó.i I ta thu du.o..c

Z Z
ax 1 ax a a2
e cos bxdx = e sin bx + 2 cos bx − 2 eax cos bxdx.
b b b
Nhu. vâ.y sau hai lâ ` n tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ

` n ta thu du.o..c phu.o.ng
trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh vó.i â’n là I. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh thu du.o..c ta có
Z
a cos bx + b sin bx
eax cos bxdx = eax + C. N
a2 + b2
R
Vı́ du. 5. Tı́nh I = sin(ln x)dx.
1
Gia’i. Dă.t u = sin(lnx), dv = dx. Khi dó du = cos(lnx)dx,
x
v = x. Ta thu du.o..c
Z
I = x sin(lnx) − cos(lnx)dx = x sin(lnx) − I1.
Dê’ tı́nh I1 ta la.i dă.t u = cos(lnx), dv = dx. Khi dó du =

1
− sin(lnx)dx, v = x và
x
Z
I1 = x cos(lnx) + sin(lnx)dx.
Thay I1 vào biê’u thú.c dôí vó.i I thu du.o..c phu.o.ng trı̀nh
I = x(sin lnx − cos lnx) − I
và tù. dó

x
I= (sin lnx − cos lnx) + C. N
2
Nhâ.n xét. Trong các vı́ du. trên dây ta dã thâý ră`ng tù. vi phân dã
biê´t dv hàm v(x) xác di.nh không do.n tri.. Tuy nhiên trong công thú.c
(10.4) và (10.4*) ta có thê’ cho.n v là hàm bâ´t kỳ vó.i vi phân dã cho
dv.

Z Z
xdx dx
1) I = ; 2) In = , n ∈ N.
sin2 x (x2 + a2)n
Gia’i. 1) Rõ ràng tı́ch phân này không thuô.c bâ´t cú. nhóm nào
dx
trong ba nhóm dã nêu. Thê´ nhu.ng bă`ng cách dă.t u = x, dv =
sin2 x
và áp du.ng công thú.c tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ
` n ta có
Z Z
cos x
I = −xcotgx + cotgxdx = −xcotgx + dx
sin x
Z
d(sin x)
= −xcotgx + = −xcotgx + ln| sin x| + C.
sin x
2) Tı́ch phân In du.o..c biê’u diê˜ n du.ó.i da.ng

Z 2 Z Z
1 x + a2 − x2 1h dx x2 dx i
In = 2 dx = 2 −
a (x2 + a2)n a (x2 + a2)n−1 (x2 + a2)n
Z
1 1 2xdx
= 2 In−1 − 2 x 2 ·
a 2a (x + a2)n
Ta tı́nh tı́ch phân o’. vê´ pha’i bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp tı́ch phân tù.ng
2xdx d(x2 + a2)
` n. Dă.t u = x, dv =
phâ = . Khi dó du = dx,
(x2 + a2 )n (x2 + a2 )n
1
v=− và
(n − 1)(x2 + a2)n−1
Z
1 2xdx −x 1
2
x 2 2 n
= 2 2 2 n−1
+ 2 In−1
2a (x + a ) 2a (n − 1)(x + a ) 2a (n − 1)
Tù. dó suy ră`ng

1 x 1
In = 2
In−1 + 2 2 2 n−1
− 2 In−1
a 2a (n − 1)(x + a ) 2a (n − 1)
hay là
x 2n − 3
In = + 2 In−1 . (*)
2a2 (n 2 2
− 1)(x + a ) n−1 2a (n − 1)
Ta nhâ.n xét ră`ng tı́ch phân In không thuô.c bâ´t cú. nhóm nào trong
ba nhóm dã chı’ ra.
Khi n = 1 ta có
Z
dx 1 x
I1 = = arctg + C.
x2 + a2 a a
Áp du.ng công thú.c truy hô
` i (*) ta có thê’ tı́nh I2 qua I1 rô
` i I3 qua
I2,... N
Z
Vı́ du. 7. Tı́nh I = xeax cos bxdx.
Gia’i. Dă.t u = x, dv = eax cos bxdx. Khi dó du = dx,
a cos bx + b sin bx
v = eax
a2 + b2
(xem vı́ du. 4). Nhu. vâ.y
Z
a cos bx + b sin bx 1
I= xeax − 2 eax(a cos bx + b sin bx)dx
a2 + b2 a +b 2
Z
ax a cos bx + b sin bx a
= xe − 2 eax cos bxdx
a2 + b2 a + b2
Z
b
− 2 eax sin bxdx.
a + b2
Tı́ch phân thú. nhâ´t o’. vê´ pha’i du.o..c tı́nh trong vı́ du. 4, tı́ch phân
thú. hai du.o..c tı́nh tu.o.ng tu.. và bă`ng
Z
a sin bx − b cos bx
eax sin bxdx = eax ·
a2 + b2
Thay các kê´t qua’ thu du.o..c vào biê’u thú.c dôí vó.i I ta có
eax h a
I= 2 x− 2 (a cos bx + b sin bx)
a + b2 a + b2
b i
− 2 (a sin bx − b cos bx) +C N
a + b2
BÀI TÂ
.P
Z
2x (x ln 2 − 1)
1. x2x dx. (DS. )
ln2 2
Z
2. x2 e−x dx. (DS. −x2e−x − 2xe−x − 2e−x )
Z
2 1 2
3. x3 e−x dx.
(DS. − (x2 + 1)e−x )
2
Z
3 5x 1 5x 3 3 2 31 31
4. (x + x)e dx. (DS. e x − x + x − )
5 5 25 125
Z
√
5. arc sin xdx. (DS. xarc sin x + 1 − x2 )
Z
1 1 √
6. xarc sin xdx. (DS. (2x2 − 1)arc sin x + x 1 − x2)
4 4
Z
x3 2x2 + 1 √
7. x2 arc sin 2xdx. (DS. arc sin 2x + 1 − 4x2)
3 36
Z
1
8. arctgxdx. (DS. xarctgx − ln(1 + x2))
2
Z
√ √ √
9. arctg xdx. (DS. (1 + x)arctg x − x)
Z
x4 − 1 x3 x
10. x3 arctgxdx. (DS. arctgx − + )
4 12 4
Z
x2 + 1 1
11. (arctgx)2xdx. (DS. (arctgx)2 − xarctgx + ln(1 + x2))
2 2
Z
√
12. (arc sin x)2dx. (DS. x(arc sin x)2 + 2arc sin x 1 − x2 − 2x)
Z
arc sin x √ √
13. √ dx. (DS. 2 x + 1arc sin x + 4 1 − x)
x+1
Z
arc sin x arc sin x 1 + √1 − x2

14. dx. (DS. − − ln )
x2 x x
Z
xarctgx √ √
15. √ dx. (DS. 1 + x2arcrgx − ln(x + 1 + x2))
1 + x2
Z √
arc sin x √ √ √
16. √ dx. (DS. 2( x − 1 − xarc sin x))
1−x
Z
17. ln xdx. (DS. x(ln x − 1))
Z
√ 2 3/2 2 4 8
18. x ln2 xdx. x ln x − ln x +
(DS. )
3 3 9
Z √ √ √
19. ln(x + 16 + x2)dsx. (DS. x ln(x + 16 + x2) − 16 + x2 )
Z √
x ln(x + 1 + x2) √ √
20. √ dx. (DS. 1 + x2 ln(x + 1 + x2) − x)
1 + x2
Z x
21. sin x ln(tgx)dx. (DS. ln tg − cos x ln(tgx))
2
Z
(x3 + 1) ln(x + 1) x3 x2 x
22. x2 ln(1 + x)dx. (DS. − + − )
3 9 6 3
Z
1 − 2x2 x
23. x2 sin 2xdx. (DS. cos 2x + sin 2x)
4 2
Z
1
24. x3 cos(2x2)dx. (DS. (2x2 sin 2x2 + cos 2x2))
8
Z
ex (sin x − cos x)
25. ex sin xdx. (DS. )
2
Z
sin x + (ln 3) cos x x
26. 3x cos xdx. (DS. 3 )
1 + ln2 3
Z
e3x
27. e3x(sin 2x − cos 2x)dx. (DS. (sin 2x − 5 cos 2x))
13
Z
28. xe2x sin 5xdx.
e2x h 21 20 i
(DS. 2x + sin 5x + − 5x + cos 5x )
29 29 29
Z
1 2
29. x2ex sin xdx. (DS. (x − 1) sin x − (x − 1)2 cos x ex)
2
Z
2 x (x − 1)2 sin x + (x2 − 1) cos x x
30. x e cos xdx. (DS. e )
2
Z
[3 sin x(ln x) − cos(ln x)]x3
31. x2 sin(ln x)dx. (DS. )
10
32. Tı̀m công thú.c truy hô
` i dôí vó.i mô˜ i tı́ch phân In du.o..c cho du.ó.i
dây:
Z
1 n
1) In = xn eaxdx, a 6= 0. (DS. In = xn eax − In−1 )
a a
Z
2) In = lnn xdx. (DS. In = x lnn x − nIn−1 )
Z
xα+1 lnn x n
3) In = xα lnn xdx, α 6= −1. (DS. In = − In−1 )
α+1 α+1
Z √
xn dx xn−1 x2 + a n − 1
4) In = √ , n > 2. (DS. In = − aIn−2 )
x2 + a n n
Z
n cos x sinn−1 x n − 1
5) In = sin xdx, n > 2. (DS. In = − + In−2 )
n n
Z
sin x cosn−1 x n − 1
6) In = cosn xdx, n > 2. (DS. In = + In−2 )
n n
Z
dx sin x n−2
7) In = n
, n > 2. (DS. In = n−1
+ In−2 )
cos x (n − 1) cos x n−1
10.2 Các ló.p hàm kha’ tı́ch trong ló.p các

hàm so. câ´p
10.2.1 Tı́ch phân các hàm hũ.u ty’

1) Phu.o.ng pháp hê. sô´ bâ´t di.nh. Hàm da.ng
Pm (x)
R(x) =
Qn (x)
10.2. Các ló.p hàm kha’ tı́ch trong ló.p các hàm so. câ´p 31
trong dó Pm (x) là da thú.c bâ.c m, Qn (x) là da thú.c bâ.c n du.o..c go.i là
hàm hũ.u ty’ (hay phân thú.c hũ.u ty’). Nêú m > n thı̀ Pm (x)/Qn (x)
du.o..c go.i là phân thú.c hũ.u ty’ không thu..c su..; nêú m < n thı̀
Pm (x)/Qn (x) du.o..c go.i là phân thú.c hũ.u ty’ thu..c su...
Nêú R(x) là phân thú.c hũ.u ty’ không thu..c su.. thı̀ nhò. phép chia
da thú.c ta có thê’ tách phâ
` n nguyên W (x) là da thú.c sao cho
Pm (x) Pk (x)
R(x) = = W (x) + (10.5)
Qn (x) Qn (x)
trong dó k < n và W (x) là da thú.c bâ.c m − n.
Tù. (10.5) suy ră`ng viê.c tı́nh tı́ch phân phân thú.c hũ.u ty’ không
thu..c su.. du.o..c quy vê
` tı́nh tı́ch phân phân thú.c hũ.u ty’ thu..c su.. và tı́ch
phân mô.t da thú.c.
- i.nh lý 10.2.1. Gia’ su’. Pm (x)/Qn (x) là phân thú.c hũ.u ty’ thu..c su..
D
và
Q(x) = (x − a)α · · · (x − b)β (x2 + px + q)γ · · · (x2 + rx + s)δ
trong dó a, . . . , b là các nghiê. m thu..c, x2 + px + q, . . . , x2 + rx + s là

nhũ.ng tam thú.c bâ.c hai không có nghiê.m thu..c. Khi dó
P (x) Aα A1 Bβ Bβ−1
= + · · · + + · · · + + + ···+
Q(x) (x − a)α x−a (x − b)β (x − b)β−1
B1 Mγ x + Nγ M1 x + N1
+ + 2 + · · · + + ···+
x − b (x + px + q)γ x2 + px + q
Kδ x + Lδ K1 x + L1
+ 2 δ
+ ··· + 2 , (10.6)
(x + rx + s) x + rx + s
trong dó Ai, Bi , Mi , Ni , Ki và Li là các sô´ thu..c.
Các phân thú.c o’. vê´ pha’i cu’a (10.6) du.o..c go.i là các phân thú.c do.n
gia’n hay các phân thú.c co. ba’n và dă’ng thú.c (10.6) du.o..c go.i là khai
triê’n phân thú.c hũ.u ty’ thu..c su.. P (x)/Q(x) thành tô’ng các phân thú.c
co. ba’n vó.i hê. sô´ thu..c.
Dê’ tı́nh các hê. sô´ Ai , Bi , . . . , Ki , Li ta có thê’ áp du.ng
Phu.o.ng pháp I. Quy dô ` ng mâ˜ u sô´ dă’ng thú.c (10.6) và sau dó cân
bă`ng các hê. sô´ cu’a lũy thù.a cùng bâ.c cu’a biêń x và di dêń hê. phu.o.ng
trı̀nh dê’ xác di.nh Ai , . . . , Li (phu.o.ng pháp hê. sô´ bâ´t di.nh).
Phu.o.ng pháp II. Các hê. sô´ Ai , . . . , Li cũng có thê’ xác di.nh bă`ng
cách thay x trong (10.6) (hoă.c dă’ng thú.c tu.o.ng du.o.ng vó.i (10.6)) bo’.i
các sô´ du.o..c cho.n mô.t cách thı́ch ho..p.
Tù. (10.6) ta có
- .inh lý 10.2.2. Tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh cu’a mo.i hàm hũ.u ty’ dê
D ` u biê’u
˜ n du.o..c qua các hàm so. câ´p mà cu. thê’ là qua các hàm hũ.u ty’, hàm
diê
lôgarit và hàm arctang.
CÁC VÍ DU .
Z
xdx
Vı́ du. 1. Tı́nh I =
(x − 1)(x + 1)2
Gia’i. Ta có
x A B1 B2
2
= + +
(x − 1)(x + 1) x − 1 x + 1 (x + 1)2
x = A(x + 1)2 + B1(x − 1)(x + 1) + B2 (x − 1). (10.7)
Ta xác di.nh các hê. sô´ A, B1 , B2 bă`ng các phu.o.ng pháp sau dây.
Phu.o.ng pháp I. Viê´t dă’ng thú.c (10.7) du.ó.i da.ng
x ≡ (A + B1 )x2 + (2A + B2)x + (A − B1 − B2 ).
Cân bă`ng các hê. sô´ cu’a lũy thù.a cùng bâ.c cu’a x ta thu du.o..c


 A + B1 = 0
2A + B2 = 1


A − B1 − B2 = 0.
1 1 1
Tù. dó A = , B1 = − , B2 = .
4 4 2
1
Phu.o.ng pháp II. Thay x = 1 vào (10.7) ta có 1 = A · 4 ⇒ A = .
4
Tiê´p theo, thay x = −1 vào (10.7) ta thu du.o..c: −1 = −B2 · 2 hay
1
là B2 = . Dê’ tı̀m B1 ta thê´ giá tri. x = 0 vào (10.7) và thu du.o..c
2
1
0 = A − B1 − B2 hay là B1 = A − B2 = − .
4
Do dó
Z Z Z
1 dx 1 dx 1 dx
I= − +
4 x−1 4 x+1 2 (x + 1)2
1 1 x − 1
=− + ln + C. N
2(x + 1) 4 x+1
Z
3x + 1
Vı́ du. 2. Tı́nh I = dx.
x(1 + x2)2
Gia’i. Khai triê’n hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân thành tô’ng các phân
thú.c co. ba’n
3x + 1 A Bx + C Dx + F
2 2
= + 2
+
x(1 + x ) x 1+x (1 + x2 )2
Tù. dó
3x + 1 ≡ (A + B)x4 + Cx3 + (2A + B + D)x2 + (C + F )x + A.
Cân bă`ng các hê. sô´ cu’a các lũy thù.a cùng bâ.c cu’a x ta thu du.o..c


 A+B =0




 C =0
2A + B + D = 0 ⇒ A = 1, B = −1, C = 0, D = −1, F = 3



 C +F =3


 A = 1.

Z Z Z Z
dx xdx xdx dx
I= − − + 3
x 1 + x2 (1 + x2)2 (1 + x2)2
Z
1 2 1 2 −2 2 dx
= ln |x| − ln(1 + x ) − (1 + x ) d(1 + x ) + 3
2 2 (1 + x2 )2
1 1
= ln |x| − ln(1 + x2 ) + + 3I2 .
2 2(1 + x2 )
Z
dx
Ta tı́nh I2 = bă`ng công thú.c truy hô
` i thu du.o..c trong
(1 + x2 )2
10.1. Ta có
Z
1 x 1 x 1 dx
I2 = · 2
+ I1 = 2
+
2 1+x 2 2(1 + x ) 2 1 + x2
x 1
= 2
+ arctgx + C.
2(1 + x ) 2
1 3x + 1 3
I = ln |x| − ln(1 + x2 ) + + arctgx + C. N
2 2(1 + x2) 2
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân (1-12)

Z
xdx
1. .
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x − 3)
1 2 3
(DS. ln |x + 1| − ln |x + 2| + |x − 3|)
4 5 20
Z
2x4 + 5x2 − 2
2. dx.
2x3 − x − 1
x2
DS. + ln |x − 1| + ln(2x2 + 2x + 1) + arctg(2x + 1))
2
Z
2x3 + x2 + 5x + 1
3. dx.
(x2 + 3)(x2 − x + 1)
1 x 2 2x − 1
DS. √ arctg √ + ln(x2 − x + 1) + √ arctg √ )
3 3 3 3
Z
x4 + x2 + 1
4. dx.
x(x − 2)(x + 2)
x2 1 21 21
(DS. − ln |x| + ln |x − 2| + ln |x + 2|)
2 4 8 8
Z
dx
5. .
x(x − 1)(x2 − x + 1)2
x − 1 10 2x − 1 1 2x − 1

(DS. ln − √ arctg √ − )
x 3 3 3 3 x2 − x + 1
Z
x4 − x2 + 1
6. dx.
(x2 − 1)(x2 + 4)(x2 − 2)
1 x − 1 7 x 1 x − √2

(DS. − ln + arctg + √ ln √ )
10 x+1 20 2 4 2 x+ 2
Z
3x2 + 5x + 12
7. dx.
(x2 + 3)(x2 + 1)
√
5 2 3 x 5 9
(DS. − ln(x + 3) − arctg √ + ln(x2 + 1) + arctgx)
4 2 3 4 2
Z
(x4 + 1)dx
8. .
x5 + x4 − x3 − x2
1 1 1 1
(DS. ln |x| + + ln |x − 1| − ln |x + 1| + )
x 2 2 x+1
Z
x3 + x + 1
9. dx.
x4 − 1
3 1 1
(DS. ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 1| − arctgx)
4 4 2
Z
x4
10. dx.
1 − x4
x + 1 1

(DS. − x + ln + arctgx)
x−1 2
Z
3x + 5
11. dx.
(x2 + 2x + 2)2
2x − 1
(DS. + arctg(x + 1))
2(x2+ 2x + 2)
Z
x4 − 2x2 + 2
12. dx.
(x2 − 2x + 2)2
3−x
(DS. x + + 2 ln(x2 − 2x + 2) + arctg(x − 1))
x2 − 2x + 2
Z
x2 + 2x + 7
13. dx.
(x − 2)(x2 + 1)3
3 3 1−x 11
(DS. ln |x2 − 2| − ln |x2 + 1| + 2 − arctgx)
5 10 x +1 5
Z
x2
14. dx.
(x + 2)2 (x + 1)
4
(DS. + ln |x + 1|)
x+2
Z
x2 + 1
15. dx.
(x − 1)3 (x + 3)
1 3 5 x − 1

(DS. − 2
− + ln )
4(x − 1) 8(x − 1) 32 x+3
Z
dx
16.
x5 − x2
1 1 (x − 1)2 1 2x + 1
(DS. + ln 2 + √ arctg √ )
x 6 x +x+1 3 3
Z
3x2 + 8
17. dx.
x3 + 4x2 + 4x
10
(DS. 2 ln |x| + ln |x + 2| + )
x+2
Z
2x5 + 6x3 + 1
18. dx.
x4 + 3x2
1 1 x
(DS. x2 − − √ arctg √ )
3x 3 3 3
Z
x3 + 4x2 − 2x + 1
19. dx.
x4 + x
|x|(x2 − x + 1) 2 2x − 1
(DS. ln 2
+ √ arctg √ )
(x + 1) 3 3
Z
x3 − 3
20. dx.
x4 + 10x2 + 25
1 25 − 3x 3 x
(DS. ln(x2 + 5) + 2
− √ arctg √ )
2 10(x + 5) 10 5 5
˜ n. x4 + 10x2 + 25 = (x2 + 5)2 .
Chı’ dâ
10.2.2 Tı́ch phân mô.t sô´ hàm vô ty’ do.n gia’n
Mô.t sô´ tı́ch phân hàm vô ty’ thu.ò.ng gă.p có thê’ tı́nh du.o..c bă`ng phu.o.ng
pháp hũ.u ty’ hóa hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân. Nô.i dung cu’a phu.o.ng pháp
này là tı̀m mô.t phép biêń dô’i du.a tı́ch phân dã cho cu’a hàm vô ty’ vê `
tı́ch phân hàm hũ.u ty’. Trong tiê´t này ta trı̀nh bày nhũ.ng phép dô’i
biêń cho phép hũ.u ty’ hóa dôí vó.i mô.t sô´ ló.p hàm vô ty’ quan tro.ng
nhâ´t. Ta quy u.ó.c ký hiê.u R(x1 , x2, . . . ) hay r(x1 , x2, . . . ) là hàm hũ.u
ty’ dôí vó.i mô˜ i biêń x1, x2 , . . . , xn .
I. Tı́ch phân các hàm vô ty’ phân tuyêń tı́nh. Tı́ch phân da.ng
Z
ax + b p1 ax + b pn
R x, ,..., dx (10.8)
cx + d cx + d
trong dó n ∈ N; p1 , . . . , pn ∈ Q; a, b, c ∈ R; ad − bc 6= 0 du.o..c hũ.u ty’
hóa nhò. phép dô’i biêń
ax + b
= tm
cx + d
o’. dây m là mâ˜ u sô´ chung cu’a các sô´ hũ.u ty’ p1 , . . . , pn .
II. Tı́ch phân da.ng
Z √
R(x, ax2 + bx + c)dx, a 6= 0, b2 − 4ac 6= 0 (10.9)
có thê’ hũ.u ty’ hóa nhò. phép thê´ Euler:

√ √
(i) ax2 + bx + c = ± ax ± t, nêú a > 0;
√ √
(ii) ax2 + bx + c = ±xt ± c, nêú c > 0;
√
(iii) ax2 + bx + c = ±(x − x1 )t
√
ax2 + bx + c = ±(x − x2 )t
trong dó x1 và x2 là các nghiê.m thu..c khác nhau cu’a tam thú.c bâ.c hai
ax2 + nbx + c. (Dâú o’. các vê´ pha’i cu’a dă’ng thú.c có thê’ lâý theo tô’
ho..p tùy ý).
III. Tı́ch phân cu’a vi phân nhi. thú.c. Dó là nhũ.ng tı́ch phân da.ng
Z
xm (axn + b)pdx (10.10)
trong dó a, b ∈ R, m, n, p ∈ Q và a 6= 0, b 6= 0, n 6= 0, p 6= 0; biê’u thú.c

xm (zxn + b)p du.o..c go.i là vi phân nhi. thú.c.
Tı́ch phân vi phân nhi. thú.c (10.10) du.a du.o..c vê
` tı́ch phân hàm
hũ.u ty’ trong ba tru.ò.ng ho..p sau dây:
1) p là sô´ nguyên,
m+1
2) là sô´ nguyên,
n
m+1
3) + p là sô´ nguyên.
n
- i.nh lý (Trebu.sép). Tı́ch phân vi phân nhi. thú.c (10.10) biê’u diê
D ñ
du.o..c du.ó.i da.ng hũ.u ha.n nhò. các hàm so. câ´p (tú.c là du.a du.o..c vê `
tı́ch phân hàm hũ.u ty’ hay hũ.u ty’ hóa du.o..c) khi và chı’ khi ı́t nhâ´t mô.t
m+1 m+1
trong ba sô´ p, , + p là sô´ nguyên.
n n
1) Nêú p là sô´ nguyên thı̀ phép hũ.u ty’ hóa sẽ là
x = tN
trong dó N là mâ˜ u sô´ chung cu’a các phân thú.c m và n.
m+1
2) Nêú là sô´ nguyên thı̀ dă.t
n
axn + b = tM
trong dó M là mâ˜ u sô´ cu’a p.

m+1
3) Nêú + p là sô´ nguyên thı̀ dă.t
n
a + bx−n = tM
trong dó M là mâ˜ u sô´ cu’a p.
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Z √
3 √ Z
x + x2 + 6 x dx
1) I1 = √ dx , 2) I2 = p ·
x(1 + 3 x) 3
(2 + x)(2 − x)5
1
Gia’i. 1) Tı́ch phân dã cho có da.ng I, trong dó p1 = 1, p2 = ,
3
1
p3 = . Mâ˜ u sô´ chung cu’a p1 , p2 , p3 là m = 6. Do dó ta dă.t x = t6.
6
Khi dó:
Z 6 Z 5
t + t4 + t 5 t + t3 + 1
I=6 t dt = 6 dt
t6(1 + t2) 1 + t2
Z Z
3 dt 3√ 3 √
= 6 t dt + 6 2
= x2 + 6arctg 6 x + C.
1+t 2
2) Bă`ng phép biêń dô’i so. câ´p ta có

Z r
3 2 − x dx
I2 = ·
2 + x (2 − x)2
Dó là tı́ch phân da.ng I. Ta dă.t

2−x
= t3
2+x
và thu du.o..c
1 − t3 t2dt
x=2 , dx = −12 ·
1 + t3 (1 + t3)2
Tù. dó
Z Z r
t3 (t3 + 1)2 dt 3 dt 3 3 2 + x 2
I2 = −12 6 3 2
=− 3
= + C. N
16t (t + 1) 4 t 8 2−x
Vı́ du. 2. Tı́nh các tı́ch phân
Z Z
dx dx
1) I1 = √ , 2) I2 = √ ,
x x2 + x + 1 (x − 2) −x2 + 4x − 3
Z
dx
3) I3 = √ ,·
(x + 1) 1 + x − x2
Gia’i. 1) Tı́ch phân I1 là tı́ch phân da.ng II và a = 1 > 0 nên ta su’.
du.ng phép thê´ Euler (i)
√
x2 + x + 1 = x + t, x2 + x + 1 = x2 + 2tx + t2
t2 − 1 √ −t2 + t − 1
x= , x2 + x + 1 = x + t =
1 − 2t 1 − 2t
2
2(−t + t − 1)
dx = dt.
(1 − 2t)2
Tù. dó
Z
dt 1 − t 1 + x − √x2 + x + 1

I1 = 2 2
= ln + C = ln √ + C.
t −1 1+t 1−x+ x +x+12
2) Dôí vó.i tı́ch phân I2 (da.ng II) ta có
−x2 + 4x − 3 = −(x − 1)(x − 3)
và do dó ta su’. du.ng phép thê´ Euler (iii):

√
−x2 + 4x − 3 = t(x − 1).
Khi dó
r
3−x
−(x − 1)(x − 3) = t2(x − 1)2 , −(x − 3) = t2 (x − 1), t= ,
x−1
t2 + 3 √ 2t
x=
2
, −x2 + 4x − 3 = t(x − 1) = 2
t +1 t +1
−4tdt
dx = 2
(t + 1)2
và thu du.o..c

Z
dt 1 − t √x − 1 − √3 − x

I2 = 2 2
= ln + C = ln √ √ + C.
t −1 1+t x−1+ 3−x
3) Dôí vó.i tı́ch phân I3 (da.ng III) ta có C = 1 > 0. Ta su’. du.ng
phép thê´ Euler (ii) và
√
1 + x − x2 = tx − 1, 1 + x − x2 = t2x2 − 2tx + 1,
2t + 1 √ t2 + t − 1
x= 2 , 1 + x − x2 = tx − 1 = ,
t +√ 1 t2 + 1
1 + 1 + x − x2 −2(t2 + t − 1)
t= , dx = ·
x (t2 + 1)2
Do dó
Z Z
dt d(t + 1)
I3 = −2 = −2 = −2arctg(t + 1) + C
t2 + 2t + 2 1 + (t + 1)2
√
1 + x + 1 + x − x2
= −2arctg + C. N
x
Vı́ du. 3. Tı́nh các tı́ch phân
Z √ Z s
x √ 1
1) I1 = √ dx, x > 0; 2) I2 = x 4
1− √ dx;
(1 + 3 x)2 x3
Z
dx
3) I3 = p ·
x2 3 (1 + x3)5
Gia’i. 1) Ta có
Z
1 1 −2
I1 = x2 1 + x3 dx,
1 1
trong dó m = , n = , p = −2, mâ˜ u sô´ chung cu’a m và n bă`ng 6.
2 3
Vı̀ p = −2 là sô´ nguyên, ta áp du.ng phép dô’i biêń x = t6 và thu du.o..c
Z Z
t8 4 2 4t2 + 3
I1 = 6 dt = 6 t − 2t + 3 − dt
(1 + t2)2 (1 + t2)2
Z Z
6 5 3 dt t2
= t − 4t + 18t − 18 − 6 dt.
5 1 + t2 (1 + t2 )2
Vı̀
Z Z
t2 dt 1 1 t 1
2 2
=− td 2
=− 2
+ arctgt
(1 + t ) 2 1+t 2(1 + t ) 2
nên cuôí cùng ta thu du.o..c
6 3x1/6
I1 = x5/6 − 4x1/2 + 18x1/6 + − 21arctgx1/6 + C.
5 1 + x1/3
2) Ta viê´t I2 du.ó.i da.ng
Z
1 3 1
I2 = x 2 1 − x− 2 4 dx.
. 1 3 1 m+1
O’ dây m = , n = − , p = và = −1 là sô´ nguyên và ta
2 2 4 n
có tru.ò.ng ho..p thú. hai. Ta su’. du.ng phép dô’i biêń
1
1 − √ = t4 .
x3
2 8 5
Khi dó x = (1 − t4)− 3 , dx = (1 − t4)− 3 t3dt và do vâ.y
3
Z Z 1 2h t Z
8 t4 2 dt i
I2 = dt = td = −
3 (1 − t4)2 3 1 − t4 3 1 − t4 1 − t2
Z h i
2t 1 1 1
= 4
− 2
+ dt
3(1 − t ) 3 1−t 1 + t2
2t 1 1 + t 1
= − ln − arctgt + C,
3(1 − t4 ) 6 1−t 3
1/4
trong dó t = 1 − x−3/2 .
. .
3) Ta viê´t I3 du ó i da.ng
Z
5
I3 = x−2 (1 + x3 )− 3 dx.
. 5 m+1
O’ dây m = −2, n = 3, p = − và + p = −2 là sô´ nguyên.
3 n
Do vâ.y ta có tru.ò.ng ho..p thú. ba. Ta thu..c hiê.n phép dô’i biêń
1 + x−3 = t3 ⇒ 1 + x3 = t3x3 .
Tù. dó
1 t3 1
x3 = 3
, 1 + x 3
= 3
, x = (t3 − 1)− 3
t −1 t −1
− 43 2
dx = −t (t − 1) dt, x−2 = (t3 − 1) 3 .
2 3
Do vâ.y
Z t3 −5/3 Z
3 2/3 2 3 − 43 1 − t3
I3 = − (t − 1) t (t − 1) dt = dt
t3 − 1 t3
Z Z
−3 t−2 1 + 2t3
= t dt − dt = −t+C = C −
−2 2t3
3
2 + 3x
=C− p · N
2x (1 + x3 )2
3
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân (1-15)

Z
dx
1. √ √ .
2x − 1 − 3 2x − 1
3
(DS. u3 + u2 + 3u + 3 ln |u − 1|, u6 = 2x − 1)
2
Z
xdx
2. √ .
(3x − 1) 3x − 1
2 3x − 2
(DS. √ )
9 3x − 1
Z r
1 − x dx
3. .
1+x x
√
1− 1 − x2
(DS. − arc sin x)
x
Z r
3 x + 1 dx
4. .
x−1 x+1
r
1 (1 − t)2 √ 2t + 1 3 x+1
(DS. − ln 2
+ 3arctg √ , t= )
2 1+t+t 3 x−1
Z √ √
x+1− x−1
5. √ √ dx.
x+1+ x−1
1 2 √ √
(DS. (x − x x2 − 1 + ln |x + x2 − 1|)
2
Z
xdx
6. √ √ .
x+1− 3x+1
1 8 1 7 1 6 1 5 1 4i 6
h1
9
(DS. 6 u + u + u + u + u + u , u = x + 1)
9 8 7 6 5 4
Z r
1+x
7. (x − 2) dx.
1−x
1 √ 3
(DS. 1 − x 1 − x2 − arc sin x)
2 2
Z r
3 x+1 dx
8. .
x − 1 (x − 1)3
r r
3 3 x + 1 4 3 3 x + 1 3
(DS. − )
16 x−1 28 x−1
Z r
dx x−2
9. p . (DS. 2 )
(x − 1)3 (x − 2) x−1
r
p x−1
˜ n. Viê´t (x − 1)3 (x − 2) = (x − 1)(x − 2)
Chı’ dâ , dăt
r x−2 .
x−1
t= .
x−2
Z
dx
10. p .
3
(x − 1)2 (x + 1)
1 u2 + u + 1 √ 2u + 1 x+1
(DS. ln 2 − 3arctg √ , u3 = )
2 u − 2u + 1 3 x−1
Z r
dx 3 3 1+x
11. p . (DS. )
3
(x + 1)2 (x − 1)4 2 x−1
Z r
dx 4 4 x−1
12. p . (DS. )
4
(x − 1)3 (x + 2)5 3 x+2
Z r
dx 3 3x − 5 3 x + 1
13. p . (DS. )
3
(x − 1)7 (x + 1)2 16 x − 1 x − 1
Z r
dx x−5
14. p . (DS. −3 6 )
6
(x − 7)7 (x − 5)5 x−7
Z r
dx n n x−b
15. p , a 6= b. (DS. )
n
(x − a)n+1 (x − b)n−1 b−a x−a
Z √ √
x+1− x−1
16. √ √ dx.
x+1+ x−1
√
x 2 x x2 − 1 1 √
(DS. − + ln |x + x2 − 1|)
3 2 2
Su’. du.ng các phép thê´ Euler dê’ tı́nh các tı́ch phân sau dây (17-22)
Z
dx 1 + x − √x2 + x + 1

17. √ . (DS. ln √ )
2
x x +x+1 1−x+ x +x+1 2
Z
dx √x − 1 − √3 − x

18. √ . (DS. ln √ √ )
2
(x − 2) −x + 4x − 3 x−1+ 3−x
Z √
dx 1 + x + 1 + x − x2
19. √ . (DS. −2arctg )
(x + 1) 1 + x − x2 x
Z
dx
20. √ .
(x − 1) x2 + x + 1
√
3 x−1

(DS. ln p )
3 2
3 + 3x + 2 3(x + x + 1)
Z
(x − 1)dx 1 + 2x
21. √ . (DS. √ )
(x2 + 2x) x2 + 2x x2 + 2x
Z
5x + 4
22. √ dx.
x2 + 2x + 5
√ √
(DS. 5 x2 + 2x + 5 − ln x + 1 + x2 + 2x + 5)
1
˜ n. Có thê’ dô’i biêń t = (x2 + 2x + 5)0 = x + 1.
Chı’ dâ
2
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân cu’a vi phân nhi. thú.c
Z
1
23. x− 3 (1 − x1/6)−1 dx. (DS. 6x 6 + 3x 3 + 2x 2 + 6 ln x 6 − 1)
1 1 1 1
Z
2 1 3 1
24. x− 3 (1 + x 3 )−3 dx. (DS. − (1 + x 3 )−2 )
2
Z
1 1 4 1 1 1
25. x− 2 (1 + x 4 )−10 dx. (DS. (1 + x 4 )−9 − (1 + x 4 )−8 )
9 2
Z t5
x 2t3 √
26. p √ dx. (DS. 3 − + t , t = 1 + x2/3)
3
1 + x2 5 3
Z
2 x2 + 1
27. x3(1 + 2x2)− 3 dx. (DS. √ )
2 2x2 + 1
Z
dx 1 √
28. √ . (DS. x−3 (2x2 − 1) x2 + 1)
x4 1 + x 2 3
Z
dx 1 2
29. . (DS. − x−1 (3x + 4)(2 + x3)− 3 )
x (1 + x3)5/3
2 8
Z q
dx 3 3
30. √ p 3
√4
. (DS. −2 (x− 4 + 1)2 )
x3 1 + x3
Z
dx 3
31. √ √ . (DS. − √ )
3
x2( 3 x + 1)3 2( x + 1)2
3
Z √3
x
32. p√ dx.
3
x+1
u7 3 √
(DS. 6 − u5 + u3 − u2 , u2 = 3
x+1 )
7 5
Z
dx
33. √ .
x6 x2 − 1
u5 2u3 √
(DS. − + u, u= 1 − x−2 )
5 3
Z
dx
34. √
3
.
x 1 + x5
√
1 u2 − 2u + 1 3 2u + 1
(DS. ln 2 + arctg √ , u3 = 1 + x 5 )
10 u +u+1 5 3
Z √
35. x7 1 + x2 dx.
u9 3u7 3u5 u3
(DS. − + − , u2 = 1 + x 2 )
9 7 5 3
Z
dx
36. √
3
.
1 + x3
1 u2 + u + 1 1 2u + 1
(DS. ln 2 − √ arctg √ , u3 = 1 + x−3 )
6 u − 2u + 1 3 3
Z
dx
37. √
4
.
1 + x4
1 u + 1 1
(DS. ln − arctgu, u4 = 1 + x−4 )
4 u−1 2
Z
√
3
38. x − x3dx.
u 1 u2 + 2u + 1 1 2u − 1
(DS. 3
− ln 2
− √ arctg √ , u3 = x−2 − 1)
2(u + 1) 12 u −u+1 2 3 3
10.2.3 Tı́ch phân các hàm lu.o..ng giác

I. Tı́ch phân da.ng
Z
R(sin x, cos x)dx (10.11)
trong dó R(u, v) là hàm hũ.u ty’ cu’a các biêń u bà v luôn luôn có thê’
x
hũ.u ty’ hóa du.o..c nhò. phép dô’i biêń t = tg , x ∈ (−π, π). Tù. dó
2
2t 1 − t2 2dt
sin x = , cos x = , dx = ·
1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2
Nhu.o..c diê’m cu’a phép hũ.u ty’ hóa này là nó thu.ò.ng du.a dêń nhũ.ng
tı́nh toán râ´t phú.c ta.p.
` u tru.ò.ng ho..p phép hũ.u ty’ hóa có thê’ thu..c hiê.n
Vı̀ vâ.y, trong nhiê
du.o..c nhò. nhũ.ng phép dô’i biêń khác.
II. Nêú R(− sin x, cos x) = −R(sin x, cos x) thı̀ su’. du.ng phép dô’i
biêń
t = cos x, x ∈ (0, π)
và lúc dó

dt
dx = − √
1 − t2
III. Nêú R(sin x, − cos x) = −R(sin x, cos x) thı̀ su’. du.ng phép dô’i
biêń
dt π π
t = sin x, dx = √ , x∈ − , .
1 − t2 2 2
IV. Nêú R(− sin
x, π− cos
x) = R(sin x, cos x) thı̀ phép hũ.u ty’ hóa
π
sẽ là t = tgx, x ∈ − , :
2 2
t 1 dt
sin x = √ , cos x = √ , x = arctgt, dx = ·
1 + t2 1 + t2 1 + t2
V. Tru.ò.ng ho..p riêng cu’a tı́ch phân da.ng (10.11) là tı́ch phân
Z
sinm x cosn xdx, m, n ∈ Z (10.12)
(i) Nêú sô´ m le’ thı̀ dă.t t = cos x, nêú n le’ thı̀ dă.t sin x = t.
(ii) Nêú m và n là nhũ.ng sô´ chă˜ n không âm thı̀ tô´t ho.n hê´t là thay
sin2 x và cos2 x theo các công thú.c
1 1
sin2 x = (1 − cos 2x), cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x).
2 2
(iii) Nêú m và n chă˜ n, trong dó có mô.t sô´ âm thı̀ phép dô’i biêń sẽ
là tgx = t hay cotgx = t.
(iv) Nêú m + n = −2k, k ∈ N thı̀ viê´t biê’u thú.c du.ó.i dâú tı́ch
phân bo’.i da.ng phân thú.c và tách cos2 x (hoă.c sin2 x) ra kho’i mâ˜ u sô´.
dx dx
Biê’u thú.c (hoă
. c ) du.o..c thay bo’.i d(tgx) (hoă.c d(cotgx))
cos2 x sin2 x
và áp du.ng phép dô’i biêń t = tgx (hoă.c t = cotgx).
VI. Tı́ch phân da.ng
Z
sinα x cosβ xdx, α, β ∈ Q. (10.13)
Bă`ng phép dô’i biêń sin2 x = t ta thu du.o..c

Z
1 α−1 β−1
I= t 2 (1 − t) 2 dt
2
. .
và bài toán du o. c quy vê` tı́ch phân cu’a vi phân nhi. thú.c.
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Tı́nh tı́ch phân
Z
dx
I=
3 sin x + 4 cos x + 5
x
Gia’i. Dă.t t = tg , x ∈ (−π, π). Khi dó
2
Z Z
dt
I =2 = 2 (t + 3)−2 dt
t2 + 6t + 9
2 2
=− +C =− x + C. N
t+3 3 + tg
2
Z
dx
J=
(3 + cos 5x) sin 5x
Gia’i. Dă.t 5x = t. Ta thu du.o..c
Z
1 dt
J=
5 (3 + cos t) sin t
và (tru.ò.ng ho..p II) do dó bă`ng cách dă.t phép dô’i biêń z = cos t ta có
Z Z
1 dz 1 h A B C i
J= = + + dz
5 (z + 3)(z 2 − 1) 5 z−1 z−1 z+3
Z
1 h 1 1 1 i
= − + dz
5 8(z − 1) 4(z + 1) 8(z + 3)
1h1 1 1 i
= ln |z − 1| − ln |z + 1| + ln |z + 3| + C
5 8 4 8
1 (z − 1)(z + 3)

= ln +C
40 (z + 1)2
1 cos2 x + 2 cos 5x − 3

= ln 2
+ C. N
40 (cos 5x + 1)

Z
2 sin x + 3 cos x
J= dx
sin2 x cos x + 9 cos3 x
Gia’i. Hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân có tı́nh châ´t là
R(− sin x, − cos x) = R(sin x, cos x).

π π
Do dó ta su’. du.ng phép dô’i biêń t = tgx, x ∈ − , . Chia tu’. sô´
2 2
và mâ˜ u sô´ cu’a biê’u thú.c du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân cho cos3 x ta có
Z Z
2tgx + 3 2t + 3
J= 2
d(tgx) = dt
tg x + 9 t2 + 9
t
= ln(t2 + 9) + arctg +C
3
tgx
= ln(tg2 x + 9) + arctg + C. N
3
Z
dx
J= 6
sin x + cos6 x
Gia’i. Áp du.ng công thú.c

1 1
cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x), sin2 x = (1 − sin 2x)
2 2
ta thu du.o..c
1
cos6 x + sin6 x = (1 + 3 cos2 2x).
4
Dă.t t = tg2x, ta tı̀m du.o..c
Z Z
4dx dt
J= 2
=2 2
1 + 3 cos 2x t +4
t tg2x
= arctg + C = arctg + C. N
2 2

Z
3 1
J= sin 2 x cos 2 xdx.
Gia’i. Dă.t z = sin2 x ta thu du.o..c

Z
1 1
J= z 1/4(1 − z)− 4 dx.
2
Dó là tı́ch phân cu’a vi phân nhi. thú.c và
1
m+1 +1 1
+p = 4 − = 1.
n 1 4
Do vâ.y ta thu..c hiê.n phép dô’i biêń
1 dz 1
− 1 = t4, − = 4t3 dt, z2 =
z z2 (t4 + 1)2
và do dó
Z
t2
J = −2 dt.
(t4 + 1)2
1
Dă.t t = ta thu du.o..c
y
Z
y4
J=2 dy.
(1 + y 4)2
Thu..c hiê.n phép tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ

` n bă`ng cách dă.t
y3 1
u = y, dv = dy ⇒ du = dy, v=−
(1 + y 4)2 4(1 + y 2)
ta thu du.o..c
h Z
y 1 dy i
J=2 − 4
+
4(1 + y ) 4 1 + y4
y 1
=− 4
+ J1 .
2(1 + y ) 2
Dê’ tı́nh J1 ta biê’u diê˜ n tu’. sô´ cu’a biê’u thú.c du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân
nhu. sau:
1
1 = (y 2 + 1) − (y 2 − 1)
2
và khi dó
Z Z 2
1 y2 + 1 1 y −1
J1 = 4
dy − dy
2 y +1 2 y4 + 1
1 1
Z 1+ dy Z 1 − 2 dy
1 y2 1 y
= −
2 1 2 1
y2 + 2 y2 + 2
y y
1 1
Z d y+ Z d y+
1 y 1 y
= −
2 1 2 2
1 2
y− +2 y+ −2
y y
1 1 √
y− y+ − 2
1 y 1 y
= √ arctg √ − √ ln √ + C.
2 2 2 4 2 1
yb + + 2
y
1 1 √
y− y + − 2
y 1 4 1 y
J=− + √ arctg √ − √ ln √ +C
4
2(1 + y ) 4 2 2 8 2 1
y+ + 2
y
trong dó
r
1 4 1
y= , t= −1, z = sin2 x. N
t z
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân bă`ng cách su’. du.ng các công thú.c lu.o..ng giác
dê’ biêń dô’i hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân.
Z
3 cos3 x
1. sin xdx. (DS. − cos x + )
3
Z
3x sin 2x sin 4x
2. cos4 xdx. (DS. + + )
8 4 32
Z
2 cos5 x
3. sin5 xdx. (DS. cos3 x − − cos x)
3 5
Z
3 sin5 x sin7 x
4. cos7 xdx. (DS. sin x − sin3 x + − )
5 7
Z
x sin 4x
5. cos2 x sin2 xdx. (DS. − )
8 32
Z
cos5 x cos3 x
6. sin3 x cos2 xdx. (DS. − )
5 3
Z
sin6 x sin8 x
7. cos3 x sin5 xdx. (DS. − )
6 8
Z
dx 1
8. . (DS. ln |tgx|)
sin 2x 2
Z π x
dx
9. x. (DS. 3 ln tg + )
cos 4 6
3
Z
sin x + cos x 1 h x π x i

10. dx. (DS. ln tg + ln tg + )
sin 2x 2 2 4 2
Z
sin2 x tg5 x tg3 x
11. dx. (DS. + )
cos6 x 5 3
˜ n. Dă.t t = tgx.
Chı’ dâ
Z
1
12. sin 3x cos xdx. (DS. − (cos 4x + 2 cos 2x))
8
Z
x 2x 3 x 1
13. sin cos dx. (DS. cos − cos x)
3 3 2 3 2
Z
cos3 x 1
14. 2 dx. (DS. − − sin x)
sin x sin x
Z
sin3 x 1
15. 2
dx. (DS. + cos x)
cos x cos x
Z
cos3 x cotg4x
16. dx. (DS. − )
sin5 x 4
Z
sin5 x 1 cos2 x
17. dx. (DS. + 2 ln | cos x| − )
cos3 x 2 cos2 x 2
Z
tg4x tg2 x
18. tg5 xdx. (DS. − − ln | cos x|)
4 2
Trong các bài toán sau dây hãy áp du.ng phép dô’i biêń
x 2t 1 − t2 2dt
t = tg , sin x = 2
, cos x = 2
, x = 2arctgt, dx =
2 1+t 1+t 1 + t2
Z x
dx 1 2 + tg 2
19. . (DS. ln x )
3 + 5 cos x 4 2 − tg
2
Z
dx 1 x π
20. . (DS. √ ln tg + )
sin x + cos x 2 2 8
Z
3 sin x + 2 cos x
21. dx.
2 sin x + 3 cos x
1
(DS. (12x − 5 ln |2tgx + 3| − 5 ln | cos x|)
13
Z
dx x
22. . (DS. ln 1 + tg )
1 + sin x + cos x 2
Z
dx
23. .
(2 − sin x)(3 − sin x)
x x
2 2tg − 1 1 3tg − 1
(DS. √ arctg √ 2 − √ arctg 2√ )
3 3 2 2 2
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân da.ng
Z
sinm x cosn xdx, m, n ∈ N.
Z
1 8 1
24. sin3 x cos5 xdx. (DS. cos x − cos6 x)
8 6
Z
1 1 1
25. sin2 x cos4 xdx. (DS. x − sin 4x + sin2 2x )
16 4 3
Z
26. sin4 x cos6 xdx.
1 1 1 5 3
(DS. sin 8x − sin 4x + sin 2x + x)
211 28 5 · 26 28
Z
x sin 4x sin2 2x
27. sin4 x cos2 xdx. (DS. − − )
16 64 48
Z
1 2 1
28. sin4 x cos5 xdx. (DS. sin5 x − sin7 x + sin9 x)
5 7 9
Z
1 1
29. sin6 x cos3 xdx. (DS. sin7 x − sin9 x)
7 9
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân da.ng
Z
sinα x cosβ xdx, α, β ∈ Q.
Z
sin3 x 3 √
3 3
30. √ dx. (DS. cos x cos 2x+ √ )
cos x 3 cos x 5 3
cos x
˜ n. Dă.t t = cos x.
Chı’ dâ
Z
dx 3(1 + 4tg2 x)
31. √3
. (DS. − p )
sin11 x cos x 8tg2x · 3 tg2 x
˜ n. Dă.t t = tgx.
Chı’ dâ
Z
sin3 x √ 1 2

32. √3
dx. (DS. 3 3
cos x cos x − 1 )
cos2 x 7
Z √
3 3 3 11
33. cos2 x sin3 xdx. (DS. − cos5/3 x + cos 3 x)
5 11
Z
dx √
34. √4
. (DS. 4 4 tgx)
3 5
sin x cos x
Z
sin3 x 5 14 5 4
35. √5
dx. (DS. cos 5 x − cos 5 x)
cos x 14 4
Chu.o.ng 11
Tı́ch phân xác di.nh Riemann
11.1 Hàm kha’ tı́ch Riemann và tı́ch phân xác

di.nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
- i.nh nghı̃a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
11.1.1 D
- iê
11.1.2 D ` u kiê.n dê’ hàm kha’ tı́ch . . . . . . . . . . 59
11.1.3 Các tı́nh châ´t co. ba’n cu’a tı́ch phân xác di.nh 59
11.2 Phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân xác d i.nh . . . 61
11.3 Mô.t sô´ ú.ng du.ng cu’a tı́ch phân xác d i.nh . 78
11.3.1 Diê.n tı́ch hı̀nh phă’ng và thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ . . 78
11.3.2 Tı́nh dô. dài cung và diê.n tı́ch mă.t tròn xoay 89
11.4 Tı́ch phân suy rô.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
11.4.1 Tı́ch phân suy rô.ng câ.n vô ha.n . . . . . . . 98
11.4.2 Tı́ch phân suy rô.ng cu’a hàm không bi. chă.n 107
58 Chu.o.ng 11. Tı́ch phân xác di.nh Riemann
11.1 Hàm kha’ tı́ch Riemann và tı́ch phân

xác di.nh
11.1.1 - i.nh nghı̃a
D
Gia’ su’. hàm f(x) xác di.nh và bi. chă.n trên doa. n [a, b]. Tâ.p ho..p hũ.u
n
ha.n diê’m xk k=0 :
a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn−1 < xn = b
du.o..c go.i là phép phân hoa.ch doa.n [a, b] và du.o..c ký hiê.u là T [a, b] hay
do.n gia’n là T .
- i.nh nghı̃a 11.1.1. Gia’ su’. [a, b] ⊂ R, T [a, b] = {a = x0 < x1 <
D
· · · < xn = b} là phép phân hoa.ch doa.n [a, b]. Trên mô˜ i doa.n [xj−1 , xj ],
j = 1, . . . , n ta cho.n mô.t cách tùy ý diê’m ξj và lâ.p tô’ng
X
n
S(f, T, ξ) = f (ξj )∆xj , ∆xj = xj − xj−1
j=1
go.i là tô’ng tı́ch phân (Riemann) cu’a hàm f (x) theo doa.n [a, b] tu.o.ng
ú.ng vó.i phép phân hoa.ch T và cách cho.n diê’m ξj , j = 1, n. Nêú gió.i
ha.n
X
n
lim S(f, T, ξ) = lim f (ξj )∆xj (11.1)
d(T )→0 d(T )→0
j=1
` n ta.i hũ.u ha.n không phu. thuô.c vào phép phân hoa.ch T và cách
tô
cho.n các diê’m ξj , j = 1, n thı̀ gió.i ha.n dó du.o..c go.i là tı́ch phân xác
di.nh cu’a hàm f(x).
Tâ.p ho..p mo.i hàm kha’ tı́ch Riemann trên doa. n [a, b] du.o..c ký hiê.u
là R[a, b].
11.1. Hàm kha’ tı́ch Riemann và tı́ch phân xác di.nh 59
11.1.2 - iê
D ` u kiê.n dê’ hàm kha’ tı́ch
- .inh lý 11.1.1. Nêú hàm f (x) liên tu.c trên doa.n [a, b] thı̀ f ∈ R[a, b].
D
Hê. qua’. Mo.i hàm so. câ´p dê `m tro.n
` u kha’ tı́ch trên doa.n bâ´t kỳ nă
.
trong tâ.p ho. p xác di.nh cu’a nó.
- i.nh lý 11.1.2. Gia’ su’. f : [a, b] → R là hàm bi. chă.n và E ⊂ [a, b]
D
là tâ.p ho..p các diê’m gián doa.n cu’a nó. Hàm f (x) kha’ tı́ch Riemann
trên doa.n [a, b] khi và chı’ khi tâ.p ho..p E có dô. do - không, tú.c là E
tho’a mãn diê ` n ta.i hê. dê´m du.o..c (hay hũ.u ha.n) các
` u kiê.n: ∀ ε > 0, tô
khoa’ng (ai , bi ) sao cho
[
∞ X
∞ X
N
E⊂ (ai , bi ), (bi − ai ) = lim (bi − ai ) < ε.
N →∞
i=1 i=1 i=1
` u kiê.n cu’a di.nh lý 11.1.2 (go.i là tiêu chuâ’n kha’ tı́ch
Nêú các diê
Zb
. . .
Lo be (Lebesgue)) du o. c tho’a mãn thı̀ giá tri. cu’a tı́ch phân f (x)dx
a
không phu. thuô.c vào giá tri. cu’a hàm f (x) ta.i các diê’m gián doa.n và
ta.i các diê’m dó hàm f (x) du.o..c bô’ sung mô.t cách tùy ý nhu.ng pha’i
ba’o toàn tı́nh bi. chă.n cu’a hàm trên [a, b].
11.1.3 Các tı́nh châ´t co. ba’n cu’a tı́ch phân xác
di.nh
Za
1) f (x)dx = 0.
a
Zb Za
2) f(x)dx = − f(x)dx.
a b
3) Nêú f, g ∈ R[a, b] và α, β ∈ R thı̀ αf + βg ∈ R[a, b].

4) Nêú f ∈ R[a, b] thı̀ |f(x)| ∈ R[a, b] và
Zb Zb

f(x)dx 6 |f (x)|dx, a < b.
a a
5) Nêú f, g ∈ R[a, b] thı̀ f (x)g(x) ∈ R[a, b].

6) Nêú fg ∈ D[a, b] và ]c, d] ⊂ [a, b] thı̀ f (x)g(x) ∈ R[c, d].
7) Nêú f ∈ R[a, c], f ∈ R[c, b] thı̀ f ∈ R[a, b], trong dó diê’m c có
thê’ să´p xê´p tùy ý so vó.i các diê’m a và b.
Trong các tı́nh châ´t sau dây ta luôn luôn xem a < b.
Zb
8) Nêú f ∈ R[a, b] và f > 0 thı̀ f (x)dx > 0.
a
9) Nêú f, g ∈ R[a, b] và f (x) > g(x) ∀ x ∈ [a, b] thı̀
Zb Zb
f (x)dx > g(x)dx.
a a
10) Nêú f ∈ C[a, b], f(x) > 0, f (x) 6≡ 0 trên [a, b] thı̀ ∃ K > 0 sao
cho
Zb
f (x)dx > K.
a
11) Nêú f, g ∈ R[a, b], g(x) > 0 trên [a, b].
M = sup f (x), m = inf f (x)

[a,b] [a,b]
thı̀
Zb Zb Zb
m g(x)dx 6 f (x)g(x)dx ≤ M g(x)dx.
a a a
11.2. Phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân xác d .inh 61
11.2 Phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân xác

di.nh
Gia’ su’. hàm f(x) kha’ tı́ch trên doa.n [a, b]. Hàm
Zx
F (x) = f(x)dt, a6x6b
a
du.o..c go.i là tı́ch phân vó.i câ.n trên biêń thiên.
- i.nh lý 11.2.1. Hàm f(x) liên tu.c trên doa.n [a, b] là có nguyên hàm
D
trên doa.n dó. Mô.t trong các nguyên hàm cu’a hàm f (x) là hàm
Zx
F (x) = f (t)dt. (11.2)
a
Tı́ch phân vó.i câ.n trên biêń thiên du.o..c xác di.nh dôí vó.i mo.i hàm
f (x) kha’ tı́ch trên [a, b]. Tuy nhiên, dê’ hàm F (x) da.ng (11.2) là nguyên
hàm cu’a f(x) diê ` u cô´t yêú là f (x) pha’i liên tu.c.
Sau dây là di.nh nghı̃a mo’. rô.ng vê ` nguyên hàm.
- i.nh nghı̃a 11.2.1. Hàm F (x) du.o..c go.i là nguyên hàm cu’a hàm
D
f (x) trên doa.n [a, b] nêú
1) F (x) liên tu.c trên [a, b].
2) F 0(x) = f (x) ta.i các diê’m liên tu.c cu’a f (x).
Nhâ.n xét. Hàm liên tu.c trên doa.n [a, b] là tru.ò.ng ho..p riêng cu’a
hàm liên tu.c tù.ng doa.n. Do dó dôí vó.i hàm liên tu.c di.nh nghı̃a 11.2.1
` nguyên hàm là trùng vó.i di.nh nghı̃a cũ tru.ó.c dây vı̀ F 0(x) = f (x)
vê
∀ x ∈ [a, b] và tı́nh liên tu.c cu’a F (x) du.o..c suy ra tù. tı́nh kha’ vi.
- i.nh lý 11.2.2. Hàm f (x) liên tu.c tù.ng doa.n trên [a, b] là có nguyên
D
hàm trên [a, b] theo nghı̃a cu’a di.nh nghı̃a mo’. rô.ng. Mô.t trong các
nguyên hàm là

Zx
F (x) = f (t)dt.
a
- i.nh lý 11.2.3. (Newton-Leibniz) Dôí vó.i hàm liên tu.c tù.ng doa.n
D
trên [a, b] ta có công thú.c Newton-Leibniz:
Zb
f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a) (11.3)
a
trong dó F (x) là nguyên hàm cu’a f (x) trên [a, b] vó.i nghı̃a mo’. rô.ng.
- i.nh lý 11.2.4 (Phu.o.ng pháp dô’i biêń) Gia’ su’.:
D
(i) f (x) xác di.nh và liên tu.c trên [a, b],
(ii) x = g(t) xác di.nh và liên tu.c cùng vó.i da.o hàm cu’a nó trên
doa.n [α, β], trong dó g(α) = a, g(β) = b và a 6 g(t) 6 b.
Khi dó
Zb Zβ
f(x)dx = f (g(t))g 0 (t)dt. (11.4)
a α
- i.nh lý 11.2.5 (Phu.o.ng pháp tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ

D ` n). Nêú f (x) và
g(x) có da.o hàm liên tu.c trên [a, b] thı̀
Zb Zb
b
f(x)g (x)dx = f (x)g(x)a −
0
f 0 (x)g(x)dx. (11.5)
a a
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Chú.ng to’ ră`ng trên doa.n [−1, 1] hàm


 vó.i x > 0,
1

f(x) = signx = 0 vó.i x = 0, x ∈ [−1, 1]



−1 vó.i x < 0
a) kha’ tı́ch, b) không có nguyên hàm, c) có nguyên hàm mo’. rô.ng.
Gia’i. a) Hàm f (x) kha’ tı́ch vı̀ nó là hàm liên tu.c tù.ng doa.n.
b) Ta chú.ng minh hàm f (x) không có nguyên hàm theo nghı̃a cũ.
Thâ.t vâ.y mo.i hàm da.ng

−x + C khi x < 0
1
F (x) =
x + C2 khi x > 0
` u có da.o hàm bă`ng signx ∀ x 6= 0, trong dó C1 và C2 là các sô´ tùy
dê
ý. Tuy nhiên, thâ.m chı́ hàm “tô´t nhâ´t” trong sô´ các hàm này
F (x) = |x| + C
(nêú C1 = C2 = C) cũng không có da.o hàm ta.i diê’m x = 0. Do dó
hàm signx (và do dó mo.i hàm liên tu.c tù.ng doa. n) không có da.o hàm
trên khoa’ng bâ´t kỳ chú.a diê’m gián doa.n.
c) Trên doa.n [−1, 1] hàm signx có nguyên hàm mo’. rô.ng là hàm
F (x) = |x| vı̀ nó liên tu.c trên doa.n [−1, 1] và F 0(x) = f(x) khi x 6= 0.
N
Za
√
Vı́ du. 2. Tı́nh a2 − x2 dx, a > 0.
0
h πi
´ ´
Gia’i. Dă.t x = a sin t. Nêu t cha.y hêt doa.n 0, thı̀ x cha.y hê´t
2
doa.n [0, a]. Do dó
Za Zπ/2 Zπ/2
√ 1 + cos 2t
a2 − x2 dx = a2 cos2 tdt = a2 dt
2
0 0 0
Zπ/2 Zπ/2
a2 a2 a2 π
= dt + cos 2tdt = · N
2 2 4
0 0
√
Z2/2r
1+x
I= dx.
1−x
0
Gia’i. Ta thu..c hiê.n phép dô’i biêń x = cos t. Phép dô’i biêń này
` u kiê.n sau:
tho’a mãn các diê
(1) x = ϕ(t) = cos t liên tu.c ∀ t ∈ R
hπ π i h √2 i
(2) Khi t biêń thiên trên doa.n , thı̀ x cha.y hê´t doa.n 0, .
√ 4 4 2
π 2 π
(3) ϕ = , ϕ = 0.
4 2 2 hπ π i
(4) ϕ0 (t) = − sin t liên tu.c ∀ t ∈ , .
4 2
Nhu. vâ.y phép dô’i biêń tho’a mãn di.nh lý 11.2.4 và do dó
x = cos t, dx = − sin tdt,

π π √2
ϕ = 0, ϕ = ·
2 4 2
Nhu. vâ.y
π π
Z4 Z2
t
I= cotg (− sin t)dt = (1 + cos t)dt
2
− π2 π
4
√
π/2 π 2
= t + sin t π/4
= +1− ·. N
4 2
√
Z3/2
dx
I= √ ·
x 1 − x2
1/2
Gia’i. Ta thu..c hiê.n phép dô’i biêń
x = sin t ⇒ dx = cos tdt
và biê’u thú.c du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân có da.ng


 dt
cos tdt  nêú cos t > 0,
√ = sin t
sin t cos2 t  − dt nêú cos t < 0.
sin t
Các câ.n α và β cu’a tı́ch phân theo t du.o..c xác di.nh bo’.i
1 π
= sin t ⇒ α = ,
√2 6
3 π
= sin t ⇒ β = ·
2 3
5π 2π
(Ta cũng có thê’ lâý α1 = và β1 = ). Trong ca’ hai tru.ò.ng ho..p
6 3
h 1 √3 i
biêń x = sin t dê
` u cha.y hê´t doa.n [a, b] = , . Ta sẽ thâý kê´t qua’
2 2
tı́ch phân là nhu. nhau. Thâ.t vâ.y trong tru.ò.ng ho..p thú. nhâ´t ta có
cos t > 0 và
Zπ/3 Zπ/3 √
dt t 2+ 3
I= = ln tg = ln ·
sin t 2 3
π/6 π/6
h 5π 2π i
Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p thú. hai t ∈ , ta có cos t < 0 và
6 3
Z
2π/3 √
dt t 2π/3 2+ 3
I =− = − ln tg = ln · N
sin t 2 5π/6 3
5π/6
Zπ/3
x sin x
I= dx.
cos2 x
0
Gia’i. Ta tı́nh bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ

` n.
Dă.t
u = x ⇒ du = dx,
sin xdx 1
dv = 2
⇒v= ·
cos x cos x
Do dó
Zπ/3
1 π/3 dx π x π π/3

I =x· − = π − ln tg +
cos x 0 cos x 3 cos 2 4 0
0 3
2π π π π 2π 5π
= − ln tg + + ln tg = − ln tg · N
3 6 4 4 3 12
Z1
I= x2(1 − x)3 dx.
0
Gia’i. Ta dă.t
u = x2 , dv = (1 − x)3dx ⇒
(1 − x)4
du = 2xdx, v=− ·
4
Do dó
Z1
2 (1 − x)4 1 (1 − x)4
I = −x + 2x dx = 0 + I1.
4 0 4
|0 {z }
I1
Tı́nh I1. Tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ

` n I1 ta có
Z1 Z1
1 4 1 (1 − x)5 1 1 (1 − x)5
I1 = x(1 − x) dx = − x + dx
2 2 5 0 2 5
0 0
6 1
1 (1 − x) 1 1
=0− = ⇒I= · N
10 6 0 60 60
Vı́ du. 7. Áp du.ng công thú.c Newton-Leibnitz dê’ tı́nh tı́ch phân
Z
100π Z1
√
1) I1 = 1 − cos 2xdx, 2) I2 = ex arc sin(e−x )dx.
0 0
√ √
Gia’i. Ta có
1 − cos 2x = 2| sin x|. Do dó
Z
100π Z
100π
√ √
1 − cos 2xdx = 2 | sin x|dx
0 0
√ hZ Z Z
π 2π 3π
= 2 sin xdx − sin xdx + sin xdx − . . .

0 π 2π
Z
100π
i
+ ··· + sin xdx
99π
√ √
= − 2[2 + 2 + · · · + 2] = 200 2.
2) Thu..c hiê.n phép dô’i biêń t = e−x , sau dó áp du.ng phu.o.ng pháp
tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ` n. Ta có
Z Z
x −x arc sin t
e arc sin(e )dx = − dt
t2
Z
1 dt
= arc sin t − √
t t 1 − t2
1
= arc sin t + I1 .
t
1
Z
dt
Z d 1 r 1
I1 = − √ = r t = ln + − 1 + C.
t 1 − t2 1 2 t t2
−1
t
Do dó
Z
arc sin t 1 r 1
ex arc sin e−x dx = + ln + − 1 +C
t t t2
√
= exarc sin e−x + ln(ex + e2x − 1) + C
Nguyên hàm vù.a thu du.o..c có gió.i ha.n hũ.u ha.n ta.i diê’m x = 0. do
dó theo công thú.c (11.3) ta có
Z1
π √
ex arc sin e−x dx = earc sin e−1 − + ln(e + e2 − 1). N
2
0
Vı́ du. 8. Tı́nh tı́ch phân Dirichlet
Zπ/2
sin(2n − 1)x
dx, n ∈ N.
sin x
0
Gia’i. Ta có công thú.c
1 X
n−1
sin(2n − 1)x
+ cos 2kx = ·
2 k=1 2 sin x
Zπ/2
Tù. dó và lu.u ý ră`ng cos 2kxdx = 0, k = 1, 2, . . . , n − 1 ta có
0
Zπ/2
sin(2n − 1)x π
dx = · N
sin x 2
0
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân sau dây bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp dô’i biêń (1-14).
Z5
xdx
1. √ . (DS. 4)
1 + 3x
0
Zln 3 3
dx ln
2. . (DS. 2)
ex − e−x 2
ln 2
√
Z3
(x3 + 1)dx 7
3. √ . (DS. √ − 1). Dă.t x = 2 sin t.
x2 4 − x2 2 3
1
Zπ/2
dx π
4. . (DS. √ )
2 + cos x 3 3
0
Z1
x2 dx 1
5. . (DS. )
(x + 1)4 24
0
Zln 2
√ 4−π
6. ex − 1dx. (DS. )
2
0
√
Z7
x3dx
7. p . (DS. 3)
√
3
(x2 + 1)2
3
˜ n. Dă.t t = x2 + 1.
Chı’ dâ
Ze √
4
1 + ln x √
8. dx. (DS. 0, 8(2 4 2 − 1))
x
1
˜ n. Dă.t t = 1 + ln x.
Chı’ dâ
√
Z 3
+
√ 81π
9. x2 9 − x2dx. (DS. )
8
−3
˜ n. Dă.t x = 3 cos t.
chı’ dâ
Z3 r
x 3(π − 2)
10. dx. (DS. )
6−x 2
0
˜ n. Dă.t x = 6 sin2 t.
Chı’ dâ
Zπ
x 5π
11. sin6 dx. (DS. )
2 16
0
˜ n. Dă.t x = 2t.
Chı’ dâ
Zπ/4
8
12. cos7 2xdx. (DS. )
35
0
t
˜ n. Dă.t x =
Chı’ dâ
2
√
Z2/2r √
1+x π 2
13. dx. (DS. + 1 − )
1−x 4 2
0
˜ n. Dă.t x = cos t.
Chı’ dâ
Z29 p √
3
(x − 2)2 3 3
14. p dx. (DS. 8 + π)
3 + 3 (x − 2)2 2
3
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân sau dây bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp tı́ch phân tù.ng
` n (15-32).
phâ
Z1
1
15. x3 arctgxdx. (DS. )
6
0
Ze
16. | ln x|dx. (DS. 2(1 − 1/e))
1/e
Zπ
1 π
17. ex sin xdx. (DS. (e + 1))
2
0
Z1
e2 + 3
18. x3 e2xdx. (DS. )
8
0
Z1
arc sin x √
19. √ dx. (DS. π 2 − 4)
1+x
0
Zπ/4
π ln 2
20. ln(1 + tgx)dx. (DS. )
8
0
Zπ/b
b πa
21. eax sin bxdx. (DS. e b + 1 )
a2 + b2
0
Z1
1+e
22. e−x ln(ex + 1)dx. (DS. − ln(e + 1) + 2 ln 2 + 1)
e
0
Zπ/2
π
23. sin 2x · arctg(sin x)dx. (DS. − 1)
2
0
Z2
1
24. sin(ln x)dx. (DS. sin(ln 2) − cos(ln 2) + )
2
1
Zπ
25. x3 sin xdx. (DS. π 3 − 6π)
0
Z2
3
26. xlog2xdx. (DS. 2 − )
4 ln 2
1
√
Z
a 7 √
x3 141a3 3 a
27. √
3
dx. (DS. )
a2 + x2 20
0
Za √
πa2
28. a2 − x2 dx. (DS. )
4
0
Zπ/2
x + sin x π √
29. dx. (DS. (1 + 3))
1 + cos x 6
π/6
Zπ/2 mπ
cos
30. sinm x cos(m + 2)xdx. (DS. − 2 )
m+1
0
Zπ/2
31. cosm x cos(m + 2)xdx. (DS. 0)
0
Zπ/2
π
32. cos x cos 2nxdx. (DS. (−1)n−1 )
4n
0
Z2
33. Tı́nh f(x)dx, trong dó
0

 x2 khi 0 6 x 6 1
f(x) =
2 − x khi 1 6 x 6 2
bă`ng hai phu.o.ng pháp; a) su’. du.ng nguyên hàm cu’a f (x) trên doa. n
5
[0, 2]; b) chia doa.n [0, 2] thành hai doa.n [0, 1] và [1, 2]. (DS. )
6
. ` ´
34. Chú ng minh răng nêu f (x) liên tu.c trên doa.n [−`, `] thı̀
Z` Z`
(i) f(x)dx = 2 f(x)dx khi f (x) là hàm chă˜ n;
−` 0
Z`
(ii) f(x)dx = 0 khi f (x) là hàm le’.
−`
35. Chú.ng minh ră`ng ∀ m, n ∈ Z các dă’ng thú.c sau dây du.o..c tho’a
mãn:
Zπ
(i) sin mx cos nxdx = 0.
−π
Zπ
(ii) cos mx cos nxdx = 0, m 6= n.
−π
Zπ
(iii) sin mx sin nxdx = 0, m 6= n.
−π
36. Chú.ng minh dă’ng thú.c

Zb Zb
f(x)dx = f (a + b − x)dx.
a a
˜ n. Dă.t x = a + b − t.
Chı’ dâ
37. Chú.ng minh dă’ng thú.c
Zπ/2 Zπ/2
f(cos x)dx = f (sin x)dx.
0 0
π
˜ n. Dă.t t = − x.
Chı’ dâ
2
.
38. Chú ng minh ră`ng nêú f (x) liên tu.c khi x > 0 thı̀
Za Za2
1
x3 f(x2 )dx = xf(x)dx.
2
0 0
Zx
39. Chú.ng minh ră`ng nêú f (t) là hàm le’ thı̀ f (t)dt là hàm chă˜ n,
a
tú.c là
Z−x Zx
f(t)dt = f (t)dt.
a a
˜ n. Dă.t t = −x và biê’u diê˜ n

Chı’ dâ
Z−x Za Z−x
f(t)dt = +
−a −a a
và su’. du.ng tı́nh chă˜ n le’ cu’a hàm f.

Tı́nh các tı́ch phân sau dây (40-65) bă`ng cách áp du.ng công thú.c
Newton-Leibnitz.
Z5
xdx
40. √ . (DS. 4)
1 + 3x
0
Zln 3
dx ln 1, 5
41. . (DS. )
ex − e−x 2
ln 2
√
Z3 3
(x + 1)dx 7
42. √ . (DS. √ − 1)
x2 4 − x2 2 3
0
Zπ/2
dx π
43. . (DS. √ )
2 + cos x 3 3
0
Zln 2
√ 4−π
44. ex − 1dx. (DS. )
2
0
√
Z7
x3dx
45. p . (DS. 3)
3
(x 2 + 1)2
√
3
Ze √
4
1 + ln x √
46. dx. (DS. 0, 8(2 4 2 − 1))
x
1
Z3
√ 81π
47. x2 9 − x2dx. (DS. )
8
−3
Z3 r
x 3(π − 2)
48. dx. (DS. )
6−x 2
0
˜ n. Dă.t x = 6 sin2 t.
Chı’ dâ
Z4 2
x +3 11
49. dx. (DS. + 7ln2)
x−2 2
3
Z−1
x+1 4 1
50. dx. (DS. 2 ln − )
x2 (x
− 1) 3 2
−2
Z1
(x2 + 3x)dx π
51. . (DS. )
(x + 1)(x2 + 1) 4
0
Z1 √
dx 2+ 5
52. √ . (DS. ln √ )
x2 + 2x + 2 1+ 2
0
Z4
dx
53. √ . (DS. 2 − ln 2)
1 + 2x + 1
0
Z2 1
ex 1 1
54. dx. (DS. (e − e 4 ))
x3 2
1
Ze
dx π
55. . (DS. )
x(1 + ln2 x) 4
1
Ze
cos(ln x)
56. dx. (DS. sin 1)
x
1
Z1
2
57. xe−xdx. (DS. 1 − )
e
0
Zπ/3 √
xdx π(9 − 4 3)
58. . (DS. )
sin2 x 36
π/4
Z3
59. ln xdx. (DS. 3 ln 3 − 2)
1
Z2
3
60. x ln xdx. (DS. 2 ln 2 − )
4
1
Z1/2 √
π 3
61. arc sin xdx. (DS. + − 1)
12 2
0
Zπ
62. x3 sin xdx. (DS. π 3 − 6π)
0
Zπ/2
eπ − 2
63. e2x cos xdx. (DS. )
5
0
Z2
64. |1 − x|dx. (DS. 1)
0
Zb
|x|
65. dx. (DS. |b| − |a|)
x
a
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân sau dây

Za/b
dx π
66. =
a2 2
+b x 4ab
0
Z1
x2 dx 9√ 64
67. √ = 6−
4 + 2x 5 15
0
Z2
dx 1 5
68. = ln
x2 + 5x + 4 3 4
0
Z1
dx 2π
69. = √
x2 −x+1 3 3
0
Z1
(x2 + 1) π
70. 4 2
dx = √
x +x +1 2 2
0
Zpi/2
dx
71. =1
1 + cos x
0
Z1 √ √
1 1
72. x2 + 1dx = √ + ln(1 + 2)
2 2
0
Z1 √
3 3/2 3π
73. 1− x2 dx =
32
0
Dă.t x = sin3 ϕ.
Za r π 2
a−x
74. x2 dx = − a2, a > 0.
a+x 4 3
0
Dă.t x = a cos ϕ.
Z2a√
2
πa2
75. 2ax − x dx =
2
0
Dă.t x = 2a sin2 ϕ.
Z1
ln(1 + x) π
76. 2
dx = ln 2.
1+x 8
0
` i áp du.ng công thú.c
˜ n. Dă.t x = tgt rô
Chı’ dâ
√ π
sin t + cos t = 2 cos −t
4
Zπ
x sin x π2
77. dx =
1 + cos2 x 4
0
Zπ Zπ/2 Zπ
˜ n. Biê’u diê˜ n
Chı’ dâ = + ` i thu..c hiê.n phép dô’i biêń trong
rô
0 0 π/2
tı́ch phân tù. π/2 dêń π.
Zπ √
3
78. sin xdx = 0
−π
Zπ
2
79. ex sin xdx = 0
−π
Zπ/2
π
80. (cos2 x + x2 sin x)dx =
2
−π/2
Z1
81. (ex + e−x )tgxdx = 0
−1
Zpi/2
1
82. sin x sin 2x sin 3xdx =
6
0
Ze
83. | ln x|dx = 2(1 − e−1 )
1/e
Zπ
3
84. ex cos2 xdx = (eπ − 1)
5
0
Ze
85. (1 + ln x)2dx = 2e − 1
1
˜ n. Tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ

Chı’ dâ ` n.
11.3 Mô.t sô´ ú.ng du.ng cu’a tı́ch phân xác

di.nh
11.3.1 Diê.n tı́ch hı̀nh phă’ng và thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’
1 Diê.n tı́ch hı̀nh phă’ng

1+ . Diê.n tı́ch hı̀nh thang cong D gió.i ha.n bo’.i du.ò.ng cong L có
phu.o.ng trı̀nh y = f (x), f(x) > 0 ∀ x ∈ [a, b] và các du.ò.ng thă’ng
11.3. Mô.t sô´ ú.ng du.ng cu’a tı́ch phân xác d .inh 79
x = a, x = b và tru.c Ox du.o..c tı́nh theo công thú.c
Zb
SD = f (x)dx. (11.6)
a
Nêú f(x) 6 0 ∀ x ∈ [a, b] thı̀
Zb
SD = − f (x)dx (11.6*)
a
Nêú dáy hı̀nh thang cong nă`m trên tru.c Oy thı̀
Zd
SD = g(y)dy, x = g(y), y ∈ [c, d].
c
2+ Nêú du.ò.ng cong L du.o..c cho bo’.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh tham sô´ x = ϕ(t),
y = ψ(t), t ∈ [α, β] thı̀
Zβ
SD = ψ(t)ϕ0(t)dt. (11.7)
α
3+ Diê.n tı́ch cu’a hı̀nh qua.t gió.i ha.n bo’.i du.ò.ng cong cho du.ó.i da.ng
to.a dô. cu..c ρ = f(ϕ) và các tia ϕ = ϕ0 và ϕ = ϕ1 du.o..c tı́nh theo công
thú.c
Zϕ1
1
SQ = [f (ϕ)]2dϕ. (11.8)
2
ϕ0
4+ Nêú miê
` n D = {(x, y) : a 6 x 6 b; f1(x) 6 y 6 f2 (x)} thı̀
Zb
SD = [f2(x) − f1(x)]dx. (11.9)
a
2. Thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’

1+ Nêú biê´t du.o..c diê.n tı́ch S(x) cu’a thiê´t diê.n ta.o nên bo’.i vâ.t thê’
và mă.t phă’ng vuông góc vó.i tru.c Ox ta.i diê’m có hoành dô. x thı̀ khi
x thay dô’i mô.t da.i lu.o..ng bă`ng dx thı̀ vi phân cu’a thê’ tı́ch bă`ng
dv = S(x)dx,
và thê’ tı́ch toàn vâ.t thê’ du.o..c tı́nh theo công thú.c
Zb
V = S(x)dx (11.10)
a
trong dó [a, b] là hı̀nh chiêú vuông góc cu’a vâ.t thê’ lên tru.c Ox.
2+ Nêú vâ.t thê’ du.o..c ta.o nên do phép quay hı̀nh thang cong gió.i
ha.n bo’.i du.ò.ng cong y = f(x), f (x) > 0 ∀x ∈ [a, b], tru.c Ox và các
du.ò.ng thă’ng x = a, x = b xung quanh tru.c Ox thı̀ diê.n tı́ch vâ.t thê’
tròn xoay dó du.o..c tı́nh theo công thú.c
Zb
Vx = π [f (x)]2dx. (11.11)
a
Nêú quay hı̀nh thang cong xung quanh tru.c Oy thı̀ vâ.t tròn xoay
thu du.o..c có thê’ tı́ch
Zd
Vy = π [x(y)]2dy, x = x(y); [c, d] = prOy V. (11.12)
c
3+ Nêú hàm y = f (x) du.o..c cho bo’.i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh tham sô´
x = x(t)
y = y(t), t ∈ [α, β]
tho’a mãn nhũ.ng diê

` u kiê.n nào dó thı̀ thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ ta.o nên bo’.i
phép quay hı̀nh thang cong xung quanh tru.c Ox bă`ng
Zβ
Vx = π y 2 (t)x0(t)dt (11.13)
α
4+ Nêú hı̀nh thang cong du.o..c gió.i ha.n bo’.i các du.ò.ng cong 0 6
y1(x) 6 y2 (x) ∀ x ∈ [a, b], trong dó y1(x) và y2 (x) liên tu.c trên [a, b]
thı̀ thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ ta.o nên do phép quay hı̀nh thang dó xung quanh
tru.c Ox bă`ng
Zb

Vx = π (y2 (x))2 − (y1(x))2 dx. (11.14)
a
5+ Dôí vó.i vâ.t thê’ thu du.o..c bo’.i phép quay hı̀nh thang cong xung
quanh tru.c Oy và tho’a mãn mô.t sô´ diê ` u kiê.n tu.o.ng tu.. ta có
Zβ
Vy = π x2(t)y 0(t)dt (11.15)
α
Zd

Vy = π (x2(y))2 − (x1 (y))2 dy. (11.16)
c
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Tı̀m diê.n tı́ch hı̀nh phă’ng gió.i ha.n bo’.i du.ò.ng astroid
x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t.
Gia’i. Áp du.ng công thú.c (11.7). Vı̀ du.ò.ng astroid dôí xú.ng qua
các tru.c to.a dô. (hãy vẽ hı̀nh !) nên
Z0
S = 4S1 = 4 a sin3 t · 3a cos2 t(− sin t)dt
π/2
Zπ/2
= 12a2 sin4 t cos2 tdt
0
Zπ/2
3
= a2 (1 − cos 2t)(1 − cos2 2t)dt
2
0
3
3πa
= N
8
Vı́ du. 2. Trên hypecbon x2 − y 2 = a2 cho diê’m M(x0 , y0 ) x0 > 0,

y0 > 0. Tı́nh diê.n tı́ch hı̀nh phă’ng gió.i ha.n bo’.i tru.c Ox, hypecbôn và
tia OM.
Gia’i. Ta chuyê’n sang to.a dô. cu..c theo công thú.c x = r cos ϕ,
y = r sin ϕ. Khi dó phu.o.ng trı̀nh hypecbôn có da.ng
2 a2 a2
r = = ·
cos2 ϕ − sin2 ϕ cos 2ϕ
y0
Dă.t tgα = và lu.u ý ră`ng x20 − y02 = a2 ta thu du.o..c
x0
Zα Zα
1 a2 dϕ a2 1 + tgα
S= r2 dϕ = = ln
2 2 cos 2ϕ 4 1 − tgα
0 0
2
a (x0 + y0)2 a2 x0 + y0
= ln = ln ·
4 a2 2 a
.
O’ dây ta dã su’. du.ng công thú.c
Z t π
dt
= ln tg + + C. N
cos t 2 4
Vı́ du. 3. Tı́nh diê.n tı́ch hı̀nh phă’ng gió.i ha.n bo’.i các du.ò.ng có phu.o.ng
trı̀nh x2 + y 2 = 2y, x2 + y 2 = 4y; y = x và y = −x.
Gia’i. Du.a phu.o.ng trı̀nh du.ò.ng tròn vê ` da.ng chı́nh tăć ta có:
x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1 và x2 + (y − 2)2 = 4. Dó là hai du.ò.ng tròn tiê´p xúc
trong ta.i tiê´p diê’m O(0, 0). Tù. dó miê ` n phă’ng D gió.i ha.n bo’.i các
du.ò.ng dã cho dôí xú.ng qua tru.c Oy. Lò.i gia’i sẽ du.o..c do.n gia’n ho.n
nêú ta chuyê’n sang to.a dô. cu..c (vó.i tru.c cu..c trùng vó.i hu.ó.ng du.o.ng
cu’a tru.c hoành):
(
x = r cos ϕ x2 + y 2 = 2y ⇒ r = 2 sin ϕ,
⇒
y = r sin ϕ x2 + y 2 = 4y ⇒ r = 4 sin ϕ,
và
n π 3π o
D = (r, ϕ) : 6 ϕ 6 ; 2 sin ϕ 6 r 6 4 sin ϕ .
4 4
` n hı̀nh tròn gió.i ha.n bo’.i du.ò.ng tròn x2 +
Ký hiê.u S ∗ là diê.n tı́ch phâ
π 3π
y 2 = 4y (tú.c là r = 4 sin ϕ) và hai tia ϕ = và ϕ = ; S là diê.n
4 4
. . 2 2 .
tı́ch phân hı̀nh tròn gió i ha.n bo’ i x + y = 2y (tú c là r = 2 sin ϕ) và
hai tia dã nêu. Khi dó
h1 Z Zπ/2
π/2
1 i
∗ 2 2
SD = S − S = 2 (4 sin ϕ) dϕ − (2 sin ϕ) dϕ
2 2
π/4 π/4
Zπ/2
3π
= 12 sin2 ϕdϕ = + 3. N
2
π/4
Vı́ du. 4. Tı́nh thê’ tı́ch vâ.t tròn xoay ta.o nên do phép quay hı̀nh
x2 y 2
thang cong gió.i ha.n bo’.i các du.ò.ng y = ±b, 2 − 2 = 1 xung quanh
a b
tru.c Oy.
Gia’i. Do tı́nh dôí xú.ng cu’a vâ.t tròn xoay dôí vó.i mă.t phă’ng xOz
(ba.n do.c hãy tu.. vẽ hı̀nh) ta chı’ câ
` n tı́nh nu’.a bên pha’i mă.t phă’ng xOz
là du’. Ta có

Zb Zb
2 2 y2
V = 2V1 = 2π x dy = 2πa 1+ dy
b2
0 0

y 3 b 8
= 2πa2 y + 2 = πa2b. N
3b 0 3
Vı́ du. 5. Tı́nh thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ lâ.p nên do quay astroid x = a cos3 t,
y = a sin3 t, 0 6 t 6 2π xung quanh tru.c Ox.
Gia’i. Du.ò.ng astroid dôí xú.ng dôí vó.i các tru.c Ox và Oy. Do dó
Za Za
2
Vx = π y dx = 2π y 2 dx
−a 0
y 2 = a2 sin6 t, dx = −3a cos2 t sin tdt

π
t = khi x = 0, t = 0 khi x = a.
2
Do dó
Za Z0
V = 2π y 2dx = −6a3π sin6 t cos2 t sin tdt
0 π/2
Z0
= 6a3π (1 − cos2 t)3 cos2 t(− sin tdt)
π/2
Z0
3
= 6a π (cos2 t − 3 cos4 t + 3 cos6 t − cos8 t)(d(cos t)
π/2
32 3
= ··· = πa . N
105
Vı́ du. 6. Tı́nh thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ gió.i ha.n bo’.i hypecboloid mô.t tâ
` ng
x2 y 2 z 2
+ 2 − 2 =1
a2 b c
và các mă.t phă’ng z = 0, z = h (h > 0).

Gia’i. Ta sẽ áp du.ng công thú.c (11.10), trong dó ta xét các thiê´t
diê.n ta.o nên bo’.i các mă.t phă’ng vuông góc vó.i tru.c Oz. Khi dó (11.10)
có da.ng
Zh
V = S(z)dz,
0
trong dó S(z) là diê.n tı́ch cu’a thiê´t diê.n phu. thuô.c vào z. Khi că´t vâ.t
thê’ bo’.i mă.t phă’ng z = const ta thu du.o..c elip vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh

  x2 y2
x 2
y 2 2
z  
 + =1
+ 2 =1+ 2 z2 z2
a 2 b c ⇔ 2
a 1+ 2 2
b 1+ 2
z = const  
 c c

z = const

r r
z 2 z2
2
a1 = a 1 + 2 , 2
b1 = b 1 + 2
c c
là các bán tru.c cu’a elip. Nhu.ng ta biê´t ră`ng diê.n tı́ch hı̀nh elip vó.i
bán tru.c a1, b1 là πa1b1 (có thê’ tı́nh bă`ng công thú.c (11.7) dôí vó.i elip
có phu.o.ng trı̀nh tham sô´ x = a1 cos t, y = b1 sin t, t ∈ [0, 2π]).
Nhu. vâ.y
z2
S(z) = πab 1 + 2 , z ∈ [0, h].
c
. .
Tù dó theo công thú c (11.10) ta có
Zh z2 h2
V = πab 1 + 2 dz = πabh 1 + 2 . N
c 3c
0
Vı́ du. 7. Tı́nh thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ thu du.o..c bo’.i phép quay hı̀nh phă’ng
gió.i ha.n bo’.i du.ò.ng y = 4 − x2 và y = 0 xung quanh du.ò.ng thă’ng
x = 3 (hãy vẽ hı̀nh).
Gia’i. Vâ.t tròn xoay thu du.o..c có tı́nh châ´t là mo.i thiê´t diê.n ta.o
bo’.i mă.t phă’ng vuông góc vó.i tru.c quay dê` u là vành tròn gió.i ha.n bo’.i
các du.ò.ng tròn dô
` ng tâm. Xét thiê´t diê.n cách gôć to.a dô. khoa’ng bă`ng
y (0 6 y 6 4). Ta có
p
S = πR2 − πr2 = π[(3 + x)2 − (3 − x)2] = 12πx = 12π 4−y
vı̀ x là hoành dô. cu’a diê’m trên parabôn dã cho. Khi y thay dô’i da.i
lu.o..ng dy thı̀ vi phân thê’ tı́ch
p
dv = S(y)dy = 12π 4 − ydy.
Do dó thê’ tı́ch toàn vâ.t bă`ng
Z4 p 0
3/2
V = 12π 4 − ydy = 8π(4 − y) = 64π. N
4
0
Vı́ du. 8. Tı̀m thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ gió.i ha.n bo’.i các mă.t x2 + y 2 = R2 ;
x z x z
y = 0, z = 0, + − 1 = 0, − − 1 = 0.
R h R h
Gia’i. Do tı́nh dôí xú.ng (hãy vẽ hı̀nh) cu’a vâ.t thê’ dôí vó.i mă.t
phă’ng x = 0 nên ta chı’ câ ` n tı́nh thê’ tı́ch phâ
` n nă`m trong góc phâ
`n
tám thú. nhâ´t. Mo.i thiê´t diê.n ta.o nên bo’.i các mă.t phă’ng ⊥ Ox dê
ù
. .
là hı̀nh chũ nhâ.t ABCD vó i OA = x. Khi dó
h √
S(x) = SABCD = AB · AD = (R − x) · R2 − x2.
R
Tù. dó thu du.o..c
ZR ZR
h √
V =2 S(x)dx = 2 (R − x) R2 − x2dx (dă.t x = R sin t)
R
0 0
Zπ/2
hR2 (3π − 4)
= 2hR2 (1 − sin t) cos2 tdt = · N
6
0
BÀI TÂ
.P
Trong các bài toán sau dây (1-17) tı́nh diê.n tı́ch các hı̀nh phă’ng
gió.i ha.n bo’.i các du.ò.ng dã chı’ ra.
9
1. y = 6x − x2 − 7, y = x − 3. (DS. )
2
2
2. y = 6x − x , y = 0. (DS. 36)
5
3. 4y = 8x − x2 , 4y = x + 6. (DS. 5 )
24
2 2
4. y = 4 − x , y = x − 2x. (DS. 9)
5. 6x = y 3 − 16y, 24x = y 3 − 16y. (DS. 16)
6. y = 1 − ex , x = 2, y = 0. (DS. e2 − 3)
1
7. y = x2 − 6x + 10, y = 6x − x2 ; x = −1. (DS. 21 )
3
π
8. y = arc sin x, y = ± , x = 0. (DS. 2)
2
(e − 1)2
9. y = ex , y = e−x , x = 1. (DS. )
e
4
10. y 2 = 2px, x2 = 2py. (DS. p2 )
3
11. x + y + 6x − 2y + 8 = 0, y = x2 + 6x + 10
2 2
3π + 2 9π − 2
(DS. S1 = , S2 = )
6 6
12. x = a(t − sin t), y = a(1 − cos t), t ∈ [0, 2π]. (DS. 3πa2)
˜ n. Dây là phu.o.ng trı̀nh tham sô´ cu’a du.ò.ng xycloid.
Chı’ dâ
3πa2
13. x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t, t ∈ [0, 2π]. (DS. )
8
14. x = a cos t, y = b sin t, t ∈ [0, 2π]. (DS. πab)
15. Du.ò.ng lemniscate Bernoulli ρ2 = a2 cos 2ϕ. (DS. a2 )
16. Du.ò.ng hı̀nh tim (Cacdioid) ρ = a(1 + cos ϕ).
3πa2
(DS. )
2
√
17∗ Các du.ò.ng tròn ρ = 2 3a cos 5ϕ, ρ √
= 2a
sin ϕ.
(DS. a2 π − 3 )
6
Trong các bài toán sau (18-22) hãy tı́nh thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ theo diê.n
tı́ch các thiê´t diê.n song song.
x2 y 3 z 2 4
18. Thê’ tı́ch hı̀nh elipxoid 2
+ 2 + 2 = 1. (DS. πabc)
a b c 3
. .
19. Thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ gió i ha.n bo’ i mă.t tru. x + y = a2 , y 2 + z 2 = a2.
2 2
16 3
(DS. a)
3
Chı’ dâ˜ n. Do tı́nh dôí xú.ng, chı’ câ ` n tı́nh thê’ tı́ch mô.t phâ
` n tám
vâ.t thê’ vó.i x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 là du’. Có thê’ lâý các thiê´t diê.n song
song vó.i mă.t phă’ng xOz. Dó là các hı̀nh vuông.
20. Thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ hı̀nh nón vó.i bán kı́nh dáy R và chiê ` u cao h.
πR2 h
(DS. )
3
Chı’ dâ˜ n. Di.ch chuyê’n hı̀nh nón vê ` vi. trı́ vó.i dı’nh ta.i gôć to.a dô.
và tru.c dôí xú.ng là Ox. Thiê´t diê.n câ` n tı̀m là hı̀nh tròn vó.i bán kı́nh
R
r(x) = x (?).
x
21. Thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ gió.i ha.n bo’.i các mă.t nón
2 x2 y 2
(z − 2) = + và mă.t phă’ng z = 0.
3 2√
8π 6
(DS. )
3
22. Thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ gió.i ha.n bo’.i mă.t tru. partabolic z = 4 − y 2 , các
16a
mă.t phă’ng to.a dô. và mă.t phă’ng x = a. (DS. )
3
Trong các bài toán sau dây (23-34) hãy tı́nh thê’ tı́ch cu’a vâ.t tròn
xoay thu du.o..c bo’.i phép quay hı̀nh phă’ng D gió.i ha.n bo’.i du.ò.ng (các
du.ò.ng) cho tru.ó.c xung quanh tru.c cho tru.ó.c
23. D : y 2 = 2px, x = a; xung quanh tru.c Ox. (DS. πpa2)

x2 y 2 4π 2
24. D : 2 + 2 6 1 (b < a) xung quanh tru.c Oy. (DS. a b)
a b 3
x2 y 2 4π 2
25. D : 2 + 2 6 1 (b < a) xung quanh tru.c Ox. (DS. ab )
a b 3
2
26. D : 2y = x2 ; 2x + 2y − 3 = 0 xung quanh tru.c Ox. (DS. 18 π)
15
2 2 π
27. D : x + y = 1; x + y = 1 xung quanh tru.c Ox. (DS. )
3
2 2
28. D : x + y = 4, x = −1, x = 1, y > 0 xung quanh tru.c Ox.
(DS. 8π)
π2
29. D : y = sin x, 0 6 x 6 π, y = 0 xung quanh tru.c Ox. (DS. )
2
x2 y 2 4
30. D : 2 − 2 = 1, y = 0, y = b xung quanh tru.c Oy. (DS. πa2b)
a b 3
2
31. D : y 2 + x − 4 = 0, x = 0 xung quanh tru.c Oy. (DS. 34 π)
15
32. D : xy = 4, y = 0, x = 1, x = 4 xung quanh tru.c Ox. (DS. 12π)
33. D : x2 + (y − b)2 6 R2 (0 < R 6 b) xung quanh tru.c Ox.
(DS. 2π 2 bR2 )
˜ n. Hı̀nh tròn D có thê’ xem nhu. hiê.u cu’a hai thang cong
Chı’ dâ
√
D1 = (x, y) : −R 6 x 6 R, 0 6 y 6 − R2 − x2 và
√
D2 = (x, y) : −R 6 x 6 R, 0 6 y 6 + R2 − x2 .
√
34∗. D = (x, y) : 0 6 y 6 R2 − x2 xung quanh du.ò.ng thă’ng
y = R.
3π − 4 3
(DS. πR )
3
˜ n. Chuyê’n gôć to.a dô. vê
Chı’ dâ ` diê’m (0, R).
11.3.2 Tı́nh dô. dài cung và diê.n tı́ch mă.t tròn
xoay
1+ Nêú du.ò.ng cong L(A, B) du.o..c cho bo’.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh y = y(x),
x ∈ [a, b] (hay x = g(y)) hoă.c bo’.i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh tham sô´ x = ϕ(t),
y = ψ(t) thı̀ vi phân dô. dài cung du.o..c biê’u diê˜ n bo’.i công thú.c
p q q
d = 1 + (yx ) dx = 1 + (xy ) dy = x0t 2 + yt0 2 dt
0 2 0 2 (11.17)
và dô. dài cu’a du.ò.ng cong L(A, B) du.o..c tı́nh bo’.i công thú.c
xZB =b ZyB q
p
`(A, B) = 1 + (y 0)2 dx = 1 + (x0y )2 dy
xA =a yA
ZtB q
= x0t 2 + yt0 2 dt. (11.18)
tA
Nêú du.ò.ng cong du.o..c cho bo’.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh trong to.a dô. cu..c ρ = ρ(ϕ)
thı̀
q 2
d` = ρ2 + ρ0ϕ dϕ
và
ZϕBq
2
`(A, B) = ρ2 + ρ0ϕ dϕ. (11.19)
ϕA
2+ Nêú mă.t σ thu du.o..c do quay du.ò.ng cong cho trên [a, b] bo’.i
hàm không âm y = f (x) > 0 xung quanh tru.c Ox thı̀ vi phân diê.n
tı́ch mă.t
y + (y + dy)
ds = 2π · d` = π(2y + dy)d` ≈ 2πyd`
2
và diê.n tı́ch mă.t tròn xoay du.o..c tı́nh theo công thú.c
Zb p
Sx = 2π f (x) 1 + (fx0 )2 dx. (11.20)
a
Nêú quay du.ò.ng cong L(A, B) xung quanh tru.c Oy thı̀ ds ≈ 2πx(y)d`
và
ZyB q
Sy = 2π x(y) 1 + (x0y )2 dy. (11.21)
yA
Nêú du.ò.ng cong L(A, B) du.o..c cho bo’.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh tham sô´ x = ϕ(t),
y = ψ(t) > 0 (t ∈ [α, β]) thı̀
Zβ q
Sx = 2π ψ(t) ϕ02 + ψ 02 dt. (11.22)
α
Tu.o.ng tu.. ta có
Zβ q
Sy = 2π ϕ(t) ϕ02 + ψ 02 dt, ϕ(t) > 0. (11.23)
α
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Tı́nh dô. dài du.ò.ng tròn bán kı́nh R.
Gia’i. Ta có thê’ xem du.ò.ng tròn dã cho có tâm ta.i gôć to.a dô..
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh du.ò.ng tròn du.ó.i da.ng tham sô´ có da.ng x = R cos t,
y = R sin t, t ∈ [0, 2π]. Ta chı’ câ ` n tu. du.ò.ng
` n tı́nh dô. dài cu’a mô.t phâ
π
tròn ú.ng vó.i 0 6 t 6 là du’. Theo công thú.c (11.18) ta có
2
Zπ/2p π/2
2 2
`=4 (−R sin t) + (R cos t) dt = 4Rt = 2πR. N
0
0
Vı́ du. 2. Tı́nh dô. dài cu’a vòng thú. nhâ´t cu’a du.ò.ng xoăń ôć
Archimedes ρ = aϕ.
Gia’i. Theo di.nh nghı̃a, du.ò.ng xoăń ôć Archimedes là du.ò.ng cong
phă’ng va.ch nên bo’.i mô.t diê’m chuyê’n dô.ng dê
` u theo mô.t tia xuâ´t phát
tù. gôć-cu..c mà tia này la.i quay xung quanh gôć cu..c vó.i vâ.n tôć góc
cô´ di.nh. Vòng thú. nhâ´t cu’a du.ò.ng xoăń ôć Archimedes du.o..c ta.o nên
khi góc cu..c ϕ biêń thiên tù. 0 dêń 2π. Do dó theo công thú.c (11.19)
ta có
Z2π p Z2π p
`= a2ϕ2 + a2dϕ = a ϕ2 + 1dϕ.
0 0
p
Tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ
` n bă`ng cách dă.t u = ϕ2 + 1, dv = dϕ ta có
h p 2π Z2π ϕ2 i

` = a ϕ ϕ + 1 − p
2 dϕ
0 ϕ2 + 1
0
h p 2π Z2π
ϕ2 + 1 − 1 i
2
= a ϕ ϕ + 1 − p dϕ
0 ϕ2 + 1
0
h1 p 1 p i2π

= a ϕ ϕ2 + 1 + ln(ϕ + ϕ2 + 1)
2 2 0
h √ 1 √ i
= a π 4π 2 + 1 + 2π + 4π 2 + 1 .N
2
` u bán kı́nh R.
Vı́ du. 3. Tı́nh diê.n tı́ch mă.t câ
` u có tâm ta.i gôć to.a dô. và thu du.o..c bo’.i
Gia’i. Có thê’ xem mă.t câ
√
phép quay nu’.a du.ò.ng tròn y = R2 − x2 xung quanh tru.c Ox.
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh du.ò.ng tròn có da.ng x2 + y 2 = R2 . Do dó y 0 =
x
−√ . Theo công thú.c (11.20) ta có
2
R −x 2
s
ZR √ 2 ZR √
x
Sx = 2π R2 − x2 · 1 + 2 dx = 2π R2 − x2 + x2 dx
R − x2
−R −R
R

= 2πRx = 4πR2 . N
−R
Vı́ du. 4. Tı́nh diê.n tı́ch mă.t ta.o nên bo’.i phép quay du.ò.ng lemniscat
√
ρ = a cos 2ϕ xung quanh tru.c cu..c.
Gia’i. Biêń ρ chı’ nhâ.n giá tri. thu..c khi cos 2ϕ > 0 tú.c là khi
−π/4 6 ϕ 6 π/4 (nhánh bên pha’i) hay khi 3π/4 6 ϕ 6 5π/4 (nhánh
bên trái). Vi phân cung cu’a lemniscat bă`ng
s
q
a sin 2ϕ 2
d` = ρ2 + ρ0 2 dϕ = a2 cos 2ϕ + (− √ dϕ
cos 2ϕ
adϕ
=√ ·
cos 2ϕ
√
Ngoài ra y = ρ sin ϕ = a cos 2ϕ · sin ϕ. Tù. dó diê.n tı́ch câ ` n tı̀m bă`ng
` n diê.n tı́ch cu’a mă.t thu du.o..c bo’.i phép quay nhánh pha’i. Do dó
hai lâ
theo (11.20)
Zπ/4 Zπ/4 √
a cos 2ϕ · sin ϕ · adϕ
S = 2 · 2π yds = 4π √
cos 2ϕ
0 0
Zπ/4 √
= 4π a2 sin ϕdϕ = 2πa2(2 − 2). N
0
Vı́ du. 5. Tı̀m diê.n tı́ch mă.t ta.o nên bo’.i phép quay cung parabôn
x2 √
y = , 0 6 x 6 3 xung quanh tru.c Oy.
2
√ 1
Gia’i. Ta có x = 2y, x0 = √ . Do dó, áp du.ng công thú.c
2y
(11.18) ta thu du.o..c
Z3/2p r Z3/2p
1
S = 2π 2y 1 + dy = 2π 2y + 1dy
2y
0 0
3/2 3/2
(2y + 1) 14π
= 2π · = · N
3 0 3
Vı́ du. 6. Tı̀m diê.n tı́ch mă.t ta.o nên bo’.i phép quay elip x2 + 4y 2 = 26
xung quanh: a) tru.c Ox; b) tru.c Oy.
Gia’i. Nu’.a trên cu’a elip dã cho có thê’ xem nhu. dô ` thi. cu’a hàm
1√
y= 36 − x2 ; −6 6 x 6 6. Hàm này không có da.o hàm khi x = ±6,
2
còn trên khoa’ng (−6, 6) da.o hàm không bi. chă.n. Do vâ.y không thê’
tı́nh bă`ng công thú.c (11.20) trong to.a dô. Dê
` các du.o..c.
Dê’ khăć phu.c khó khăn dó, ta dùng phép tham sô´ hóa du.ò.ng elip:
x = 6 cos t, y = 3 sin t, 0 6 t 6 2π.
1+ Phép quay xung quanh tru.c Ox. Ta xét nu’.a trên cu’a elip tu.o.ng
ú.ng vó.i 0 6 t 6 π. Theo công thú.c (11.22) du.ó.i da.ng tham sô´ ta có
Zπ p
Sx = 2π 3 sin t · 36 sin2 t + 9 cos2 tdt.
0
2
Dă.t cos t = √ sin ϕ ta có
3
√ Zπ/3 √ √
Sx = 24 3π cos2 ϕdϕ = 2 3π(4π + 3 3).
−π/3
2+ Phép quay xung quanh i tru.c Oy. Ta xét nu’.a bên pha’i cu’a elip
π π
(tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i t ∈ − , . Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. trên ta áp du.ng (11.23)
2 2
và thu du.o..c
Zπ/2 p
1
Sy = 2π 6 cos t · 36 sin2 t + 9 cos2 tdt Dă.t sin t = √ shϕ
3
−π/2
√
√ Z 3
arcsh
√ √ √
= 24 3π ch2ϕdϕ = 24 3π 2 3 + ln(2 + 3) . N
√
−arcsh 3
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı́nh dô. dài cung cu’a du.ò.ng cong

8 √
1. y = x3/2 tù. x = 0 dêń x = 4. (DS. (10 10 − 1))
27
√ 1 √
2. y = x2 − 1 tù. x = −1 dêń x = 1. (DS. 5 + ln(2 + 5))
2
a a(e2 − 1)
3. y = ex/a + e−x/a tù. x = 0 dêń x = a. (DS. )
2 2e
π 1
4. y = ln cos x tù. x = 0 dêń x = . (DS. ln 3)
6 2
π 2π
5. y = ln sin x tù. x = dêń x = . (DS. ln 3)
3 3
π √
6. x = et sin t, y = et cos t, 0 6 t 6 . (DS. 2(eπ/2 − 1))
2
7. x = a(t − sin t), y = a(1 − cos t); 0 6 t 6 2π. (DS. 8a)
8. x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t; 0 6 t 6 2π. (DS. 6a)
p 3a
˜ n. Vı̀ x0t 2 + yt0 2 = | sin 2t| và hàm | sin 2t| có chu kỳ π/2
Chı’ dâ
1
Zπ/2
nên ` = 4 d`.
0
√
9. x = et cos t, y = et sin t tù. t = 0 dêń t = ln π. (DS. 2(π − 1))
π
10. x = 8 sin t + 6 cos t, y = 6 sin t − 8 cos t tù. t = 0 dêń t = . (DS.
2
5π)
11. ρ = aekθ (du.ò.ng xoăń ôć lôga) tù. θ = 0 dêń θ = T .

a√
(DS. 1 + k 2(ekT − 1))
k
12. ρ = a(1 − cos ϕ), a > 0, 0 6 ϕ 6 2π (du.ò.ng hı̀nh tim). (DS. 8a)
1 1
∗ . ’
13 . ρϕ = 1 tù diêm A 2, ´ ’
dên diêm B , 2 - du.ò.ng xoăń ôć
2 2
hypecbon. √ √
5 3+ 5
(DS. + ln )
2 2
Tı́nh diê.n tı́ch các mă.t tròn xoay thu du.o..c khi quay cung du.ò.ng
cong hay du.ò.ng cong xung quanh tru.c cho tru.ó.c.
2 2
14. Cung cu’a du.ò.ng y = x3 tù. x = − dêń x = xung quang tru.c
3 3
Ox.
2π 125
(DS. −1 )
27 27
. .
15. Du ò ng x = a cos t, y = a sin3 t xung quanh tru.c Ox.
3
12 2
(DS. πa )
5
x2 y 2
16. 2 + 2 = 1, a > b xung quanh tru.c Ox.
a b
a
(DS. 2πb b + arc sin ε , ε là tâm sai cu’a elip)
ε
Chı’ dâ ˜ n. Da.o hàm hai vê´ phu.o.ng trı̀nh elip rô ` i rút ra yy 0 =
bx2 p
− 2 , còn biê’u thú.c du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân du.o..c viê´t y 1 + y 0 2dx =
pa
y 2 + (yy 0)3 dx.
17. Cung du.ò.ng tròn x2 + (y − b)2 = R (không că´t tru.c Oy) tù. y1
dêń y2 xung quanh tru.c Oy. (DS. 2πR(y2 − y1))
˜ n. Mă.t thu du.o..c là dó.i câ
Chı’ dâ ` u.
18. y = sin x tù. x = 0 dêń x = π xung quanh tru.c Ox.
√ √
(DS. 2π 2 + ln(1 + 2) )
x3 .
19. y = tù x = −2 dêń x = 2 xung quanh tru.c Ox.
3
√
34 17 − 2
(DS. π)
9
20. Cung bên trái du.ò.ng thă’ng x = 2 cu’a du.ò.ng cong y 2 = 4 + x,
62π
xung quanh tru.c Ox. (DS. )
3
a
21. y = ex/a + e−x/a tù. x = 0 dêń x = a (a > 0).
2
πa2 2
(DS. (e + 4 − e−2 ))
4
56π
22. y 2 = 4x tù. x = 0 dêń x = 3, xung quanh tru.c Ox. (DS. )
3
π
23. x = et sin t, y = et cos t tù. t = 0 dêń t = , xung quanh tru.c Ox.
2
√
2π 2 π
(DS. (e − 2))
5
24. x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t, 0 6 t 6 2π; quay xung quanh tru.c Ox.

12 2
(DS. πa )
5
˜ n. Vı̀ du.ò.ng cong có tı́nh dôí xú.ng qua các tru.c to.a dô. nên
Chı’ dâ
` n tı́nh diê.n tı́ch ta.o nên bo’.i mô.t phâ
chı’ câ ` n tu. du.ò.ng thuô.c góc I
quay xung quanh tru.c Ox.
25. x = t − sin t, y = 1 − cos t (diê.n tı́ch du.o..c ta.o thành khi quay
mô.t cung); xung quanh tru.c Ox.
64π
(DS. )
3
π
26. y = sin 2x tù. x = 0 dêń x = ; xung quanh tru.c Ox.
2
π √ √
(DS. 2 5 + ln( 5 + 2) )
2
2 2
27. 3x + 4y = 12; xung quanh tru.c Oy. (DS. 2π(4 + 3 ln 3))
62π
28. x2 = y + 4, y = 2; xung quanh tru.c Oy. (DS. )
3
29. Cung cu’a du.ò.ng tròn x2 + y 2 = 4 (y > 0) giũ.a hai diê’m có hoành
dô. x = −1 và x = 1; xung quanh tru.c Ox. (DS. 8π)
30. Du.ò.ng hı̀nh tim (cacdiod) ρ = a(1 + cos ϕ); quay xung quanh
tru.c cu..c.
32πa2
(DS. )
5
31. Du.ò.ng tròn ρ = 2r sin ϕ; quay xung quanh tru.c cu..c. (DS. 4π 2 r2 )
_
32. Cung AB cu’a du.ò.ng xicloid x = a(t − sin t), y = a(1 − cos t);
√ πa2
quay xung quanh du.ò.ng thă’ng y = a. (DS. 16 2 )
3
˜ n. Áp du.ng công thú.c
Chı’ dâ
Z3π q
S = 2π 2(y(t) − a) x0t2 + yt0 2 dt.
π/2
11.4 Tı́ch phân suy rô.ng

11.4.1 Tı́ch phân suy rô.ng câ.n vô ha.n
1. Gia’ su’. hàm f(x) xác di.nh ∀ x > a và kha’ tı́ch trên mo.i doa.n [a, b].
` n ta.i gió.i ha.n hũ.u ha.n
Nêú tô
Zb
lim f (x)dx (11.24)
b→+∞
a
thı̀ gió.i ha.n dó du.o..c go.i là tı́ch phân suy rô.ng cu’a hàm f (x) trên
Z+∞
khoa’ng [a, +∞) và ký hiê.u là f (x)dx.
a
Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p này ngu.ò.i ta còn nói ră`ng tı́ch phân suy rô.ng
(11.24) hô.i tu. và hàm f(x) kha’ tı́ch theo nghı̃a suy rô.ng trên khoa’ng
Z+∞
.
[a, +∞). Nêú gió i ha.n (11.24) không tô ` n ta.i thı̀ tı́ch phân f (x)dx
a
du.o..c go.i là tı́ch phân phân kỳ và hàm f (x) không kha’ tı́ch theo nghı̃a
suy rô.ng trên [a, +∞).
Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. trên, theo di.nh nghı̃a
Zb Zb
f(x)dx = lim f (x)dx (11.25)
a→−∞
−∞ a
Z+∞ Zc Z+∞
f(x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx, c ∈ R. (11.26)
−∞ −∞ c
2. Các công thú.c co. ba’n dôí vó.i tı́ch phân suy rô.ng
Z+∞
1) Tı́nh tuyêń tı́nh. Nêú các tı́ch phân suy rô.ng f (x)dx và
a
Z+∞ Z+∞
g(x)dx hô.i tu. ∀ α, β ∈ R thı̀ tı́ch phân (αf (x) + βg(x))dx hô.i tu.
a a
11.4. Tı́ch phân suy rô.ng 99
và
Z+∞ Z+∞ Z+∞
(αf (x) + βg(x))dx = α f (x)dx + β g(x)dx.
a a a
2) Công thú.c Newton-Leibnitz. Nêú trên khoa’ng [a, +∞) hàm f (x)
liên tu.c và F (x), x ∈ [a, +∞) là nguyên hàm nào dó cu’a nó thı̀
Z+∞
+∞
f(x)dx = F (x)a = F (+∞) − F (a)
a
trong dó F (+∞) = lim F (x).

x→+∞
3) Công thú.c dô’i biêń. Gia’ su’. f(x), x ∈ [a, +∞) là hàm liên tu.c,
ϕ(t), t ∈ [α, β] là kha’ vi liên tu.c và a = ϕ(α) 6 ϕ(t) < lim ϕ(t) =
t→β−0
+∞. Khi dó:
Z+∞ Zβ
f(x)dx = f (ϕ(t))ϕ0(t)dt. (11.27)
a α
4) Công thú.c tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ

` n. Nêú u(x) và v(x), x ∈ [a, +∞)
là nhũ.ng hàm kha’ vi liên tu.c và lim (uv) tô ` n ta.i thı̀:
x→+∞
Z+∞ Z+∞
+∞
udv = uv a − vdu (11.28)
a a
+∞
trong dó uv a = lim (uv) − u(a)v(a).
x→+∞
` u kiê.n hô.i tu.
3. Các diê
Z+∞
1) Tiêu chuâ’n Cauchy. Tı́ch phân f (x)dx hô.i tu. khi và chı’ khi
a
∀ ε > 0, ∃ b = b(ε) > a sao cho ∀ b1 > b và ∀ b2 > b ta có:
Zb2

f(x)dx < ε.
b1
2) Dâú hiê.u so sánh I. Gia’ su’. g(x) > f (x) > 0 ∀ x > a và f (x),
g(x) kha’ tı́ch trên mo.i doa.n [a, b], b < +∞. Khi dó:
Z+∞ Z+∞
(i) Nêú tı́ch phân g(x)dx hô.i tu. thı̀ tı́ch phân f (x)dx hô.i tu..
a a
Z+∞ Z+∞
(ii) Nêú tı́ch phân f (x)dx phân kỳ thı̀ tı́ch phân g(x)dx phân
a a
kỳ.
3) Dâú hiê.u so sánh II. Gia’ su’. f(x) > 0, g(x) > 0 ∀ x > a và
f (x)
lim = λ.
x→+∞ g(x)
Khi dó:
Z+∞ Z+∞
(i) Nêú 0 < λ < +∞ thı̀ các tı́ch phân f (x)dx và g(x)dx
a a
` ng thò.i hô.i tu. hoă.c dô
dô ` ng thò.i phân kỳ.
Z+∞
(ii) Nêú λ = 0 và tı́ch phân g(x)dx hô.i tu. thı̀ tı́ch phân
a
Z+∞
f(x)dx hô.i tu..
a
Z+∞
(iii) Nêú λ = +∞ và tı́ch phân f (x)dx hô.i tu. thı̀ tı́ch phân
a
Z+∞
g(x)dx hô.i tu..
a
Dê’ so sánh ta thu.ò.ng su’. du.ng tı́ch phân

Z+∞
dx % hô.i tu. nêú α > 1,
(11.29)
xα & phân kỳ nêú α 6 1.
a
Z+∞
- i.nh nghı̃a. Tı́ch phân
D f(x)dx du.o..c go.i là hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí nêú
a
Z+∞
tı́ch phân |f(x)|dx hô.i tu. và du.o..c go.i là hô.i tu. có diê
` u kiê.n nêú
a
Z+∞ Z+∞
tı́ch phân f(x)dx hô.i tu. nhu.ng tı́ch phân |f(x)|dx phân kỳ.
a a
` u hô.i tu..
Mo.i tı́ch phân hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí dê
.
3) Tù dâú hiê.u so sánh II và (11.29) rút ra
Dâú hiê.u thu..c hành. Nêú khi x → +∞ hàm du.o.ng f(x) là vô
1
cùng bé câ´p α > 0 so vó.i thı̀
x
Z
+∞
(i) tı́ch phân f(x)dx hô.i tu. khi α > 1;

a
Z+∞
(ii) tı́ch phân f(x)dx phân kỳ khi α 6 1.
a
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Z+∞
dx
I= √ ·
x2 x2 − 1
2
Gia’i. Theo di.nh nghı̃a ta có
Z+∞ Zb
dx dx
√ = lim √ ·
x x2 − 1 b→+∞
2 x2 x2 − 1
2 2
1
Dă.t x = , ta thu du.o..c
t
Zb Z1/b Z1/b
dx −dt tdt
I(b) = √ = r =− √
x x2 − 1
2 1 1 1 − t2
2 1/2 t2 · − 1 1/2
t2 t2
1/b r r
√ 1 1
= 1 − t2 = 1 − 2 − 1 − .
1/2 b 4
√
2− 3
Tù. dó suy ră`ng I = lim I(b) = . Nhu. vâ.y tı́ch phân dã cho
b→+∞ 2
hô.i tu.. N
Vı́ du. 2. Kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. cu’a tı́ch phân
Z+∞
2x2 + 1
dx.
x3 + 3x + 4
1
Gia’i. Hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân > 0 ∀ x > 1. Ta có

1
2x2 + 1 2+
f(x) = 3 = · x2
x + 3x + 4 3 4
x+ + 2
x x
2
Vó.i x du’ ló.n hàm f(x) có dáng diê.u nhu. . Do dó ta lâý hàm
x
1
’
ϕ(x) = dê so sánh và có
x
f(x) (2x2 + 1)x
lim = lim 2 = 2 6= 0.
x→+∞ ϕ(x) x→+∞ x + 3x + 4
Z∞
dx
Vı̀ tı́ch phân phân kỳ nên theo dâú hiê.u so sánh II tı́ch phân dã
x
1
cho phân kỳ. N
Z∞
dx
√3
·
x3 − 12
2
Gia’i. Ta có bâ´t dă’ng thú.c

1 1
√
3
> khi x > 2.
x3 −1 x
Z∞
dx
Nhu.ng tı́ch phân phân kỳ, do dó theo dâú hiê.u so sánh I tı́ch
x
2
phân dã cho phân kỳ. N
Vı́ du. 4. Kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. và dă.c tı́nh hô.i tu. cu’a tı́ch phân
Z+∞
sin x
dx.
x
1
` u tiên ta tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ

Gia’i. Dâ ` n mô.t cách hı̀nh thú.c
Z+∞ Z+∞ Z+∞

sin x cos x +∞ cos x cos x
dx = − − 2
dx = cos 1 − dx.
x x 1 x x2
1 1 1
(11.30)
Z+∞
cos x
Tı́ch phân dx hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí, do dó nó hô.i tu.. Nhu. vâ.y
x2
1
ca’ hai sô´ ha.ng o’. vê´ pha’i (11.30) hũ.u ha.n. Tù. dó suy ra phép tı́ch
phân tù.ng phâ` n dã thu..c hiê.n là ho..p lý và vê´ trái cu’a (11.30) là tı́ch
phân hô.i tu..
Ta xét su.. hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí. Ta có
1 − cos 2x
| sin x| > sin2 x =
2
và do vâ.y ∀ b > 1 ta có
Zb Zb Zb
| sin x| 1 dx 1 cos 2x
dx > − dx. (11.31)
x 2 x 2 x
1 1 1
Tı́ch phân thú. nhâ´t o’. vê´ pha’i cu’a (11.31) phân kỳ. Tı́ch phân thú.
hai o’. vê´ pha’i dó hô.i tu. (diê
` u dó du.o..c suy ra bă`ng cách tı́ch phân tù.ng
` n nhu. (11.30)). Qua gió.i ha.n (11.31) khi b → +∞ ta có vê´ pha’i
phâ
cu’a (11.31) dâ ` n dêń ∞ và do dó tı́ch phân vê´ trái cu’a (11.31) phân
.
kỳ, tú c là tı́ch phân dã cho hô.i tu. có diê ` u kiê.n (không tuyê.t dôí). N
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân suy rô.ng câ.n vô ha.n

Z∞
2 1
1. xe−x dx (DS. )
2
0
Z∞
dx π
2. √ . (DS. )
x x2 − 1 6
0
Z∞
dx π−2
3. . (DS. )
(x2 + 1)2 8
0
Z∞
4. x sin xdx. (DS. Phân kỳ)
0
Z∞
2xdx
5. . (DS. Phân kỳ)
x2 + 1
−∞
Z∞
1
6. e−x sin xdx. (DS. )
2
0
Z+∞
1 2 2 1
7. + dx. (DS. + ln 3)
x2 − 1 (x + 1)2 3 2
2
Z+∞ √
dx π 5
8. . (DS. )
x2 + 4x + 9 5
−∞
Z+∞
xdx 1 √
9. . (DS. ˜ n. Dă.t x = t.
). Chı’ dâ
√
(x2+ 1)3 36
2
Z+∞
dx 2 1
10. √ . ˜ n. Dă.t x = .
(DS. ln 1 + √ ). Chı’ dâ
x x2 + x + 1 3 t
1
Z+∞
arctgx π ln 2
11. dx. (DS. + )
x2 4 2
1
Z+∞
2x + 5
12. dx. (DS. Phân kỳ)
x2 + 3x − 10
3
Z∞
b
13. e−ax sin bxdx, a > 0. (DS. )
a2 + b2
0
Z+∞
a
14. e−ax cos bxdx, a > 0. (DS. )
a2 + b2
0
Kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. cu’a các tı́ch phân suy rô.ng câ.n vô ha.n
Z∞ −x
e
15. dx. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
x
1
e−x
˜ n. Áp du.ng bâ´t dă’ng thú.c
Chı’ dâ 6 e−x ∀ x > 1.
x
Z+∞
xdx
16. √ . (DS. Phân kỳ)
x4 + 1
2
˜ n. Áp du.ng bâ´t dă’ng thú.c

Chı’ dâ
x x
√ >√ ∀ x > 2.
x4 + 1 x4 + x4
Z+∞ 2
sin 3x
17. √
3
dx. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
x4 + 1
1
Z+∞
dx
18. √ . (DS. Phân kỳ)
4x + ln x
1

Z+∞ ln 1 + 1
19. x dx. (DS. Hô.i tu. nêú α > 0)
x α
1
Z+∞
xdx
20. √3
. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
x5 + 2
0
Z+∞
cos 5x − cos 7x
21. dx. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
x2
1
Z+∞
xdx
22. √3
. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
1 + x7
0
Z+∞ √
x+1
23. √ dx. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
1 + 2 x + x2
0
Z∞
1
24. √ (e1/x − 1)dx. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
x
1
Z∞ √
x+ x+1
25. √ dx. (DS. Phân kỳ)
x2 + 2 5 x4 + 1
1
Z∞
dx
26. p . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
x(x − 1)(x − 2)
3
Z∞
2
27 . (3x4 − x2)e−x dx.
∗
(DS. Hô.i tu.)
0
Z+∞ 2
x
˜ n. So sánh vó.i tı́ch phân hô.i tu.
Chı’ dâ e− 2 dx (ta.i sao ?) và áp
0
du.ng dâú hiê.u so sánh II.
Z+∞
∗ ln(x − 2)
28 . dx. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
x5 + x2 + 1
5
˜ n. Áp du.nng hê. thú.c

Chı’ dâ
ln t ln(x − 2)
lim = 0 ∀α > 0 ⇒ lim = 0 ∀ α > 0.
t→+∞ tα x→+∞ xα
Z+∞
dx
Tù. dó so sánh tı́ch phân dã cho vó.i tı́ch phân hô.i tu. , α > 1.
xα
5
Tiê´p dêń áp du.ng dâú hiê.u so sánh II.
11.4.2 Tı́ch phân suy rô.ng cu’a hàm không bi. chă.n
1. Gia’ su’. hàm f(x) xác di.nh trên khoa’ng [a, b) và kha’ tı́ch trên mo.i
doa.n [a, ξ], ξ < b. Nêú tô
Zξ
lim f (x)dx (11.32)
ξ→b−0
0
thı̀ gió.i ha.n dó du.o..c go.i là tı́ch phân suy rô.ng cu’a hàm f(x) trên [a, b)
và ký hiê.u là:
Zb
f (x)dx. (11.33)
a
Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p này tı́ch phân suy rô.ng (11.33) du.o..c go.i là tı́ch
phân hô.i tu.. Nêú gió.i ha.n (11.32) không tô ` n ta.i thı̀ tı́ch phân suy
rô.ng (11.33) phân kỳ.
Di.nh nghı̃a tı́ch phân suy rô.ng cu’a hàm f (x) xác di.nh trên khoa’ng
(a, b] du.o..c phát biê’u tu.o.ng tu...
Nêú hàm f(x) kha’ tı́ch theo nghı̃a suy rô.ng trên các khoa’ng [a, c)
và (c, b] thı̀ hàm du.o..c go.i là hàm kha’ tı́ch theo nghı̃a suy rô.ng trên
doa. n [a, b] và trong tru.ò.ng ho..p này tı́ch phân suy rô.ng du.o..c xác di.nh
bo’.i dă’ng thú.c:
Zb Zc Zb
f(x)dx = f (x)dx + f (x)dx.
a a c
2. Các công thú.c co. ba’n

Zb Zb
1) Nêú các tı́ch phân f (x)dx và g(x)dx hô.i tu. thı̀ ∀ α, β ∈ R
a a
ta có tı́ch phân
Zb
[αf (x) + βg(x)]dx hô.i tu. và
a
Zb Zb Zb
[αf (x) + βg(x)]dx = α f (x)dx + β g(x)dx.
a a a
2) Công thú.c Newton-Leibnitz. Nêú hàm f(x), x ∈ [a, b) liên tu.c

và F (x) là mô.t nguyên hàm nào dó cu’a f trên [a, b) thı̀:
Zb
b−0
f(x)dx = F (x)a = F (b − 0) − F (a),
a
F (b − 0) = lim F (x).
x→b−0
3) Công thú.c dô’i biêń. Gia’ su’. f(x) liên tu.c trên [a, b) còn ϕ(t),
t ∈ [α, β) kha’ vi liên tu.c và a = ϕ(α) 6 ϕ(t) < lim ϕ(t) = b. Khi
t→β−0
dó:
Zb Zβ
f (x)dx = f [ϕ(t)]ϕ0(t)dt.
a α
4) Công thú.c tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ

` n. Gia’ su’. u(x), x ∈ [a, b) và v(x),
x ∈ [a, b) là nhũ.ng hàm kha’ vi liên tu.c và lim (uv) tô ` n ta.i. Khi dó;
x→b−0
Zb Zb
b
udv = uv a − vdu
a a
b
uv a = lim (uv) − u(a)v(a).
x→b−0
` u kiê.n hô.i tu.

3. Các diê
1) Tiêu chuâ’n Cauchy. Gia’ su’. hàm f(x) xác di.nh trên khoa’ng
[a, b), kha’ tı́ch theo nghı̃a thông thu.ò.ng trên mo.i doa.n [a, ξ], ξ 0, ∃ η ∈ [a, b) sao cho
a
∀ η1, η2 ∈ (η, b) thı̀
Zη2

f(x)dx < ε.
η1
2) Dâú hiê.u so sánh I. Gia’ su’. g(x) > f (x) > 0 trên khoa’ng [a, b)
và kha’ tı́ch trên mô˜ i doa.n con [a, ξ], ξ < b. Khi dó:
Zb Zb
(i) Nêú tı́ch phân g(x)dx hô.i tu. thı̀ tı́ch phân f (x)dx hô.i tu..
a a
Zb Zb
(ii) Nêú tı́ch phân f(x)dx phân kỳ thı̀ tı́ch phân g(x)dx phân
a a
kỳ.
3) Dâú hiê.u so sánh II. Gia’ su’. f(x) > 0, g(x) > 0, x ∈ [a, b) và
f (x)
lim = λ.
x→b−0 g(x)
Khi dó:
Zb Zb
(i) Nêú 0 < λ < +∞ thı̀ các tı́ch phân f (x)dx và ` ng
g(x)dx dô
a a
thò.i hô.i tu. hoă.c dô
` ng thò.i phân kỳ.
Zb Zb
(ii) Nêú λ = 0 và tı́ch phân g(x)dx hô.i tu. thı̀ tı́ch phân f (x)dx
a a
hô.i tu..
Zb
(iii) Nêú λ = +∞ và tı́ch phân f (x)dx hô.i tu. thı̀ tı́ch phân
a
Zb
g(x)dx hô.i tu..
a
Dê’ so sánh ta thu.ò.ng su’. du.ng tı́ch phân:
Zb ´
dx % hô.i tu. nêu α < 1
(b − x)α & phân kỳ nêú α > 1
a
hoă.c
Zb ´
dx % hô.i tu. nêu α < 1
(x − a)α & phân kỳ nêú α > 1.
a
Zb
- i.nh nghı̃a. Tı́ch phân
D f (x)dx du.o..c go.i là hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí nêú
a
Zb
tı́ch phân |f(x)|dx hô.i tu. và du.o..c go.i là hô.i tu. có diê
` u kiê.n nêú tı́ch
a
Zb Zb
phân f(x)dx hô.i tu. nhu.ng |f(x)|dx phân kỳ.
a a
4) Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. trong 11.4.1 ta có

Dâú hiê.u thu..c hành. Nêú khi x → b − 0 hàm f (x) > 0 xác di.nh
1
và liên tu.c trong [a, b) là vô cùng ló.n câ´p α so vó.i thı̀
b−x
Zb
(i) tı́ch phân f(x)dx hô.i tu. khi α < 1;
a
Zb
(ii) tı́ch phân f(x)dx phân kỳ khi α > 1.
a
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Z1
dx
Vı́ du. 1. Xét tı́ch phân √ .
1 − x2
0
1
Gia’i. Hàm f (x) = √ liên tu.c và do dó nó kha’ tı́ch trên mo.i
1 − x2
doa.n [0, 1 − ε], ε > 0, nhu.ng khi x → 1 − 0 thı̀ f (x) → +∞. Ta có
Z1−ε
dx π
lim √ = lim arc sin(1 − ε) = asrc sin 1 = ·
ε→0 1 − x2 ε→0 2
0
Nhu. vâ.y tı́ch phân dã cho hô.i tu.. N

Z1 √
xdx
√ ·
1 − x4
0
Gia’i. Hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân có gián doa.n vô cùng ta.i diê’m
x = 1. Ta có
√
x 1
√ 6√ ∀ x ∈ [0, 1).
1−x 4 1−x
Z1
dx
Nhu.ng tı́ch phân √ hô.i tu., nên theo dâú hiê.u so sánh I
1−x
0
tı́ch phân dã cho hô.i tu..
Z1
dx
·
ex − cos x
0
.
Gia’i. O’ dây hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân có gián doa.n vô cùng ta.i
diê’m x = 0. Khi x ∈ (0, 1] ta có
1 1
>
ex − cos x xe
Z1
1
vı̀ ră`ng xe > e − cos x (ta.i sao ?). Nhu.ng tı́ch phân
x
dx phân kỳ
xe
0
nên tı́ch phân dã cho phân kỳ. N
Z+∞
arctgx
dx, α > 0.
xα
0
Gia’i. Ta chia khoa’ng lâý tı́ch phân làm hai sao cho khoa’ng thú.
nhâ´t hàm có bâ´t thu.ò.ng ta.i diê’m x = 0. Chă’ng ha.n ta chia thành hai
nu’.a khoa’ng (0, 1] và [1, +∞). Khi dó ta có
Z+∞ Z1 Z+∞
arctgx arctgx arctgx
dx = dx + dx. (11.34)
xα xα xα
0 0 0
Z1
arctgx
` u tiên xét tı́ch phân
Dâ dx, Ta có
xα
0
arctgx x 1
f (x) = α
∼ α
= α−1 = ϕ(x)
x (x→0) x x
Z1
Tı́ch phân ϕ(x)dx hô.i tu. khi α − 1 < 1 ⇒ α < 2. Do dó tı́ch
0
Z1
phân f(x)dx cũng hô.i tu. khi α < 2 theo dâú hiê.u so sánh II.
0
Z∞
Xét tı́ch phân f(x)dx. Áp du.ng dâú hiê.u so sánh II trong 1◦ ta
1
1
dă.t ϕ(x) = α và có
x
f(x) xαarctgx π
lim = lim α
= ·
x→+∞ ϕ(x) x→+∞ x 2
Z∞
dx
Vı̀ tı́ch phân hôi tu khi α > 1 nên vó.i α > 1 tı́ch phân du.o..c
xα . .
0
xét hô.i tu.. Nhu. vâ.y ca’ hai tı́ch phân o’. vê´ pha’i (11.34) chı’ hô.i tu. khi
1 < α < 2.
` u kiê.n hô.i tu. cu’a tı́ch phân dã cho. N
Dó chı́nh là diê
Z1 √
3
ln(1 + x2)
√ √ dx.
x sin x
0
Gia’i. Hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân không bi. chă.n trong lân câ.n pha’i
cu’a diê’m x = 0. Khi x → 0 + 0 ta có
√
3
√
3
ln(1 + x2) x2 1
√ √ ∼ = √ = ϕ(x).
x sin x (x→0+0) x 3
x
Z1
dx
Vı̀ tı́ch phân √ hôi tu nên theo dâú hiê.u so sánh II, tı́ch phân
3
x . .
0
dã cho hô.i tu.. N
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân suy rô.ng sau.

Z6
dx √3
1. p . (DS. 6 2)
3
(4 − x) 2
2
Z2
dx
2. p . (DS. 6)
3
(x − 1)2
0
Ze
dx
x ln x
1
Z2
dx
x2 − 4x + 3
0
Z1
5. x ln xdx. (DS. −0, 25)
0
Z3
xdx 2√4
6. √
4
. (DS. 125)
x2 − 4 3
2
Z2
dx
(x − 1)2
0
Z2
xdx
x2 − 1
−2
Z2
x3 dx 16
9. √ . (DS. ˜ n. Dă.t x = 2 sin t.
). Chı’ dâ
4 − x2 3
0
Z0
e1/x 2
10. dx. (DS. − )
x3 e
−1
Z1
e1/x
x3
0
Z1
dx
12. p . (DS. π)
x(1 − x)
0
Zb
dx
13. p ; a < b. (DS. π)
(x − a)(b − x)
a
Z1
1
14. x ln2 xdx. (DS. )
4
0
Kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. cu’a các tı́ch phân suy rô.ng sau dây.
Z1
cos2 x
15. √
3
1 − x2
0
Z1 √
ln(1 + 3 x
16. dx. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
esin x − 1
0
Z1
dx
17. √ .
x
(DS. Hô.i tu.)
e −1
0
Z1 √
xdx
18. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
esin x−1
0
Z1
x2 dx
19. p . (DS. Phân kỳ)
3
(1 − x2 )5
0
Z1
x3 dx
20. p . (DS. Phân kỳ)
3
(1 − x2 )5
0
Z1
dx
21. . (DS. Phân kỳ)
ex − cos x
0
Zπ/4
ln(sin 2x)
22. √5
x
0
Z1
ln x
23. √ dx. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
x
0
˜ n. Su’. du.ng hê. thú.c lim xα ln x = 0 ∀ α > 0 ⇒ có thê’ lâý
Chı’ dâ
x→0+0
1 |lnx| 1
α = chă’ng ha.n ⇒ √ < 3/4 .
4 x x
Z1
sin x
x2
0
Z2
dx
25. √ . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
x − x3
0
Z2
(x − 2)
x2 − 3x2 + 4
1
Z1
dx
27. p . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
x(ex − e−x )
0
s
Z2
16 + x4
28. dx. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
16 − x4
0
Z1 √
ex − 1
29. dx. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
sin x
0
Z1 p
3
ln(1 + x)
1 − cos x
0
Chu.o.ng 12
` u biêń
Tı́ch phân hàm nhiê
12.1 Tı́ch phân 2-ló.p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

` n chũ. nhâ.t . . . . . . . . . 118

` n cong . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
12.1.3 Mô.t vài ú.ng du.ng trong hı̀nh ho.c . . . . . . 121

12.2 Tı́ch phân 3-ló.p . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
` n hı̀nh hô.p . . . . . . . . . 133

` n cong . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
12.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.2.4 Nhâ.n xét chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
12.3 Tı́ch phân d u.ò.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.3.1 Các di.nh nghı̃a co. ba’n . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
12.3.2 Tı́nh tı́ch phân du.ò.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
12.4 Tı́ch phân mă.t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
12.4.2 Phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân mă.t . . . . . . 160
118 Chu.o.ng 12. Tı́ch phân hàm nhiê
` u biêń
12.4.3 Công thú.c Gauss-Ostrogradski . . . . . . . 162

12.4.4 Công thú.c Stokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
12.1 Tı́ch phân 2-ló.p

` n chũ. nhâ.t
Gia’ su’.
D = [a, b] × [c, d] = {(x, y) : a 6 x 6 b, c 6 y 6 d}
và hàm f(x, y) liên tu.c trong miê ` n D. Khi dó tı́ch phân 2-ló.p cu’a
` n chũ. nhâ.t
hàm f (x, y) theo miê
D = {(x, y) : a 6 x 6 b; c 6 y 6 d}
du.o..c tı́nh theo công thú.c

ZZ Zb Zd
f(M)dxdy = dx f (M)dy; (12.1)
D a c
ZZ Zd Zb
f(M)dxdy = dy f (M)dx, M = (x, y). (12.2)
D c a
Trong (12.1): dâ ` u tiên tı́nh tı́ch phân trong I(x) theo y xem x là hă`ng
sô´, sau dó tı́ch phân kê´t qua’ thu du.o..c I(x) theo x. Dôí vó.i (12.2) ta
cũng tiêń hành tu.o..ng tu.. nhu.ng theo thú. tu.. ngu.o..c la.i.

` n cong
Gia’ su’. hàm f (x, y) liên tu.c trong miê
` n bi. chă.n
D = {(x, y) : a 6 x 6 b; ϕ1(x) 6 y 6 ϕ2 (x)}

12.1. Tı́ch phân 2-ló.p 119
trong dó y = ϕ1 (x) là biên du.ó.i, y = ϕ2(x) là biên trên, hoă.c
D = {(x, y) : c 6 y 6 d; g1 (y) 6 x 6 g2 (y)}
trong dó x = g1 (y) là biên trái còn x = g2 (y) là biên pha’i, o’. dây
ta luôn gia’ thiê´t các hàm ϕ1, ϕ2 , g1 , g2 dê
` u liên tu.c trong các khoa’ng
tu.o.ng ú.ng. Khi dó tı́ch phân 2-ló.p theo miê ` n D luôn luôn tô` n ta.i.
Dê’ tı́nh tı́ch phân 2-ló p ta có thê’ áp du.ng mô.t trong hai phu.o.ng
.
pháp sau.
1+ Phu.o.ng pháp Fubini du..a trên di.nh lý Fubini vê ` viê.c du.a tı́ch
phân 2-ló.p vê
` tı́ch phân lă.p. Phu.o.ng pháp này cho phép ta du.a tı́ch
` tı́ch phân lă.p theo hai thú. tu.. khác nhau:
ZZ Zb h ϕZ2 (x) i Zb ϕZ2 (x)
f (M)dxdy = f(M)dy dx = dx f (M)dy, (12.3)

D a ϕ1 (x) a ϕ1 (x)
ZZ Zd h gZ2 (y) i Zd gZ2 (y)
f (M)dxdy = f(M)dx dy = dy f (M)dx. (12.4)

D c g1 (y) c g1 (y)
Tù. (12.3) và (12.4) suy ră`ng câ.n cu’a các tı́ch phân trong biêń thiên
và phu. thuô.c vào biêń mà khi tı́nh tı́ch phân trong, nó du.o..c xem là
không dô’i. Câ.n cu’a tı́ch phân ngoài luôn luôn là hă `ng sô´.
Nêú trong công thú.c (12.3) (tu.o.ng ú.ng: (12.4)) phâ ` n biên du.ó.i
hay phâ ` n biên trên (tu.o.ng ú.ng: phâ` n biên trái hay pha’i) gô` m tù. mô.t
sô´ phâ ` n có phu.o.ng trı̀nh riêng thı̀ miê
` n và mô˜ i phâ ` n D câ
` n chia thành
nhũ.ng miê ` n con bo’.i các du.ò.ng thă’ng song song vó.i tru.c Oy (tu.o.ng
ú.ng: song song vó.i tru.c Ox) sao cho mô˜ i miê ` n con dó các phâ` n biên
du.ó.i hay trên (tu.o.ng ú.ng: phâ ` u chı’ du.o..c biê’u
` n biên trái, pha’i) dê
diê˜ n bo’.i mô.t phu.o.ng trı̀nh.
2+ Phu.o.ng pháp dô’i biêń. Phép dô’i biêń trong tı́ch phân 2-ló.p
du.o..c thu..c hiê.n theo công thú.c
ZZ ZZ D(x, y)

f(M)dxdy = f[ϕ(u, v), ψ(u, v)] dudv (12.5)
D(u, v)
D D∗
` u biêń
trong dó D∗ là miê` n biêń thiên cu’a to.a dô. cong (u, v) tu.o.ng ú.ng
khi các diê’m (x, y) biêń thiên trong D: x = ϕ(u, v), y = ψ(u, v);
(u, v) ∈ D∗ , (x, y) ∈ D; còn

∂x ∂x
D(x, y) ∂u ∂v
J= = 6= 0 (12.6)
D(u, v) ∂y ∂y

∂u ∂v
là Jacobiên cu’a các hàm x = ϕ(u, v), y = ψ(u, v).
To.a dô. cong thu.ò.ng dùng ho.n ca’ là to.a dô. cu..c (r, ϕ). Chúng
liên hê. vó.i to.a dô. Dêcac bo’.i các hê. thú.c x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ,
0 6 r < +∞, 0 6 ϕ < 2π. Tù. (12.6) suy ra J = r và trong to.a dô.
cu..c (12.5) có da.ng
ZZ ZZ
f(M )dxdy = f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ)rdrdϕ. (12.7)
D D∗
Ký hiê.u vê´ pha’i cu’a (12.7) là I(D∗). Có các tru.ò.ng ho..p cu. thê’ sau
dây.
(i) Nêú cu..c cu’a hê. to.a dô. cu..c nă`m ngoài D thı̀
Zϕ2 rZ
2 (ϕ)
I(D∗ ) = dϕ f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ)rdr. (12.8)

ϕ1 r1 (ϕ)
(ii) Nêú cu..c nă`m trong D và mô˜ i tia di ra tù. cu..c că´t biên ∂D
không quá mô.t diê’m thı̀
Z2π Z
r(ϕ)
I(D∗ ) = dϕ f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ)rdr. (12.9)

0 0
(iii) Nêú cu..c nă`m trên biên ∂D cu’a D thı̀

Zϕ2 Z
r(ϕ)
∗
I(D ) = dϕ f (r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ)rdr. (12.10)
ϕ1 0
12.1. Tı́ch phân 2-ló.p 121
12.1.3 Mô.t vài ú.ng du.ng trong hı̀nh ho.c

` n phă’ng D du.o..c tı́nh theo công thú.c
1+ Diê.n tı́ch SD cu’a miê
ZZ ZZ
SD = dxdy ⇒ SD = rdrdϕ. (12.11)
D D∗
2+ Thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ hı̀nh tru. thă’ng dú.ng có dáy là miê
` n D (thuô.c
mă.t phă’ng Oxy) và gió.i ha.n phı́a trên bo’.i mă.t z = f (x, y) > 0 du.o..c
tı́nh theo công thú.c
ZZ
V = f (x, y)dxdy. (12.12)
D
3+ Nêú mă.t (σ) du.o..c cho bo’.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh z = f (x, y) thı̀ diê.n
tı́ch cu’a nó du.o..c biê’u diê˜ n bo’.i tı́ch phân 2-ló.p
ZZ q
Sσ = 1 + (fx0 )2 + (fy0 )2dxdy, (12.13)
D(x,y)
trong dó D(x, y) là hı̀nh chiêú vuông góc cu’a mă.t (σ) lên mă.t phă’ng
to.a dô. Oxy.
CÁC VÍ DU
.
ZZ
xydxdy, D = {(x, y) : 1 6 x 6 2; 1 6 y 6 2}.
D
Gia’i. Theo công thú.c (12.2):
ZZ Z2 Z2
xydxdy = dy xydx.
D 1 1
` u biêń
Tı́nh tı́ch phân trong (xem y là không dô’i) ta có

Z2
x2 2 1
I(x) = xydx = y = 2y − y.
2 1 2
1
Bây giò. tı́nh tı́ch phân ngoài:

ZZ Z2
1 9
xydxdy = 2y − y dy = · N
2 4
D 1
ZZ
Vı́ du. 2. Tı́nh tı́ch phân xydxdy nêú D du.o..c gió.i ha.n bo’.i các
D
du.ò.ng cong y = x − 4, y 2 = 2x.
Gia’i. Bă`ng cách du..ng các du.ò.ng giũ.a các giao diê’m A(8, 4) và
B(2, −2) cu’a chúng, ba.n do.c sẽ thu du.o..c miê ` n lâý tı́ch phân D.
Nêú dâ
` u tiên lâý tı́ch phân theo x và tiê´p dêń lâý tı́ch phân theo
y thı̀ tı́ch phân theo miê ` n D du.o..c biê’u diê˜ n bo’.i mô.t tı́ch phân bô.i
ZZ Z4 Zy4
I= xydxdy = ydy xdx,
D −2 y 2 /2
` n D lên tru.c Oy. Tù. dó

trong dó doa.n [−2, 4] là hı̀nh chiêú cu’a miê
Z4 h 2 y4 i Z4 h
x 1 2 y4 i
I= y dy = y (y + 4) − dy = 90.
2 y2 /2 2 4
−2 −2
Nêú tı́nh tı́ch phân theo thú. tu.. khác: dâ

` u tiên theo y, sau dó theo
` n chia miê
x thı̀ câ ` n D thành hai miê ` n con bo’.i du.ò.ng thă’ng qua B và
song song vó.i tru.c Oy và thu du.o..c
√ √
ZZ ZZ Z2 Z 2x Z8 Z 2x
I= + = xdx ydy + xdx ydy
√
D1 D2 0 − 2x 2 x−4
Z2 Z8 h y 2 √2x i

= xdx · 0 + x dx = 90.
2 x−4
0 2
12.1. Tı́ch phân 2-ló.p 123
Nhu. vâ.y tı́ch phân 2-ló.p dã cho không phu. thuô.c thú. tu.. tı́nh tı́ch
phân. Do vâ.y, câ ` n cho.n mô.t thú. tu.. tı́ch phân dê’ không pha’i chia
` n. N
miê
ZZ
Vı́ du. 3. Tı́nh tı́ch phân (y − x)dxdy. trong dó miê ` n D du.o..c
D
1 7
gió.i ha.n bo’.i các du.ò.ng thă’ng y = x + 1, y = x − 3, y = − x + ,
3 3
1
y = − x + 5.
3
Gia’i. Dê’ tránh su.. phú.c ta.p, ta su’. du.ng phép dô’i biêń u = −y − x;
1
v = y + x và áp du.ng công thú.c (12.5). Qua phép dô’i biêń dã cho.n,
3
du.ò.ng thă’ng y = x + 1 biêń thành du.ò.ng thă’ng u = 1; còn y = x − 3
biêń thành u = −3 trong mă.t phă’ng Ouv; tu.o.ng tu.., các du.ò.ng thă’ng
1 7 1 7
y = − x + , y = − x + 5 biêń thành các du.ò.ng thă’ng v = , v = 5.
3 3 3 h7 3
Do dó miê ∗ .
` n D tro’ thành miê ` n D = [−3, 1] × , 5 . Dê˜ dàng thâý
∗
3
D(x, y) 3
ră`ng = − . Do dó theo công thú.c (12.5):
D(u, v) 4
ZZ Z Z h
1 3 3 3 i 3
(y − x)dxdy = u+ v − − u+ v dudv
4 4 4 4 4
D D∗
ZZ Z5 Z4
3 3
= ududv = dv udu = −8. N
4 4
D∗ 7/3 −3
Nhâ.n xét. Phép dô’i biêń trong tı́ch phân hai ló.p nhă`m mu.c dı́ch
do.n gia’n hóa miê
` n lâý tı́ch phân. Có thê’ lúc dó hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch
phân tro’. nên phú.c ta.p ho.n.
ZZ
Vı́ du. 4. Tı́nh tı́ch phân (x2 + y 2)dxdy, trong dó D là hı̀nh tròn
D
gió.i ha.n bo’.i du.ò.ng tròn x2 + y 2 = 2x.
Gia’i. Ta chuyê’n sang to.a dô. cu..c và áp du.ng công thú.c (12.7).
Công thú.c liên hê. (x, y) vó.i to.a dô. cu..c (r, ϕ) vó.i cu..c ta.i diê’m O(0, 0)
` u biêń
có da.ng
x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ. (12.14)
Thê´ (12.14) vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh du.ò.ng tròn ta thu du.o..c r2 = 2r cos ϕ ⇒
r = 0 hoă.c r = 2 cos ϕ (dây là phu.o.ng trı̀nh du.ò.ng tròn trong to.a dô.
cu..c). Khi dó
n π π o
∗
D = (r, ϕ) : − 6 ϕ 6 , 0 6 r 6 2 cos ϕ
2 2
ZZ ZZ Zπ/2 2Z
cos ϕ
2 2 3
I= (x + y )dxdy = r drdϕ = dϕ r3 dr
D D∗ −π/2 0
Zπ/2 Zπ/2
r4 2 cos ϕ 3π
= dϕ = 4 cos4 ϕf ϕ = · N
4 0 2
−π/2 −π/2
Nhâ.n xét. Nêú lâý cu..c ta.i tâm hı̀nh tròn thı̀
x − 1 = r cos ϕ
y = r sin ϕ

D∗ = (r, ϕ) : 0 6 r 6 1, 0 6 ϕ 6 2π}
và do x2 + y 2 = 1 + 2r cos ϕ + r2 nên

ZZ
I= r(1 + 2r cos ϕ + r2 )drdϕ
D∗
Z2π Z1
3π
= dϕ (r + 2r2 cos ϕ + r3 )dr = ·
2
0 0
Vı́ du. 5. Tı́nh thê’ tı́ch vâ.t thê’ T gió.i ha.n bo’.i paraboloid z = x2 + y 2,
mă.t tru. y = x2 và các mă.t phă’ng y = 1, z = 0.
12.1. Tı́ch phân 2-ló.p 125
Gia’i. Hı̀nh chiêú cu’a vâ.t thê’ T lên mă.t phă’ng Oxy là
n o
D(x, y) = (x, y) : −1 6 x 6 1, x2 6 y 6 1 .
Do dó áp du.ng (12.12) ta có

ZZ ZZ Z1 Z1
2 2
V (T ) = zdxdy = (x + y )dxdy = dx (x2 + y 2)dy
D(x,y) D(x,y) −1 x2
Z1 h
y 3 1 i 88
= x2 y + 2 dx = · N
3 x 105
−1
` u bán kı́nh R vó.i tâm ta.i gôć to.a dô..

Vı́ du. 6. Tı̀m diê.n tı́ch mă.t câ
Gia’i. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh mă.t câ
` u dã cho có da.ng
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 .
Do dó phu.o.ng trı̀nh nu’.a trên mă.t câ

` u là
p
z = R2 − x2 − y 2.
Do tı́nh dôí xú.ng nên ta chı’ tı́nh diê.n tı́ch nu’.a trên là du’. Ta có
q
Rdxdy
ds = 1 + zx0 2 + zy0 2 dxdy = p ·
R − x2 − y 2
2
` n lâý tı́ch phân D(x, y) = {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 6 R2 }. Do dó

Miê

ZZ x = r cos ϕ
R

S=2 p dxdy = y = r sin ϕ
2
R −x −y2 2
D(x,y) J = r
Z2π ZR
rdr
= 2R √ dϕ
R2 − r2
0 0
h √ R i
= 4πR − R2 − r2 0 = 4πR2 . N
` u biêń
Vı́ du. 7. Tı́nh diê.n tı́ch phâ ` n mă.t tru. x2 = 2z gió.i ha.n bo’.i giao
√
tuyêń cu’a mă.t tru. dó vó.i các mă.t phă’ng x − 2y = 0, y = 2x, x = 2 2.
Gia’i. Dê˜ thâý ră`ng hı̀nh chiêú cu’a phâ ` n mă.t dã nêu là tam giác
vó i các ca.nh nă`m trên giao tuyêń cu’a mă.t phă’ng Oxy vó.i các mă.t
.
phă’ng dã cho.
x2
Tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh mă.t tru. ta có z = , do vâ.y
2
∂z ∂z √
= x, = 0 → dS = 1 + x2dxdy.
∂x ∂y

√ √
Z2 2√ Z2x Z
2 2
√
3
S= 1 + x2dx dy = x 1 + x2dx = 13. N
2
0 x/2 0
BÀI TÂ .P
ZZ
.
Tı̀m câ.n cu’a tı́ch phân hai ló p ` n D gió.i
f (x, y)dxdy theo miê
D
ha.n bo’.i các du.ò.ng dã chı’ ra . (Dê’ ngăń go.n ta ký hiê.u f (x, y) = f (−)).
1. x = 3, x = 5, 3x − 2y + 4 = 0, 3x − 2y + 1 = 0.
3x+4
Z5 Z5
(DS. dx f (−)dy)
3 3x+1
5
2. x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 2
Z2 Z2−x
(DS. dx f (−)dy)
0 0
12.1. Tı́ch phân 2-ló.p 127
3. x2 + y 2 6 1, x > 0, y > 0.
√
Z1 Z1−x2
(DS. dx f (−)dy)
0 0
4. x + y 6 1, x − y 6 1, x > 0.
Z1 Z1−x
(DS. dx f (−)dy)
0 x−1
5. y > x2, y 6 4 − x2 .
√
Z2 Z 2
4−x
(DS. dx f (−)dy)
√
− 2 x2
x2 y 2
6. + 6 1.
4 9
3
√
2
Z+2 2 Z4−x
(DS. dx f (−)dy)
√
−2 − 32 4−x2
√
7. y = x2, y = x.
√
Z1 Zx
(DS. dx f (−)dy)
0 x2
8. y = x, y = 2x, x + y = 6.
Z2 Z2x Z3 Z
6−x
(DS. dx f(−)dy + dx f (−)dy)

0 x 2 x
Thay dô’i thú. tu.. tı́ch phân trong các tı́ch phân
` u biêń
Z4 Z4 Z4 Zx
9. dy f(−)dx. (DS. dx f (−)dy)
0 y 2 2
√
Z0 Z1−x2 Z1 Zy−1
10. dx f(−)dy. (DS. dy f (−)dx)
−1 x+1 0
√
− 1−y 2
√
Z1 Z 2
2−x Z1 Zy Z2 Z2−y
11. dx f(−)dy. (DS. dy f dx + dy f dx)
0 x 0 0 1 0
Z2 Zy Z1 Z2 Z2 Z2
12. dy fdx. (DS. dx f dy + dx f dy)
1 1/y 1/2 1/x 1 x
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân lă.p sau

Z1 Z2x
1
13. dx (x − y + 1)dy. (DS. )
3
0 x
Z4 Zy
y3
14. dy dx. (DS. 6π)
x2 + y 2
−2 0
Z0 Zy2
15. dy (x + 2y)dx. (DS. −11, 2)
2 0
Z5 Z
5−x
p 506
16. dx 4 + x + ydy. (DS. )
15
0 0
Z4 Z2
dy 25
17. dx . (DS. )
(x + y)2 24
3 1
√
Za 2Z ax
344 4
18. dx (x2 + y 2)dy. (DS. a)
√
105
0 −2 ax
12.1. Tı́ch phân 2-ló.p 129
Z2π Za
πa2
19. dϕ rdr. (DS. )
2
0 a sin ϕ
√
Z1 Z1−x2p
π
20∗. dx 1 − x2 − y 2dy. (DS. )
6
0 0
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân 2-ló.p theo các hı̀nh chũ. nhâ.t dã chı’ ra.
ZZ
5
21. (x + y 2)dxdy; 2 6 x 6 3, 1 6 y 6 2. (DS. 4 )
6
D
ZZ
5
22. (x2 + y)dxdy; 1 6 x 6 2, 0 6 y 6 1. (DS. 2 )
6
D
ZZ
2
23. (x2 + y 2 )dxdy; 0 6 x 6 1, 0 6 y 6 1. (DS. )
3
D
ZZ
3y 2 dxdy π
24. ; 0 6 x 6 1, 0 6 y 6 1. (DS. )
1 + x2 4
D
ZZ
π π
25. sin(x + y)dxdy; 0 6 x 6 ,06y6 . (DS. 2)
2 2
D
ZZ
1
26. xexy dxdy; 0 6 x 6 1, −1 6 y 6 0. (DS. )
e
D
ZZ
dxdy 4
27. ; 1 6 x 6 2, 3 6 y 6 4. (DS. ln )
(x − y)2 3
D
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân 2-ló.p theo miê

` n D gió.i ha.n các du.ò.ng dã chı’
ra
ZZ
1
28. xydxdy; y = 0, y = x, x = 1. (DS. )
8
D
ZZ
1
29. xydxdy; y = x2 , x = y 2. (DS. )
12
D
` u biêń
ZZ
7
30. xdxdy; y = x3, x + y = 2, x = 0. (DS. )
15
D
ZZ
5
31. xdxdy; xy = 6, x + y − 7 = 0. (DS. 20 )
6
D
ZZ
3
32. y 2xdxdy; x2 + y 2 = 4, x + y − 2 = 0. (DS. 1 )
5
D
ZZ
5π
33. (x + y)dxdy; 0 6 y 6 π, 0 6 x 6 sin y. (DS. )
4
D
ZZ
π 1
34. sin(x + y)dxdy; x = y, x + y = , y = 0. (DS. )
2 2
D
ZZ
e−y dxdy; D là tam giác vó.i dı’nh O(0, 0), B(0, 1), A(1, 1).
2
35.
D
1 1
(DS. − + )
2e 2
ZZ
36. xydxdy; D là hı̀nh elip 4x2 + y 2 6 4. (DS. 0)
D
ZZ
√ 4a5
37. x2ydxdy; y = 0, y = 2ax − x2 . (DS. )
5
D
ZZ
xdxdy π 1
38. ; y = x, x = 2, x = 2y. (DS. − 2arctg )
x2 + y 2 2 2
D
ZZ
√ 2
39. x + ydxdy; x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1. (DS. )
5
D
ZZ
4
40. (x − y)dxdy; y = 2 − x2, y = 2x − 1. (DS. 4 )
15
D
ZZ
1
41. (x + 2y)dxdy; y = x, y = 2x, x = 2, x = 3. (DS. 25 )
3
D
12.1. Tı́ch phân 2-ló.p 131
ZZ
9π
42. xdxdy; x = 2 + sin y, x = 0, y = 0, y = 2π. (DS. )
2
D
ZZ
4
43. xydxdy; (x − 2)2 + y 2 = 1. (DS. )
3
D
ZZ
dxdy
44. √ ; D là hı̀nh tròn bán kı́nh a nă`m trong góc vuông I
2a − x
D
8 √
và tiê´p xúc vó.i các tru.c to.a dô.. (DS. a 2a)
3
ZZ
45. ydxdy; x = R(t − sin t), y = R(1 − cos t), 0 6 t 6 2π (là miê `n
D
5
gió.i ha.n bo’.i vòm cu’a xicloid.) (DS. πR3 )
2
ZZ Z
2πR Z (x)
y=f
˜ n.
Chı’ dâ ydxdy = dx ydy
D 0 0
Chuyê’n sang to.a dô. cu..c và tı́nh tı́ch phân trong to.a dô. mó.i
ZZ
πR4
46. (x2 + y 2 )dxdy; D : x2 + y 2 6 R2 , y > 0. (DS. )
4
D
ZZ
2 +y 2 π
47. ex dxdy; D : x2 + y 2 6 1, x > 0, y > 0. (DS. (e − 1))
4
D
ZZ
2 +y 2 2
48. ex dxdy; D : x2 + y 2 6 R2 . (DS. 2π(eR − 1))
D
ZZ p
1 4
49. 1 − x2 − y 2dxdy; D : x2 + y 2 6 x. (DS. π− )
4 3
D
ZZ s
1 − x2 − y 2
50. dxdy; D : x2 + y 2 6 1, x > 0, y > 0.
1 + x2 + y 2
D
π(π − 2)
(DS. )
2
` u biêń
ZZ
ln(x2 + y 2)
51. 2 2
dxdy; D : 1 6 x2 + y 2 6 e. (DS. 2π)
x +y
D
ZZ
52. (x2 + y 2)dxdy; D gió.i ha.n bo’.i các du.ò.ng tròn
D
5π
x2 + y 2 + 2x − 1 = 0, x2 + y 2 + 2x = 0. (DS. )
2
˜ n. Dă.t x − 1 = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ.
Chı’ dâ
Tı́nh thê’ tı́ch cu’a vâ.t thê’ gió.i ha.n bo’.i các mă.t dã chı’ ra.
1
53. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + y + z = 1. (DS. )
6
1
54. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + y = 1, z = x2 + y 2 . (DS. )
6
88
55. z = x2 + y 2, y = x2, y = 1, z = 0. (DS. )
105
p 2
56. z = x2 + y 2 , x2 + y 2 = a2, z = 0. (DS. πa3)
3
πa4
57. z = x2 + y 2, x2 + y 2 = a2, z = 0. (DS. )
2
4a3
58. z = x, x2 + y 2 = a2, z = 0. (DS. )
3
1
59. z = 4 − x2 − y 2, x = ±1, y = ±1. (DS. 13 )
3
11
60. 2 − x − y − 2z = 0, y = x2 , y = x. (DS. )
120
61. x2 + y 2 = 4x, z = x, z = 2x. (DS. 4π)
` n mă.t dã chı’ ra.
Tı́nh diê.n tı́ch các phâ
` n mă.t phă’ng 6x + 3y + 2z = 12 nă`m trong góc phâ
62. Phâ ` n tám I.
(DS. 14)
` n mă.t phă’ng x + y + z = 2a nă`m trong mă.t tru. x2 + y 2 = a2.
63. Phâ
√
(DS. 2a2 3)
12.2. Tı́ch phân 3-ló.p 133
` n mă.t paraboloid z = x2 + y 2 nă`m trong mă.t tru. x2 + y 2 = 4.

64. Phâ
π √
(DS. (17 17 − 1))
6
` n mă.t 2z = x2 + y 2 nă`m trong mă.t tru. x2 + y 2 = 1.
65. Phâ
2 √
(DS. (2 2 − 1)π)
3
p
` n mă.t nón z = x2 + y 2 nă`m trong mă.t tru. x2 + y 2 = a2 .
66. Phâ
√
(DS. πa2 2)
` u x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 nă`m trong mă.t tru. x2 + y 2 = Rx.
` n mă.t câ
67. Phâ
(DS. 2R2 (π − 2))
68. Phâ ` n mă.t nón z 2 = x2 + y 2 nă`m trong mă.t tru. x2 + y 2 = 2x.
√
(DS. 2 2π)
69. Phâ ` n tám thú I và gió.i ha.n
` n mă.t tru. z 2 = 4x nă`m trong góc phâ
4 √
bo’.i mă.t tru. y 2 = 4x và mă.t phă’ng x = 1. (DS. (2 2 − 1))
3
` u x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 nă`m trong mă.t tru. x2 + y 2 = a2
` n mă.t câ
70. Phâ
√
(a 6 R). (DS. 4πa(a − a2 − R2 ))
12.2 Tı́ch phân 3-ló.p

` n hı̀nh hô.p
Gia’ su’. miê
` n D ⊂ R3:
D = [a, b] × [c, d] × [e, g] = {(x, y, z) : a 6 x 6 b, c 6 y 6 d, e 6 z 6 g}

và hàm f (x, y, z) liên tu.c trong D. Khi dó tı́ch phân 3-ló.p cu’a hàm
` n D du.o..c tı́nh theo công thú.c
f (x, y, z) theo miê
ZZZ Zb n Zd h Zg i o
f(x, y, z)dxdydz = f (x, y, z)dz dy dx
D a c e
Zb Zd Zg
= dx dy f (M)dx. (12.15)
a c e
` u biêń
Tù. (12.15) suy ra các giai doa.n tı́nh tı́ch phân 3-ló.p:
Zg
` u tiên tı́nh I(x, y) = f (M)dz;
(i) Dâ
e
Zd
(ii) Tiê´p theo tı́nh I(x) = I(x, y)dy;
c
Zb
(iii) Sau cùng tı́nh tı́ch phân I = I(x)dx.
a
Nêú tı́ch phân (12.15) du.o..c tı́nh theo thú. tu.. khác thı̀ các giai doa. n
tı́nh vâ˜ n tu.o.ng tu..: dâ
` u tiên tı́nh tı́ch phân trong, tiê´p dêń tı́nh tı́ch
phân giũ.a và sau cùng là tı́nh tı́ch phân ngoài.

` n cong
1+ Gia’ su’. hàm f(M) liên tu.c trong miê
` n bi. chă.n

D = (x, y, z) : a 6 x 6 b, ϕ1(x) 6 y 6 ϕ2 (x), g1 (x, y) 6 z 6 g2 (x, y) .
Khi dó tı́ch phân 3-ló.p cu’a hàm f(M) theo miê
` n D du.o..c tı́nh theo
công thú.c
ZZZ Zb n ϕZ2 (x)h g2Z(x,y) i o

f(M )dxdydz = f (M)dx dy dx (12.16)
D a ϕ1 (x) g1 (x,y)
hoă.c
ZZZ ZZ g2Z(x,y)
f(M )dxdydz = dxdy f (M)dz, (12.17)

D D(x,y) g1 (x,y)
trong dó D(x, y) là hı̀nh chiêú vuông góc cu’a D lên mă.t phă’ng Oxy.
Viê.c tı́nh tı́ch phân 3-ló.p du.o..c quy vê
` tı́nh liên tiê´p ba tı́ch phân thông
12.2. Tı́ch phân 3-ló.p 135
thu.ò.ng theo (12.16) tù. tı́ch phân trong, tiê´p dêń tı́ch phân giũ.a và
sau cùng là tı́nh tı́ch phân ngoài. Khi tı́nh tı́ch phân 3-ló.p theo công
thú.c (12.17): dâ ` u tiên tı́nh tı́ch phân trong và sau dó có thê’ tı́nh tı́ch
phân 2-ló.p theo miê ` n D(x, y) theo các phu.o.ng pháp dã có trong 12.1.
2+ Phu.o.ng pháp dô’i biêń. Phép dô’i biêń trong tı́ch phân 3-ló.p
du.o..c tiêń hành theo công thú.c
ZZZ ZZZ

f(M )dxdydz = f ϕ(u, v, w), ψ(u, v, w), χ(u, v, w) ×
D D∗
D(x, y, z)

× dudvdw, (12.18)
D(u, v, w)
trong dó D∗ là miê ` n biêń thiên cu’a to.a dô. cong u, v, w tu.o.ng ú.ng khi
các diê’m (x, y, z) biêń thiên trong D: x = ϕ(u, v, w), y = ψ(u, v, w),
D(x, y, z)
z = χ(u, v, w), là Jacobiên cu’a các hàm ϕ, ψ, χ
D(u, v, w)

∂ϕ ∂ϕ ∂ϕ

∂u ∂v ∂w
D(x, y, z)
∂ψ ∂ψ ∂ψ
J= = 6= 0. (12.19)
D(u, v, w) ∂u ∂v ∂w

∂χ ∂χ ∂χ

∂u ∂v ∂w
Tru.ò.ng ho..p dă.c biê.t cu’a to.a dô. cong là to.a dô. tru. và to.a dô. câ
` u.
(i) Bu.ó.c chuyê’n tù. to.a dô. Dêcác sang to.a dô. tru. (r, ϕ, z) du.o..c thu..c
hiê.n theo các hê. thú.c x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ, z = z; 0 6 r < +∞,
0 6 ϕ < 2π, −∞ < z < +∞. Tù. (12.19) suy ra J = r và trong to.a
dô. tru. ta có
ZZ Z ZZZ

f(M )dxdydz = f r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ, z rdrdϕdz, (12.20)
D D∗
trong dó D∗ là miê ` n biêń thiên cu’a to.a dô. tru. tu.o.ng ú.ng khi diê’m
(x, y, z) biêń thiên trong D.
` u biêń
(ii) Bu.ó.c chuyê’n tù. to.a dô. Dêcác sang to.a dô. câ
` u (r, ϕ, θ) du.o..c
thu..c hiê.n theo các hê. thú.c x = r sin θ cos ϕ, y = r sin θ sin ϕ, z =
r cos θ, 0 6 r < +∞, 0 6 ϕ < 2π, 0 6 θ 6 π. Tù. (12.19) ta có
J = r2 sin θ và trong to.a dô. câ ` u ta có
ZZZ
f(M)dxdydz =
D
ZZZ

= f r sin θ cos ϕ, r sin θ sin ϕ, r cos θ r2 sin θdrdϕdθ, (12.21)
D∗
trong dó D∗ là miê ` u tu.o.ng ú.ng khi diê’m

` n biêń thiên cu’a to.a dô. câ
(x, y, z) biêń thiên trong D.
12.2.3
` n D ⊂ R3 du.o..c tı́nh theo công
Thê’ tı́ch cu’a vâ.t thê’ choán hê´t miê
thú.c
Z ZZ
VD = dxdydz. (12.22)
D
12.2.4 Nhâ.n xét chung

Bă`ng cách thay dô’i thú. tu.. tı́nh tı́ch phân trong tı́ch phân 3-ló.p ta sẽ
thu du.o..c các công thú.c tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. công thú.c (12.16) dê’ tı́nh tı́ch
phân. Viê.c tı̀m câ.n cho tı́ch phân do.n thông thu.ò.ng khi chuyê’n tı́ch
` tı́ch phân lă.p du.o..c thu..c hiê.n nhu. dôí vó.i tru.ò.ng ho..p
tı́ch phân 2-ló.p.
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Tı́nh tı́ch phân lă.p
Z1 Z1 Z2
I = dx dy (4 + z)dx.
−1 x2 0
12.2. Tı́ch phân 3-ló.p 137
Gia’i. Ta tı́nh liên tiê´p ba tı́ch phân xác di.nh thông thu.ò.ng bă´t
` u tù. tı́ch phân trong
dâ
Z2
2 z 2 2
I(x, y) = (4 + z)dz = 4z 0 + = 10;
2 0
0
Z1 Z1
I(x) = I(x, y)dy = 10 dy = 10(1 − x2);
x2 x2
Z1 Z1
40
I= I(x)dx = 10(1 − x2 )dx = · N
3
−1 −1

ZZZ
I= (x + y + z)dxdydz,
D
trong dó miê ` n D du.o..c gió.i ha.n bo’.i các mă.t phă’ng to.a dô. và mă.t
phă’ng x + y + z = 1.
Gia’i. Miê ` n D dã cho là mô.t tú. diê.n có hı̀nh chiêú vuông góc trên
mă.t phă’ng Oxy là tam giác gió.i ha.n bo’.i các du.ò.ng thă’ng x = 0,
y = 0, x + y = 1. Rõ ràng là x biêń thiên tù. 0 dêń 1 (doa.n [0, 1] là
hı̀nh chiêú cu’a D lên tru.c Ox). Khi cô´ di.nh x, 0 6 x 6 1 thı̀ y biêń
thiên tù. 0 dêń 1 − x. Nêú cô´ di.nh ca’ x và y (0 6 x 6 1, 0 6 y 6 1 − x)
thı̀ diê’m (x, y, z) biêń thiên theo du.ò.ng thă’ng dú.ng tù. mă.t phă’ng
z = 0 dêń mă.t phă’ng x + y + z = 1, tú.c là z biêń thiên tù. 0 dêń
1 − x − y. Theo công thú.c (12.16) ta có
Z1 Z
1−x Z
1−x−y
I= dx dy (x + y + z)dz.
0 0 0
` u biêń
Dê˜ dàng thâý ră`ng

Z1 Z
1−x
z 2 i1−x−y
I= dx xz + yz + dy
2 0
0 0
Z1
1 nh y 3 i1−x o
= y − yx2 − xy 2 − dx
2 3 0
0
Z1
1 1
= (2 − 3x + x3)dx = · N
6 8
0
ZZZ
dxdydz
Vı́ du. 3. Tı́nh I = ` n D du.o..c gió.i
, trong dó miê
(x + y + z)3
D
ha.n bo’.i các mă.t phă’ng x + z = 3, y = 2, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
Gia’i. Miê ` n D dã cho là mô.t hı̀nh lăng tru. có hı̀nh chiêú vuông

góc lên mă.t phă’ng Oxy là hı̀nh chũ. nhâ.t D(x, y) = (x, y) : 0 6

x 6 3, 0 6 y 6 2 . Vó.i diê’m M(x, y) cô´ di.nh thuô.c D(x, y) diê’m
(x, y, z) ∈ D biêń thiên trên du.ò.ng thă’ng dú.ng tù. mă.t phă’ng Oxy
(z = 0) dêń mă.t phă’ng x + z = 3, tú.c là z biêń thiên tù. 0 dêń 3 − x:
0 6 z 6 3 − x. Tù. dó theo (12.17) ta có
ZZZ ZZ Z
z=3−x
f(M )dxdydz = dxdy (x + y + z + 1)−3 dz

D D(x,y) z=0
ZZ h
(x + y + z + 1)−2 3−x i 4 ln 2 − 1
= dxdy = · · · = · N
−2 0 8
D(x,y)
ZZ Z
Vı́ du. 4. Tı́nh tı́ch phân (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz, trong dó miê
`n
D
D du.o..c gió.i ha.n bo’.i mă.t 3(x2 + y 2) + z 2 = 3a2 .
Gia’i. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh mă.t biên cu’a D có thê’ viê´t du.ó.i da.ng
x2 y 2 z2
+ + √ = 1.
a2 b2 (a 3)2
12.2. Tı́ch phân 3-ló.p 139
Dó là mă.t elipxoid tròn xoay, tú.c là D là hı̀nh elipxoid tròn xoay.
Hı̀nh chiêú vuông góc D(x, y) cu’a D lên mă.t phă’ng Oxy là hı̀nh tròn
x2 + y 2 6 a2. Do dó áp du.ng cách lâ.p luâ.n nhu. trong các vı́ du. 2
và 3 ta thâý ră`ng khi diê’m M(x, y) ∈ D(x, y) du.o..c cô´ di.nh thı̀ diê’m
(x, y, z) cu’a miê ` n D biêń thiên trên du.ò.ng thă’ng dú.ng M(x, y) tù.
mă.t biên du.ó.i cu’a D
p
z = − 3(a2 − x2 − y 2)
dêń mă.t biên trên

p
z=+ 3(a2 − x2 − y 2).
Tù. dó theo (12.17) ta có

√
+ 3(a2 −x2 −y 2 )
ZZ Z
I= dxdy (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )dz
D(x,y)
√ 2 2 2
−
3(a −x −y )
√ ZZ p
= 2a2 3 a2 − x2 − y 2dxdy = |chuyê’n sang to.a dô. cu..c|
x2 +y 2 6a2
√ ZZ √ √ Z Za
2π
2
= 2a 3 a − r rdrdϕ = a 3 dϕ (a2 − r2 )1/2rdr
2 2 2
r6a 0 0
5
4πa
= √ · N
3
Vı́ du. 5. Tı́nh thê’ tı́ch cu’a vâ.t thê’ gió.i ha.n bo’.i các mă.t phă’ng
x + y + z = 4, x = 3, y = 2, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.
Gia’i. Miê ` n D dã cho là mô.t hı̀nh lu.c diê.n trong không gian. Nó
có hı̀nh chiêú vuông góc D(x, y) lên mă.t phă’ng Oxy là hı̀nh thang
vuông gió.i ha.n bo’.i các du.ò.ng thă’ng x = 0, y = 0, x = 3, y = 2 và
` u biêń
x + y = 4. Do dó áp du.ng (12.17) ta có

ZZZ ZZ Z
4−x−y ZZ
VD = dxdydz = dxdy dz = (4 − x − y)dxdy
D D(x,y) 0 D(x,y)
Z1 Z3 Z2 Z4−y
= dy (4 − x − y)dx + dy (4 − x − y)dx
0 0 1 0
Z1 nh Z2 nh
x2 i3o x2 i4−y o
= (4 − y)x − dy + (4 − y)x − dy
2 0 2 0
0 1
Z1 15 Z2
1 55
= − 3y dy + (4 − y)2dy = · N
2 2 6
0 1

ZZ Z p
I= z x2 + y 2dxdydz,
D
trong dó miê` n D gió.i ha.n bo’.i mă.t phă’ng y = 0, z = 0, z = a và mă.t
tru. x2 + y 2 = 2x (x > 0, y > 0, a > 0).
Gia’i. Chuyê’n sang to.a dô. tru. ta thâý phu.o.ng trı̀nh mă.t tru. x2 +
π
y 2 = 2x trong to.a dô. tru. có da.ng r = 2 cos ϕ, 0 6 ϕ 6 (hãy vẽ hı̀nh
2
!). Do dó theo công thú.c (12.20) ta có
Zπ/2 2Zcos ϕ Za Zπ/2 2Zcos ϕ
2 a2
I= dϕ r dr zdz = dϕ r2 dr
2
0 0 0 0 0
Zπ/2
4a2 8
= cos3 ϕdϕ = a2. N
3 9
0

ZZ Z
I= (x2 + y 2 )dxdydz,
D
12.2. Tı́ch phân 3-ló.p 141
` n D là nu’.a trên cu’a hı̀nh câ

nêú miê ` u x2 + y 2 + z 2 6 R2 , z > 0.
Gia’i. Chuyê’n sang to.a dô. câ ` n biêń thiên D∗ cu’a các to.a dô.
` u, miê
` u tu.o.ng ú.ng khi diê’m (x, y, z) biêń thiên trong D là có da.ng
câ
π
D∗ : 0 6 ϕ < 2π, 0 6 θ 6 , 0 6 r 6 R.
2
Tù. dó
ZZZ Z2π Zπ/2 ZR

I= r2 sin2 θ · r2 sin θdrdϕdθ = dϕ sin θdθ r4 dr
3
D∗ 0 0 0
4
= πR5 . N
15
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân lă.p sau

√
Z1 Zx Z
2−2x
1
1. dx ydy dz. (DS. )
12
0 0 1−x
Za Zh Z
a−y
a3h
2. ydy dx dz. (DS. )
6
0 0 0
Z2 Z2 Z3
3. dy xdx z 2dz. (DS. 30)
0
√ 0
2y−y 2
Z1 Z
1−x Z
1−x−y
dz ln 2 5
4. dx dy . (DS. − )
(1 + x + y + z)3 2 16
0 0 0
Zc Zb Za abc
2 2 2 2 2 2
5. dz dy (x + y + z )dx. (DS. (a + b + c ) )
3
0 0 0
` u biêń
Za Z
a−x Z
a−x−y
a5
6. dx dy (x2 + y 2 + z 2)dz. (DS. )
20
0 0 0
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân 3-ló.p theo miê

` n D gió.i ha.n bo’.i các mă.t dã chı’
ra. Z Z Z
7. (x + y − z)dxdydz; x = −1, x = 1; y = 0, y = 1;
D
z = 0, z = 2. (DS. −2)
ZZZ
1
8. xydxdydz; x = 1, x = 2; y = −2, y = −1; z = 0, z = .
2
D
8
(DS. − )
ZZZ 9
dxdydz
9. ; x = 1, x = 2; y = 1, y = 2; z = 1, z = 2.
(x + y + z)2
D
1 128
(DS. ln )
ZZZ 2 125
10. (x + 2y + 3z + 4)dxdydz; x = 0, x = 3; y = 0, y = 2;
D
z = 0, z = 1. (DS. 54)
ZZZ
1
11. zdxdydz; x = 0, y = 0, z = 0; x + y + z = 1. (DS. )
24
D
ZZZ
1
12. xdxdydz; x = 0. y = 0, z = 0, y = 1; x + z = 1. (DS. )
6
D
ZZZ
13. yzdxdydz; x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1, z > 0. (DS. 0)
D
ZZZ
14. xydxdydz; x2 + y 2 = 1, z = 0, z = 1 (x > 0, y > 0).
D
1
(DS. )
ZZZ 8
15. xyzdxdydz; x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
D
12.2. Tı́ch phân 3-ló.p 143
1
(x > 0, y > 0, z > 0). (DS. )
48
ZZ Z p
16. x2 + y 2dxdydz; x2 + y 2 = z 2 , z = 0, z = 1. (DS. π/6)
D
ZZ Z
17. (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz; x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b,
D
abc 2
z = 0, z = c. (DS. (a + b2 + c2 ))
3
ZZ Z
√ πh4
18. ydxdydz; y = x2 + z 2 , y = h, h > 0. (DS. )
4
D
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân 3-ló.p sau bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp dô’i biêń.
ZZ Z
4πR5
19. (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz; x2 + y 2 + z 2 6 R2 . (DS. )
5
D
ZZ Z
π
20. (x2 + y 2)dxdydz; z = x2 + y 2, z = 1. (DS. )
6
D
ZZ Z p
21. x2 + y 2 + z 2 dxdydz; x2 + y 2 + z 2 6 R2 . (DS. πR4 )
D
ZZ Z p
22. z x2 + y 2dxdydz; x2 + y 2 = 2x, y = 0, z = 0, z = 3.
D
(DS. 8)
ZZ Z
23. zdxdydz; x2 + y 2 + z 2 6 R2 , x > 0, y > 0, z > 0.
D
πR4
(DS. )
16
ZZ Z
16π
24. (x2 − y 2 )dxdydz; x2 + y 2 = 2z, z = 2. (DS. )
3
D
ZZ Z p
25. z x2 + y 2dxdydz; y 2 = 3x − x2, z = 0, z = 2. (DS. 24)
D
` u biêń
Tı́nh thê’ tı́ch cu’a các vâ.t thê’ gió.i ha.n bo’.i các mă.t dã chı’ ra.
26. x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + 2y + z − 6 = 0. (DS. 36)
27. 2x + 3y + 4z = 12; x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. (DS. 12)

x y z abc
28. + + = 1, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. (DS. )
a b c 6
2 2 πa3
29. ax = y + z , x = a. (DS. )
2
30. 2z = x2 + y 2, z = 2. (DS. 4π)
π √
31. z = x2 + y 2, x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2. (DS. [8 2 − 7])
6
p π
32. z = x2 + y 2 , z = x2 + y 2 . (DS. )
6
π
33. x2 + y 2 − z = 1, z = 0. (DS. )
2
81π
34. 2z = x2 + y 2, y + z = 4. (DS. )
4
x2 y 2 z 2 4
35. + + 2 = 1. (DS. πabc)
a2 b2 c 3
12.3 Tı́ch phân du.ò.ng
12.3.1 Các di.nh nghı̃a co. ba’n

Gia’ su’. hàm f(M), P (M) và Q(M ), M = (x, y) liên tu.c ta.i mo.i diê’m
cu’a du.ò.ng cong do du.o..c L = L(A, B) vó.i diê’m dâ
` u A và diê’m cuôí B.
Chia mô.t cách tùy ý L(A, B) thành n cung nho’ vó.i dô. dài tu.o.ng ú.ng
là ∆s0, ∆s1, ∆s2, . . . , ∆sn−1 . Dă.t d = max (∆si ). Trong mô˜ i cung
06i6n−1
nho’, lâý mô.t cách tùy ý diê’m N0 , N1, . . . , Nn−1 . tı́nh giá tri. f (Ni ),
P (Ni ) và Q(Ni ) ta.i diê’m Ni dó.
Xét hai phu.o.ng pháp lâ.p tô’ng tı́ch phân sau dây.
12.3. Tı́ch phân d u.ò.ng 145
Phu.o.ng pháp I. Lâý giá tri. f (Ni ) nhân vó.i dô. dài cung ∆si tu.o.ng
ú.ng và lâ.p tô’ng tı́ch phân
X
n−1
σ1 = f (Ni )∆si . (*)
i=0
Phu.o.ng pháp II. Khác vó.i cách lâ.p tô’ng tı́ch phân (∗), trong
phu.o.ng pháp này ta lâý giá tri. P (Ni ), Q(Ni ) nhân không pha’i vó.i
dô. dài cu’a các cung nho’ mà là nhân vó.i hı̀nh chiêú vuông góc cu’a các
cung nho’ dó trên các tru.c to.a dô., tú.c là lâ.p tô’ng
X
n−1
σx = P (Ni )∆xi; ∆xi = proOx ∆si,
i=0
X
n−1
σy = Q(Ni )∆yi; ∆yi = proOy ∆si .
i=0
Mô˜ i cách lâ.p tô’ng tı́ch phân trên dây sẽ dâ˜ n dêń mô.t kiê’u tı́ch
phân du.ò.ng.
- i.nh nghı̃a 12.3.1. Nêú tô
D ` n ta.i gió.i ha.n hũ.u ha.n lim σ1 không phu.
d→0
thuô.c vào phép phân hoa.ch du.ò.ng cong L thành các cung nho’ và
không phu. thuô.c vào viê.c cho.n các diê’m trung gian Ni trên mô˜ i cung
nho’ thı̀ gió.i ha.n dó du.o..c go.i là tı́ch phân du.ò.ng theo dô. dài (hay tı́ch
phân du.ò.ng kiê’u I) cu’a hàm f(x, y) theo du.ò.ng cong L = L(A, B).
Ký hiê.u:
Z
f(x, y)ds. (12.23)
L
- i.nh nghı̃a 12.3.2. Phát biê’u tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. trong di.nh nghı̃a 12.3.1:
D
X
n−1 Z
+
1 . lim σx = lim P (Ni )∆xi = P (x, y)dx
d→0 d→0
i=0
L(A,B)
(12.24)
` u biêń
go.i là tı́ch phân du.ò.ng theo hoành dô. (nêú (12.24) tô
` n ta.i hũ.u ha.n)
X
n−1 Z
+
2 . lim σy = lim Q(Ni )∆yi = Q(x, y)dy
d→0 d→0
i=0
L(A,B)
(12.25)
go.i là tı́ch phân du.ò.ng theo tung dô. (nêú (12.25) tô` n ta.i hũ.u ha.n)
Thông thu.ò.ng ngu.ò.i ta lâ.p tô’ng tı́ch phân da.ng
X
n−1 X
n−1
Σ= P (Ni )∆xi + Q(Ni )∆yi
i=0 o=0
và nêú ∃ lim Σ thı̀ gió.i ha.n dó du.o..c go.i là tı́ch phân du.ò.ng theo to.a
d→0
dô. da.ng tô’ng quát:
Z
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy. (12.26)
L(A,B)
- i.nh lý. Nêú các hàm f(x, y), P (x, y), Q(x, y) liên tu.c theo du.ò.ng
D
cong L(A, B) = L thı̀ các tı́ch phân du.ò.ng (12.23) - (12.26) tô ` n ta.i
hũ.u ha.n.
Tù. di.nh nghı̃a 12.3.1 và khái niê.m dô. dài cung (không phu. thuô.c
hu.ó.ng cu’a cung) và di.nh nghı̃a 12.3.2 và tı́nh châ´t cu’a hı̀nh chiêú cu’a
cung (hı̀nh chiêú dô’i dâú khi dô’i hu.ó.ng cu’a cung) suy ra tı́nh châ´t
quan tro.ng cu’a tı́ch phân du.ò.ng: tı́ch phân du.ò.ng theo dô. dài không
phu. thuô.c vào hu.ó.ng cu’a du.ò.ng cong; tı́ch phân du.ò.ng theo to.a dô.
dô’i dâú khi dô’i hu.ó.ng du.ò.ng cong.
12.3.2 Tı́nh tı́ch phân du.ò.ng

Phu.o.ng pháp chung dê’ tı́nh tı́ch phân du.ò.ng là du.a viê.c tı́nh tı́ch
phân du.ò.ng vê
` tı́ch phân xác di.nh. Cu. thê’ là: xuâ´t phát tù. phu.o.ng
trı̀nh cu’a du.ò.ng lâý tı́ch phân L = L(A, B) ta biêń dô’i biê’u thú.c du.ó.i
dâú tı́ch phân du.ò.ng thành biê’u thú.c mô.t biêń mà giá tri. cu’a biêń dó
ta.i diê’m dâ
` u A và diê’m cuôí B sẽ là câ.n cu’a tı́ch phân xác di.nh thu
du.o..c.
1+ Nêú L(A, B) du.o..c cho bo’.i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh tham sô´ x = ϕ(t),
y = ψ(t), t ∈ [a, b] (trong dó ϕ, ψ kha’ vi liên tu.c và ϕ0 2 + ψ 02 > 0) thı̀
q
ds = ϕ0 2 + ψ 02 dt
Z Zb q
f(x, y)ds = f[ϕ(t), ψ(t)] ϕ0 2 + ψ 02 dt (12.27)
L(A,B) a
và
Z
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy =
L(A,B)
Zb

= P ϕ(t), ψ(t) ϕ0(t) + Q ϕ(t), ψ(t) ψ 0(t) dt. (12.28)
a
2+ Nêú L(A, B) du.o..c cho bo’.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh y = g(x), x ∈ [a, b]

(trong dó g(x) kha’ vi liên tu.c trên [a, b]) thı̀
q
ds = 1 + g 0 2(x)dx
Z Zb q
f(x, y)ds = f[x, g(x)] 1 + g 0 2(x)dx. (12.29)
L(A,B) a
và
Z Zb

P dx + Qdy = P (x, g(x)) + Q(x, g(x))g 0(x) dx. (12.30)
L(A,B) a
` u biêń
3+ Nêú L(A, B) du.o..c cho du.ó.i da.ng to.a dô. cu..c ρ = ρ(ϕ) α 6 ϕ 6
β thı̀
q
ds = ρ2 + ρ0ϕ 2 dϕ
Z Zβ q
f(x, y)ds = f [ρ cos ϕ, ρ sin ϕ] ρ2 + ρ02 dϕ. (12.31)
L(A,B) α
4+ Tı́ch phân du.ò.ng theo to.a dô. có thê’ tı́nh nhò. công thú.c Green.
∂Q ∂P
Nêú P (x, y), Q(x, y) và các da.o hàm riêng , cùng liên tu.c
∂x ∂y
trong miê` n D gió.i ha.n bo’.i du.ò.ng cong không tu.. că´t tro.n tù.ng khúc
L = ∂D thı̀
I ZZ
∂Q ∂P
P dx + Qdy = − dxdy. (12.32)
∂x ∂y
L+ D
I
Công thú.c (12.32) go.i là công thú.c Green, trong dó là tı́ch phân
L+
theo du.ò.ng cong kı́n có hu.ó.ng du.o.ng L+ .
` n D gió.i ha.n bo’.i du.ò.ng cong L du.o..c tı́nh
Hê. qua’. Diê.n tı́ch miê
theo công thú.c
I
1
SD = xdy − ydx. (12.33)
2
L
` tı́ch phân du.ò.ng trong không gian. Gia’ su’. L =

5+ Nhâ.n xét vê
L(A, B) là du.ò.ng cong không gian; f, P, Q, R là nhũ.ng hàm ba biêń
liên tu.c trên L. Khi dó tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. tru.ò.ng ho..p du..
I ò ng cong phă’ng
ta có thê’ di.nh nghı̃a tı́ch phân du.ò.ng theo dô. dài f (x, y, z)ds và
L(A,B)
tı́ch phân du.ò.ng theo to.a dô.
Z Z Z
P (x, y, z)dx, Q(x, y, z)dy, R(x, y, z)dz
L L L
và
Z
P dx + Qdy + Rdz.
L
` thu..c châ´t kỹ thuâ.t tı́nh các tı́ch phân này không khác biê.t gı̀
Vê
so vó.i tru.ò.ng ho..p du.ò.ng cong phă’ng.
CÁC VÍ DU .
I
x
Vı́ du. 1. Tı́nh tı́ch phân du.ò.ng ds, trong dó L là cung parabôn
y
√ L
y 2 = 2x tù. diê’m (1, 2) dêń diê’m (2, 2).
Gia’i. Ta tı̀m vi phân dô. dài cung. Ta có
√ 1
y = 2x, y 0 = √ ,
2x
q r √
0 2 1 1 + 2x
ds = 1 + y dx = 1 + dx = √ dx.
2x 2x
Tu. dó suy ra
I Z2 √
x x 1 + 2x 1 √ √
ds = √ · √ dx = [5 5 − 3 3]. N
y 2x 2x 6
L 1
Vı́ du. 2. Tı́nh dô. dài cu’a du.ò.ng astroid x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t,
t ∈ [0, 2π]. I
Gia’i. Ta áp du.ng công thú c: dô. dài (L) = ds. Trong tru.ò.ng
.
L
ho..p này ta có
3a
x0 = −3a cos2 t sin t, y 0 = 3a sin2 t cos t, ds = sin 2tdt.
2
Vı̀ du.ò.ng cong dôí xú.ng vó.i các tru.c to.a dô. nên
Zπ/2 h − cos 2t iπ/2
3a
dô. dài(L) = 4 sin 2tdt = 6a = 6a. N
2 2 0
0
` u biêń
I
Vı́ du. 3. Tı́nh (x − y)ds, trong dó L : x2 + y 2 = 2ax.
L
Gia’i. Chuyê’n sang to.a dô. cu..c x = r cos ϕ, y = r sin ϕ. Trong to.a
π π
dô. cu..c phu.o.ng trı̀nh du.ò.ng tròn có da.ng r = 2a cos ϕ, − 6 ϕ 6 .
2 2
Vi phân dô. dài cung
q q
2 0 2
ds = r + rϕ dϕ = 4a2 cos2 ϕ + 4a2 sin2 ϕdϕ = 2adϕ.
Do dó
I Zπ/2

I= (x − y)ds = (2a cos ϕ) cos ϕ − (2a sin ϕ) sin ϕ 2adϕ
L −π/2
Zπ/2
= 4a2 cos2 ϕdϕ = 2πa2 . N
−π/2
I
Vı́ du. 4. Tı́nh tı́ch phân (3x2 + y)dx + (x − 2y 2 )dy, trong dó L là
L
biên cu’a hı̀nh tam giác vó.i dı’nh A(0, 0), B(1, 0), C(0, 1).
Gia’i. Theo tı́nh châ´t cu’a tı́ch phân du.ò.ng ta có
I I I I
= + + .
L AB BC CA
a) Trên ca.nh AB ta có y = 0 ⇒ dy = 0. Do dó
I Z1
= 3x2dx = 1.
AB 0
b) Trên ca.nh BC ta có x + y = 1 ⇒ y = −x + 1, dy = −dx. Do dó
I Z0
5
= [3x2 + (1 − x) − x + 2(1 − x2)]dx = − ·
3
BC 1
c) Trên ca.nh CA ta có x = 0 ⇒ dx = 0 và do dó

I Z0
2
=− 2y 2dy = ·
3
CA 1
Nhu. vâ.y
I
5 2
=1− + = 0. N
3 3
L
I
Vı́ du. 5. Tı́nh tı́ch phân (x +y)dx −(x −y)dy, trong dó L là du.ò.ng
L
x2 y 2
elip 2 + 2 = 1 có di.nh hu.ó.ng du.o.ng.
a b
Gia’i. 1+ Ta có thê’ tı́nh tru..c tiê´p tı́ch phân dã cho bă`ng các phu.o.ng
pháp dã nêu (chă’ng ha.n bă`ng cách tham sô´ hóa phu.o.ng trı̀nh elip).
2+ Nhu.ng do.n gia’n ho.n ca’ là su’. du.ng công thú.c Green. Ta có
∂Q ∂P
P = x + y, Q = −(x − y) ⇒ − = −2.
∂x ∂y
Do dó theo công thú.c Green ta có
I ZZ
= (−2)dxdy = −2πab,
L x2 2
+ y2 61
a2 b
vı̀ diê.n tı́ch hı̀nh elip bă`ng πab. N

I
Vı́ du. 6. Tı́nh tı́ch phân 2(x2 + y 2)dx + x(4y + 3)dy, trong dó L là
L
du.ò.ng gâ´p khúc ABC vó.i dı’nh A(0, 0), B(1, 1) và C(0, 2).
Gia’i. Nêú ta nôí A vó.i C thı̀ thu du.o..c du.ò.ng gâ´p khúc kı́n L∗
gió.i ha.n ∆ABC. Trên ca.nh CA ta có x = 0 nên dx = 0 và tù. dó
I
2(x2 + y 2 )dx + x(4y + 3)dy = 0.
CA
` u biêń
Do dó
I I I I I
+ = ⇒ = .
L CA L∗ L L∗
Áp du.ng công thú.c Green ta có

I ZZ ZZ
= [(4y + 3) − 4y]dxdy = 3 dxdy
L ∆ABC ∆ABC
= 3S∆ABC = 3. N
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân du.ò.ng theo dô. dài sau dây
I
√
1. (x + y)ds, C là doa. n thă’ng nôí A(9, 6) vó.i B(1, 2). (DS. 36 5)
C
I
2. xyds, C là biên hı̀nh vuông |x| + |y| = a, a > 0. (DS. 0)
C
I
3. (x + y)ds, C là biên cu’a tam giác dı’nh A(1, 0), B(0, 1), C(0, 0).
C √
(DS. 1 + 2)
I
ds √
4. , C là doa.n thă’ng nôí A(0, 2) vó.i B(4, 0). (DS. 5 ln 2)
x−y
C
I p
5. x2 + y 2ds, C là du.ò.ng tròn x2 + y 2 = ax. (DS. 2a2 )
C
I
6. (x2 + y 2)n ds, C là du.ò.ng tròn x2 + y 2 = a2 . (DS. 2πa2n+1)
C
I √
2 2
7. e x +y ds, C là biên hı̀nh qua.t tròn
C
π
(r, ϕ) : 0 6 r 6 a, 0 6 ϕ 6 .
4
πaea
(DS. 2(ea − 1) + )
4
I
8. ` n tu. elip nă`m trong góc phâ
xyds, C là mô.t phâ ` n tu. I.
C
ab a2 + ab + b2
(DS. · )
3 a+b
˜ n. Su’. du.ng phu.o.ng trı̀nh tham sô´ cu’a du.ò.ng elip: x =
Chı’ dâ
a cos t, y = b sin t.
I
ds
9. p , C là doa.n thă’ng nôí diê’m O(0, 0) vo.i A(1, 2).
x + y2 + 4
2
C
√
5+3
(DS. ln )
4
I
10. (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )ds, C là cung du.ò.ng cong x = a cos t, y = a sin t,
C
z = bt; 0 6 t 6 2π, a > 0, b > 0.
2π √ 2
(DS. a + b2 (3a2 + 4π 2b2 ))
3
I
11. x2ds, C là du.ò.ng tròn
C

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 2πa3
(DS. )
x + y + z = 0 3
I I I
˜ n. Chú.ng to’ ră`ng
Chı’ dâ 2
x ds = 2
y ds = z 2 ds và tù. dó suy
C C C
ra
I
1
I= (x2 + y 2 + z 2)ds.
3
C
` u biêń
I
12. ` n tu. du.ò.ng tròn
(x + y)ds, C là mô.t phâ
C

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2
y = x
√
` n tám I. (DS. R2 2)
nă`m trong góc phâ
I
13. Tı́nh xyzds, C là mô.t phâ` n tu. du.ò.ng tròn
C

x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2
2
 x2 + y 2 = R
4
nă`m trong góc phâ
` n tám I.
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân du.ò.ng theo to.a dô. sau dây
I
14. y 2 dx + x2dy, C là du.ò.ng tù. diê’m (0, 0) dêń diê’m (1, 1):
C
1) C là doa.n thă’ng.
2) C là cung parabol y = x2.
√
3) C là cung parabol y = x.
2 7 7
(DS. 1) ; 2) ; 3) )
3 10 10
I
15. y 2 dx − x2 dy, C là du.ò.ng tròn bán kı́nh R = 1 và có hu.ó.ng
C
ngu.o..c chiê
` u kim dô
` ng hô` và:
.
1) vó i tâm ta.i gôć to.a dô..
2) vó.i tâm ta.i diê’m (1, 1).
(DS. 1) 0; 2) −4π)
I
16. xdy − ydx, C là du.ò.ng gâ´p khúc dı’nh ta.i các diê’m (0, 0), (1, 0)
C
và (1, 2). (DS. 2)

I
17. cos ydx − sin xdy, C là doa. n thă’ng tù. diê’m (2, −2) dêń diê’m
C
(−2, 2). (DS. −2 sin 2)
I
18. (x2 + y 2)dx + (x2 − y 2)dy, C là du.ò.ng cong y = 1 − |1 − x|,
C
4
0 6 x 6 2. (DS. )
3
I
x2 y 2
19. (x + y)dx + (x − y)dy, C là elip có hu.ó.ng du.o.ng 2 + 2 = 1.
a b
C
(DS. 0)
I
20. (2a − y)dx + xdy, C là mô.t vòm cuôń cu’a du.ò.ng xicloid
C
x = a(t − sin t), y = a(1 − cos t), 0 6 t 6 2π. (DS. −2πa2)
I
dx + dy
21. , C là biên có hu.ó.ng du.o.ng cu’a hı̀nh vuông vó.i dı’nh
|z| + |y|
C
ta.i diê’m A(1, 0), B(0, 1), C(−1, 0) và D(0, −1). (DS. 0)
I
22. (x2 − y 2)dx + (x2 + y 2)dy, C là elip có hu.ó.ng du.o.ng
C
x2 y 2
+ = 1. (DS. 0)
a2 b2
I
23. (x2 + y 2)dx + xydy, C là cung cu’a du.ò.ng y = ex tù. diê’m
C
3e2 1
(0, 1) dêń diê’m (1, e). (DS. + )
I 4 2
24. (x3 − y 2)dx + xydy, C là cung cu’a du.ò.ng y = ax tù. diê’m
C
1 a2 3(1 − a2)
(0, 1) dêń diê’m (1, a). (DS. + + )
I 4 2 4 ln a
25. y 2dx + x2 dy, C là vòm thú. nhâ´t cu’a du.ò.ng xicloid
C
` u biêń
x = a(t − sin t), y = a(1 − cos t), a > 0 có di.nh hu.ó.ng theo hu.ó.ng
tăng cu’a tham sô´. (DS. a3 π(5 − 2π))
Áp du.ng công thú.c Green dê’ tı́nh tı́ch phân du.ò.ng
I
πa4
26. xy 2dy − x2 dx, C là du.ò.ng tròn x2 + y 2 = a2. (DS. )
4
C
I
x2 y 2
27. (x + y)dx − (x − y)dy, C là elip + 2 = 1. (DS. −2πab)
a2 b
C
I
(cos 2xydx + sin 2xydy), C là du.ò.ng tròn x2 + y 2 = R2 .
2 +y 2
28. e−x
C
(DS. 0)
I
29. (xy + ex sin x + x + y)dx + (xy − e−y + x − sin y)dy,
C
C là du.ò.ng tròn x2 + y 2 = 2x. (DS. −π)
I
30. (1 + xy)dx + y 2 dy, C là biên cu’a nu’.a trên cu’a hı̀nh tròn
C
π
x + y 2 6 2x (y > 0). (DS. − )
2
2
I
31. (x2 + y 2)dx + (x2 − y 2)dy, C là biên cu’a tam giác ∆ABC vó.i
C
A = (0, 0), B = (1, 0), C = (0, 1), Kiê’m tra kê´t qua’ bă`ng cách
tı́nh tru..c tiê´p. (DS. 0)
I
32. (2xy − x2)dx + (x + y 3)dy, C là biên cu’a miê ` n bi. chă.n gió.i ha.n
C
bo’.i hai du.ò.ng y = x2 và y 2 = x. Kiê’m tra kê´t qua’ bă`ng cách tı́nh
1
tru..c tiê´p. (DS. )
30
I
33. ex [(1 − cos y)dx − (y − sin y)dy], C là biên cu’a tam giác ABC
C
vó.i A = (1, 1), B = (0, 2) và C = (0, 0). (DS. 2(2 − e))
I
34. (xy + x + y)dx + (xy + x − y)dy, trong dó C là
C
x2 y 2
a) elip 2 + 2 = 1;
a b
. . πa3
b) du ò ng tròn x2 + y 2 = ax (a > 0). (DS. a) 0; b) − )
8
I
πR4
35. xy 2dx − x2ydy, C là du.ò.ng tròn x2 + y 2 = R2 . (DS. )
2
C
I
36. 2(x2 + y 2 )dx + x(4y + 3)dy, C là du.ò.ng gâ´p khúc vó.i dı’nh
C
A = (0, 0), B = (1, 1), C = (0, 2). Kiê’m tra kê´t qua’ bă`ng cách tı́nh
tru..c tiê´p. (DS. 3)
Chı’ dâ˜ n. Bô’ sung cho C doa.n thă’ng dê’ thu du.o..c chu tuyêń dóng.
37. Hãy so sánh hai tı́ch phân

I I
2 2
I1 = (x + y) dx − (x − y) dy và I2 = (x + y)2dx − (x − y)2 dy
AmB AnB
nêú AmB là doa. n thă’ng nôí A(1, 1) vó.i B(2, 6) và AnB là cung parabol
qua A. B và gôć to.a dô.. (DS. I1 − I2 = 2)
I
38. Tı́nh I = (x + y)dx − (x − y)dy, trong dó AmB là cung
AmBnA
parabol qua A(1, 0) và B(2, 3) và có tru.c dôí xú.ng là tru.c Oy, còn
AnB là doa. n thă’ng nôí A vó.i B.
1
(DS. − )
3
` u tiên viê´t phu.o.ng trı̀nh parabol và du.ò.ng thă’ng, sau
˜ n. Dâ
Chı’ dâ
dó áp du.ng công thú.c Green.
I
.
39. Chú ng minh răng giá tri. cu’a tı́ch phân (2xy − y)dx + x2dy,
`
C
` n phă’ng vó.i biên là
trong dó C là chu tuyêń dóng, bă`ng diê.n tı́ch miê
C.
` u biêń
I
40. (x + y)2dx − (x2 + y 2)dy, C là biên cu’a ∆ABC vó.i dı’nh
C
2
A(1, 1), B(3, 2) và C(2, 5). (DS. −46 )
3
I
41. (y − x2)dx + (x + y 2)dy, C là biên hı̀nh qua.t bán kı́nh R và
C
π
góc ϕ (0 6 ϕ 6 ). (DS. 0)
2
I
42. y 2 dx + (x + y)2dy, C là biên cu’a hı̀nh tam giác ∆ABC vó.i
C
2a3
A(a, 0), B(a, a), C(0, a). (DS. )
3
12.4 Tı́ch phân mă.t

Gia’ su’. các hàm f(M ), P (M), Q(M ) và R(M), M = (x, y, z) liên tu.c
ta.i mo.i diê’m M cu’a mă.t tro.n, do du.o..c (σ) (mă.t tro.n là mă.t có mă.t
phă’ng tiê´p xúc ta.i mo.i diê’m cu’a nó). Chia mô.t cách tùy ý mă.t (σ)
thành n ma’nh con σ0 , σ1, . . . , σn−1 vó.i diê.n tı́ch tu.o.ng ú.ng là ∆S0,
∆S1 , . . . , ∆Sn−1 . Dă.t dk = diamσk ; d = max dk . Trong mô˜ i ma’nh
06k6n−1
mă.t ta lâý mô.t cách tùy ý diê’m Ni . Tı́nh giá tri. cu’a các hàm dã cho
ta.i diê’m Ni , i = 0, n − 1. Ta ký hiê.u cos α(Ni ), cos β(Ni ) và cos γ(Ni )
là các cosin chı’ phu.o.ng cu’a vecto. pháp tuyêń ~n(Ni ) ta.i diê’m Ni cu’a
mă.t (σ).
Xét hai cách lâ.p tô’ng tı́ch phân sau.
(I) Lâý giá tri. f (Ni ) nhân vó.i các phâ
` n tu’. diê.n tı́ch mă.t ∆S0,
∆S1 , . . . , ∆Sn−1 và lâ.p tô’ng
X
n−1
f (Ni )δSi
i=0
12.4. Tı́ch phân mă.t 159
(II) Khác vó.i cách lâ.p tô’ng tı́ch phân trong (I), trong phu.o.ng pháp
này ta lâý giá tri. P (Ni ), Q(Ni ) và R(Ni ) nhân không pha’i vó.i phâ `n
tu’. diê.n tı́ch ∆Si cu’a các ma’nh mă.t σi mà là nhân vó.i hı̀nh chiêú cu’a
các ma’nh dó lên các mă.t phă’ng to.a dô. Oxy, Oxz và Oyz, tú.c là lâ.p
các tô’ng da.ng
X
n−1
i i
σxy = P (Ni )m(σxy ), m(σxy ) = proOxy (σi);
i=0
X
n−1
i i
σxz = Q(Ni)m(σxz ), m(σxz ) = proOxz (σi);
i=0
X
n−1
i i
σyz = R(Ni )m(σyz ), m(σyz ) = proOyz (σi ).
i=0
- i.nh nghı̃a 12.4.1. Nêú tô
D
X
n−1
lim f (Ni )∆Si (12.34)
d→0
i=1
không phu. thuô.c vào phép phân hoa.ch mă.t (σ) thành các ma’nh con
và không phu. thuô.c vào cách cho.n các diê’m trung gian Ni ∈ σi thı̀
gió.i ha.n dó go.i là tı́ch phân mă.t theo diê.n tı́ch.
ZZ
Ký hiê.u : f (x, y, z)dS.
(σ)
- i.nh nghı̃a 12.4.2. Các tı́ch phân mă.t theo to.a dô. du.o..c di.nh nghı̃a
D
bo’.i
ZZ X
n−1
def i
P (M)dxdy = lim P (Ni )m(σxy ) (12.35)
d→0
i=0
(σ)
ZZ X
n−1
def i
Q(M)dxdz = lim Q(Ni )m(σxz ) (12.36)
d→0
i=0
(σ)
ZZ X
n−1
def i
R(M )dydz = lim R(Ni )m(σyz ) (12.37)
d→0
i=0
(σ)
` u biêń
nêú các gió.i ha.n o’. vê´ pha’i (12.35)-(12.37) tô

` n ta.i hũ.u ha.n không phu.
thuô.c vào phép phân hoa.ch mă.t (σ) và cách cho.n diê’m trung gian Ni ,
i = 0, n − 1.
Tı́ch phân mă.t theo to.a dô. da.ng tô’ng quát
ZZ
P (M)dxdy + Q(M)dxdz + R(M)dydz
(σ)
là tô’ng cu’a các tı́ch phân mă.t theo to.a dô. (12.35), (12.36) và (12.37).
Nêú (σ) là mă.ZtZdóng (kı́n !) thı̀ tı́chZphân
Z mă.t theo phı́a ngoài cu’a
nó du.o..c ký hiê.u hoă.c do.n gia’n là nêú nói rõ (σ) là mă.t nào;
(σ)+ (σ)
ZZ ZZ
còn tı́ch phân theo phı́a trong du.o..c ký hiê.u hoă.c do.n gia’n là
(σ)− (σ)
khi dã nói rõ (σ) là mă.t nào.
12.4.2 Phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân mă.t

Phu.o.ng pháp chung dê’ tı́nh tı́ch phân mă.t ca’ hai da.ng là du.a vê ` tı́ch
phân hai ló.p. Cu. thê’ là: xuâ´t phát tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh cu’a mă.t (σ) ta
biêń dô’i biê’u thú.c du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân thành biê’u thú.c hai biêń mà
miê` n biêń thiên cu’a chúng là hı̀nh chiêú do.n tri. cu’a (σ) lên mă.t phă’ng
to.a dô. tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i các biêń dó.
1+ Nêú mă.t (σ) có phu.o.ng trı̀nh z = ϕ(x, y) thı̀ tı́ch phân mă.t
theo diê.n tı́ch du.o..c biêń dô’i thành tı́ch phân hai ló.p theo công thú.c
q
dS = 1 + ϕ0x 2 + ϕ0y 2dxdy
ZZ ZZ q
f(x, y, z)dS = f [x, y, ϕ(x, y)] 1 + ϕ0x 2 + ϕ0y 2dxdy (12.38)
(σ) D(x,y)
trong dó D(x, y) là hı̀nh chiêú vuông góc cu’a (σ) lên mă.t phă’ng Oxy.
Nêú mă.t (σ) có phu.o.ng trı̀nh y = ψ(x, z) thı̀

ZZ ZZ q
f (x, y, z)dS = f[x, ψ(x, z), z] 1 + ψx0 2 + ψz0 2dxdz, (12.39)
(σ) D(x,z)
trong dó D(x, z) = proOxz (σ).

Nêú mă.t (σ) có phu.o.ng trı̀nh x = g(y, z) thı̀
ZZ ZZ q
f(·)dS = f[g(y, z), y, z] 1 + gy0 2 + gz0 2dydz, (12.40)
(σ) D(y,z)
trong dó D(y, z) = proOyz (σ).

2+ Gia’ thiê´t mă.t (σ) chiêú du.o..c do.n tri. lên các mă.t phă’ng to.a dô.,
tú.c là mă.t có phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.ng
z = ϕ(x, y), (x, y) ∈ D(x, y);

y = ψ(x, z), (x, z) ∈ D(x, z);
x = g(y, z), (y, z) ∈ D(y, z).
Ta ký hiê.u e1 , e2 , e3 là các vecto. co. so’. cu’a R3 và cos α(M ) = cos(~nd
, ~e1),
d d
cos β(M) = cos(~n, ~e2 ), cos γ(M) = cos(~n, ~e3). Dó là các cosin chı’
phu.o.ng cu’a vecto. pháp tuyêń vó.i mă.t (σ) ta.i diê’m M ∈ (σ). Khi dó
các tı́ch phân mă.t theo to.a dô. lâý theo mă.t hai phı́a du.o..c tı́nh nhu.
sau.
 ZZ

 + P (x, y, ϕ(x, y))dxdy nêú cos γ > 0;


ZZ 
 D(x,y)
P (M)dxdy = ZZ


(σ) 
 − P (x, y, ϕ(x, y))dxdy nêú cos γ < 0


D(x,y)
(tú.c là dâú “+” tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i phép tı́ch phân theo phı́a ngoài (phı́a
trên) cu’a mă.t, còn dâú “−” tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i phép tı́ch phân theo phı́a
trong (phı́a du.ó.i) cu’a mă.t.
` u biêń
Tu.o.ng tu.. ta có

 ZZ

 + Q(x, ψ(x, z), z)dxdz nêú cos β > 0,


ZZ 
 D(x,z)
Q(M)dxdz = ZZ


(σ) 
 − Q(·)dxdz nêú cos β < 0;


D(x,z)
 ZZ

 + R(g(y, z), y, z)dydz nêú cos α > 0


ZZ 
 D(y,z)
R(M )dydz = ZZ


(σ) −
 R(·)dydz nêú cos α < 0.


D(y,z)
` n mă.t tru. vó.i du.ò.ng

Nhâ.n xét. Tı́ch phân mă.t theo to.a dô. lâý theo phâ
sinh song song vó.i tru.c Oz là bă`ng 0. Trong các tru.ò.ng ho..p tu.o.ng
tu.., các tı́ch phân mă.t theo to.a dô. x, z hay y, z cũng = 0.
12.4.3 Công thú.c Gauss-Ostrogradski

Dó là công thú.c
ZZZ ZZ
∂P ∂Q ∂R
+ + dxdydz = P dydz + Qdxdz + Rdxdy.
∂x ∂y ∂z
D ∂D
Nó xác lâ.p môí liên hê. giũ.a tı́ch phân mă.t theo mă.t biên ∂D cu’a D
vó.i tı́ch phân 3-ló.p lâý theo miê ` n D ⊂ R3 .
12.4.4 Công thú.c Stokes

Dó là công thú.c
I ZZ
∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q
P dx + Qdy + Rdz = − dxdy + − dydz
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z
L (σ)
∂P ∂R
+ − dzdx.
∂z ∂x
Nó xác lâ.p môí liên hê. giũ.a tı́ch phân mă.t theo mă.t (σ) vó.i tı́ch phân
du.ò.ng lâý theo bò. L cu’a mă.t (σ).
Ta nhâ.n xét ră`ng sô´ ha.ng thú. nhâ´t o’. vê´ pha’i cu’a công thú.c Stokes
cũng chı́nh là vê´ pha’i công thú.c Green. Hai sô´ ha.ng còn la.i thu du.o..c
tù. dó bo’.i phép hoán vi. tuâ ` n hoàn các biêń x, y, z và các hàm P, Q, R:
x P
% & % &
z ←− y R ←− Q
CÁC VÍ DU .
ZZ
Vı́ du. 1. Tı́nh tı́ch phân `n
(6x + 4y + 3z)dS, trong dó (σ) là phâ
(σ)
mă.t phă’ng x + 2y + 3z = 6 nă`m trong góc phâ ` n tám thú. nhâ´t.
Gia’i. Mă.t tı́ch phân là tam giác ABC tronng dó A(6, 0, 0),
B(0, 3, 0) và C(0, 0, 2). Su’. du.ng phu.o.ng trı̀nh cu’a (σ) dê’ biêń dô’i
tı́ch phân mă.t thành tı́ch phân 2-ló.p. Tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh cu’a (σ) rút
1
ra z = (6 − x − 2y). Tù. dó
3
q √
0 2 0 2 14
dS = 1 + zx + zy dxdy = dxdy.
2
Do dó
√ ZZ
14 3
I= [(6x + 4y + (6 − x − 2y)]dxdy
3 3
∆OAB
√ Z3 Z
6−2y
14
= dy (5x + 2y + 6)dx
3
0 0
√ Z3 nh i6−2y o
14 5 2 √
= x + 2xy + 6x dy = 54 14. N
3 2 0
0
` u biêń
ZZ p
Vı́ du. 2. Tı́nh ` n paraboloid tròn
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 dS, (σ) là phâ
(σ)
xoay z = 1 − x2 − y 2 nă`m trên mă.t phă’ng Oxy.
Gia’i. Mă.t (σ) chiêú du.o..c do.n tri. lên mă.t phă’ng Oxy và hı̀nh tròn

x2 + y 2 6 1 là hı̀nh chiêú cu’a nó: D(x, y) = (x, y) : x2 + y 2 6 1 . Ta
p
tı́nh dS. Ta có zx0 = −2x, zy0 = −2y ⇒ dS = 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2dxdy.
Do vâ.y
ZZ ZZ p p
= 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 · 1 + 4x2 + 4y 2dxdy
(σ) D(x,y)
ZZ
= (1 + 4x2 + 4y 2 )dxdy.
x2 +y 2 61
Bă`ng cách chuyê’n sang to.a dô. cu..c ta có
Z2π Z1
I= dϕ (1 + 4r2 )rdr = 3π. N
0 0
ZZ
Vı́ du. 3. Tı́nh tı́ch phân (y 2 + z 2dxdy, trong dó (σ) là phı́a ngoài
(σ)
√
cua mă.t z = 1 − x gió i ha.n bo’.i các mă.t phă’ng y = 0, y = 1.
’ 2 .
Gia’i. Mă.t (σ) là nu’.a trên cu’a mă.t tru. x2 + z 2 = 1, z > 0. Do dó
hı̀nh chiêú cu’a (σ) lên mă.t phă’ng Oxy là hı̀nh chũ. nhâ.t xác di.nh bo’.i
√
` u kiê.n: −1 6 x 6 1, 0 6 y 6 1. Do dó vı̀ z = 1 − x2 nên
các diê
cos γ > 0 và
ZZ ZZ √
2 2
(y + z )dxdy = [y 2 + ( 1 − x2)2 ]dxdy
(σ) D(x,y)
Z1 Z1
= dx (y 2 + 1 − x2)dy = 2.N
−1 0
ZZ
Vı́ du. 4. Tı́nh tı́ch phân 2dxdy + ydxdz − x2zdydz, trong dó (σ)
(σ)
` n elipxoid 4x2 + y 2 + 4z 2 = 1 nă`m trong góc phâ
là phı́a trên cu’a phâ `n
tám I.
Gia’i. Ta viê´t tı́ch phân dã cho du.ó.i da.ng
ZZ ZZ ZZ
I=2 dxdy + ydydz − x2zdydz.
(σ) (σ) (σ)
và su’. du.ng phu.o.ng trı̀nh cu’a mă.t (σ) dê’ biêń dô’i mô˜ i tı́ch phân. Lu.u
ý ră`ng cos α > 0, cos β > 0, cos γ > 0.
(i) Vı̀ hı̀nh chiêú cu’a mă.t (σ) lên mă.t phă’ng Oxy là phâ ` n tu. hı̀nh
2 2
x y
elip 2 + 2 6 1 nên
1 2
ZZ ZZ
π
I1 = dxdy = dxdy = (vı̀ diê.n tı́ch elip = 2π)
2
(σ) D(x,y)
` n tu. hı̀nh tròn

(ii) Hı̀nh chiêú cu’a (σ) lên mă.t phă’ng Oxz là phâ
4x2 + 4z 2 6 4 ⇔ x2 + z 2 6 1. Mă.t khác tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh mă.t rút ra
p
y = 2 1 − x2 − y 2 và do dó
ZZ ZZ
√
I2 = ydxdz = 2 1 − x2 − z 2 dxdz = |chuyê’n sang to.a dô. cu..c|
(σ) D(x,y)
Zπ/2 Z1 √
π
= 2 dϕ 1 − r2 rdr = ·
3
0 0
` n tu. hı̀nh
(iii) Hı̀nh chiêú cu’a (σ) lên mă.t phă’ng Oyz là mô.t phâ
2
y
elip + z 2 6 1 (y > 0, z > 0). Tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh mă.t (σ) rút ra
4
` u biêń
r
y2
x= 1− ` i thê´ vào hàm du.ó.i dâú tı́ch phân cu’a I3:
− z 2 rô
4
ZZ ZZ
2 y2
I3 = x zdydz = z 1− − z 2 dydz
4
(σ) D(y,z)
√
Z1 2Z 1−z2
y2 4
= dz z 1− − z 2 dy = · · · = ·
4 15
0 0
4π 4
Nhu. vâ.y I = 2I1 + I2 − I3 = − ·N
3 15
ZZ
Vı́ du. 5. Tı́nh ydydz, trong dó (σ) là mă.t cu’a tú. diê.n gió.i ha.n
(σ)−
bo’.i mă.t phă’ng x + y + z = 1 và các mă.t phă’ng to.a dô., tı́ch phân du.o..c
lâý theo phı́a trong cu’a tú. diê.n.
Gia’i. Mă.t phă’ng x + y + z = 1 că´t các tru.c to.a dô. ta.i A(1, 0, 0),
B(0, 1, 0) và C = (0, 0, 1). Ta ký hiê.u gôć to.a dô. là O(0, 0, 0). Tù. dó
suy ra mă.t kı́n (σ) gô ` m tù. 4 hı̀nh tam giác ∆ABC, ∆BCO, ∆ACO
và ∆ABO. Do vâ.y tı́chZZ phân dã cho là tô’ng cu’a bôń tı́ch phân.
(i) Tı́ch phân I1 = ydxdz. Rút y tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh mă.t (σ) ⊃
ABC
∆ABC ta có y = 1 − x − z và do dó
ZZ Z1 Z1−x
1
I1 = − (1 − x − z)dxdz = dx (x + z − 1)dz = − ·
6
ACO 0 0
(Lu.u ý ră`ng cos β = cos(~n, Oy) < 0 vı̀ vecto. ~n lâ.p vó.i hu.ó.ng du.o.ng
tru.c Oy mô.t góc tù, do dó tru.ó.c tı́ch phân theo ∆ACO xuâ´t hiê.n dâú
trù.)
ZZ ZZ
(ii) ydxdz = ydxdz = 0
(BCD) (ABO)
` u vuông góc vó.i mă.t phă’ng Oxz.

vı̀ mă.t phă’ng BCO và ABO dê
ZZ ZZ
(iii) ydxdz = 0dxdz = 0.
(ACO) ACO
1
Vâ.y I = − . N
6
ZZ
Vı́ du. 6. Tı́nh tı́ch phân I = x3 dydz + y 3dzdx + z 3 dxdy, trong
(σ)
` u x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 .
dó (σ) là phı́a ngoài mă.t câ
Gia’i. Áp du.ng công thú.c Gauss-Ostrogradski ta có
ZZ ZZZ
=3 (x2 + y 2 + z 2)dxdydz
(σ) D
` n vó.i biên là mă.t (σ). Chuyê’n sang to.a dô.

trong dó D ⊂ R3 là miê
` u ta có
câ
ZZZ Z2π Zπ ZR
3 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 )dxdydz = 3 dϕ sin θdθ r4 dr
D 0 0 0
5
12πR
= ·
5
12πR5
Vâ.y I = · N
5
I
Vı́ du. 7. Tı́nh tı́ch phân x2y 3dx + dy + zdz, trong dó L là du.ò.ng
L
tròn x2 + y 2 = 1, z = 0, còn mă.t (σ) là phı́a ngoài cu’a nu’.a mă.t câ
ù
2 2 2 . . .
x + y + z = 1, z > 0 và L có di.nh hu ó ng du o ng. .
Gia’i. Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p này P = x2 y 3, Q = 1, R = z. Do dó
∂Q ∂P ∂R ∂Q ∂P ∂R
− = −3x2y 2, − = 0, − =0
∂x ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x
` u biêń
và do dó theo công thú.c Stokes ta có

I ZZ
π
= −3 x2y 2 dxdy = − · N
8
L (σ)
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân mă.t theo diê.n tı́ch sau dây
ZZ
1. (x + y + z)dS, (Σ) là mă.t lâ.p phu.o.ng 0 6 x 6 1, 0 66 1,
(Σ)
0 6 z 6 1. (DS. 9)
ZZ
2. ` n mă.t phă’ng x + y + z = 1 nă`m trong
(2x + y + z)dS, (Σ) là phâ
(Σ)
√
2 3
` n tám I. (DS.
góc phâ )
3
ZZ
4y
3. z + 2x + ` n mă.t phă’ng 6x + 4y + 3z = 12
dS, (Σ) là phâ
3
(Σ)
√
`
năm trong góc phâ ` n tám I. (DS. 4 61)
ZZ p
4. ` n mă.t nón z 2 = x2 + y 2, 0 6 z 6 1.
x2 + y 2dS, (Σ) là phâ
(σ)
√
2 2π
(DS. )
3
ZZ
√
5. ` n mă.t tru. x2 + y 2 = a2 nă`m
(y + z + a2 − x2)dS, (Σ) là phâ
(Σ)
giũ.a hai mă.t phă’ng z = 0 và z = h. (DS. ah(4a + πh))
ZZ p
6. ` n mă.t nón z 2 = x2 + y 2 nă`m trong mă.t
y 2 − x2dS, (Σ) là phâ
(Σ)
8a3
tru. x2 + y 2 = a2. (DS. )
3
ZZ
7. (x + y + z)dS, (Σ) là nu’.a trên cu’a mă.t câ
` u x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2.
(Σ)
(DS. πa3)
ZZ p
8πa3
8. ` u x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 . (DS.
x2 + y 2dS, (Σ) là mă.t câ )
3
(Σ)
ZZ
dS
9. , (Σ) là biên cu’a tú. diê.n xác di.nh bo’.i bâ´t phu.o.ng
(1 + x + y)
(Σ)
1 √ √
trı̀nh x+y +z 6 1, x > 0, y > 0, z > 0. (DS. (3− 3)+( 3−1) ln 2)
3
ZZ
10. ` n mă.t paraboloid x2 + y 2 = 2z du.o..c
(x2 + y 2)dS, (Σ) là phâ
(Σ)
√
. 55 + 9 3
că´t ra bo’ i mă.t phă’ng z = 1. (DS. )
65
ZZ p
11. ` n mă.t paraboloid z = 1−x2 −y 2
1 + 4x2 + 4y 2dS, (Σ) là phâ
(Σ)
gió.i ha.n bo’.i các mă.t phă’ng z = 0 và z = 1. (DS. 3π)
ZZ
p
12. (x2 + y 2)dS, (Σ) là phâ ` n mă.t nón z = x2 + y 2 nă`m giũ.a
(Σ)
√
π 2
các mă.t phă’ng z = 0 và z = 1. (DS. )
2
ZZ
p
13. (xy + yz + zx)dS, (Σ) là phâ` n mă.t nón z = x2 + y 2 nă`m
(Σ)
4
√
64a 2
trong mă.t tru. x2 + y 2 = 2ax (a > 0). (DS. )
15
ZZ
14. (x2 + y 2 + z 2)dS, (Σ) là ma.t câ
` u. (DS. 4π)
(Σ)
ZZ
15. ` n mă.t du.o..c că´t ra tù. partaboloid 10x = y 2 +z 2
xds, (Σ) là phâ
(Σ)
` u biêń
50π √
bo’.i mă.t phă’ng x = 10. (DS. (1 + 25 5))
3 ZZ
Su’. du.ng công thú.c tı́nh diê.n tı́ch mă.t S(Σ) = dS dê’ tı́nh diê.n
(Σ)
` n mă.t (Σ) nêú
tı́ch cu’a phâ
16. (Σ) là phâ ` n mă.t phă’ng 2x + 2y + z = 8a nă`m trong mă.t tru.
x + y = R2 . (DS. 3πR2 )
2 2
` n mă.t tru. y + z 2 = R2 nă`m trong mă.t tru.

17. (Σ) là phâ
x2 + y 2 = R2 . (DS. 8R2 )
` n mă.t paraboloid x2 + y 2 = 6z nă`m trong mă.t tru.
18. (Σ) là phâ
x2 + y 2 = 27. (DS. 42π)
` u x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3a2 nă`m trong paraboloid
` n mă.t câ
19. (Σ) là phâ
√
x2 + y 2 = 2az. (DS. 2πa2(3 − 3))
20. (Σ) là phâ ` n tám I giũ.a
` n mă.t nón z 2 = 2xy nă`m trong góc phâ
hai mă.t phă’ng x = 2, y = 4. (DS. 16)
` n mă.t tru. x2 + y 2 = Rx nă`m trong mă.t câ
21. (Σ) là phâ ù
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 . (DS. 4R2 )
Tı́nh các tı́ch phân mă.t theo to.a dô. sau:
ZZ p
22. dxdy, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài phâ ` n mă.t nón z = x2 + y 2 khi
(Σ)
0 6 z 6 1. (DS. −π)
ZZ
23. ` n mă.t phă’ng x + y + z = a
ydzdx, (Σ) là phı́a trên cu’a phâ
(Σ)
a3
(a > 0) nă`m trong góc phâ
` n tám I. (DS. )
ZZ 6
24. ` n mă.t phă’ng
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy, (Σ) là phı́a trên cu’a phâ
(Σ)
x + z − 1 = 0 nă`m giũ.a hai mă.t phă’ng y = 0 và y = 4 và thuô.c vào
` n tám I. (DS. 4)
góc phâ
ZZ
25. ` n mă.t
− xdydz + zdzdx + 5dxdy, (Σ) là phı́a trên cu’a phâ
(Σ)
phă’ng 2x + 3y + z = 6 thuô.c góc phâ
` n tám I. (DS. 6)
ZZ
26. yzdydz + xzdxdz + xydxdy, (Σ) là phı́a trên cu’a tam giác ta.o
(Σ)
bo’.i giao tuyêń cu’a mă.t phă’ng x + y + z = a vó.i các mă.t phă’ng to.a
a4
dô.. (DS. )
8
ZZ
27. x2dydz + z 2dxdy, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài cu’a phâ` n mă.t nón
(Σ)
4
x2 + y 2 = z 2 , 0 6 z 6 1. (DS. − )
3
ZZ
28. ` n mă.t câ
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài phâ ù
(Σ)
x + y 2 + z 2 = a2. (DS. 4πa3)
2
ZZ
29. x2dydz − y 2 dzdx + z 2 dxdy, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài cu’a mă.t câ
ù
(σ)
πa4
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 thuô.c góc phâ
` n tám I. (DS. )
8
ZZ
30. 2dxdy + ydzdx − x2 zdydz, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài cu’a phâ
` n mă.t
(Σ)
4π 4
elipxoid 4x2 + y 2 + 4z 2 = 4 thuô.c góc phâ` n tám I. (DS. − )
3 15
ZZ
31. (y 2 + z 2 )dxdy, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài cu’a mă.t tru. z 2 = 1 − x2,
(Σ)
π
0 6 y 6 1. (DS. )
3
ZZ
32. (z − R)2 dxdy, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài cu’a nu’.a mă.t câ
ù
(Σ)
5π
x2 + y 2 + (z − R)2 = R2 , R 6 z 6 2R. (DS. − )
24
` u biêń
ZZ
33. x2dydz + y 2 dzdx + z 2 dxdy, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài cu’a phâ
` n mă.t
(Σ)
3πa4
` u x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 thuô.c góc phâ
câ ` n tám I. (DS. )
8
ZZ
34. z 2dxdy, (σ) là phı́a trong cu’a mă.t elipxoid
(Σ)
x2 + y 2 + 2z 2 = 2. (DS. 0)
ZZ
35. ù
(z + 1)dxdy, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài cu’a mă.t câ
(Σ)
2 2 2 2 4πR3
x + y + z = R . (DS. )
3
ZZ
36. x2dydz + y 2 dzdx + z 2 dxdy, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài cu’a mă.t câ
ù
(Σ)
8πR3
(x − a)2 + (y − b)2 + (z − c)2 = R2 . (DS. (a + b + c))
3
ZZ
37. x2y 2zdxdy, (Σ) là phı́a trong cu’a nu’.a du.ó.i mă.t câ
ù
(Σ)
2πR7
x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 . (DS. )
105
ZZ
38. xzdxdy + xydydz + yzdxdz, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài cu’a tú. diê.n ta.o
(Σ)
1
bo’.i các mă.t phă’ng to.a dô. và mă.t phă’ng x + y + z = 1. (DS. )
8
˜ n. Su’. du.ng nhâ.n xét nêu trong phâ
Chı’ dâ ` n lý thuyê´t.
ZZ
39. yzdydz + xzdxdz + xydxdy, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài cu’a mă.t biên
(Σ)
tú. diê.n lâ.p bo’.i các mă.t phă’ng x = 0, y = 0, z = 0, x + y + z = a.
(DS. 0)
ZZ
40. x2dydz + y 2 dzdx + z 2 dxdy, (Σ) là phı́a ngoài cu’a nu’.a trên
(Σ)
πR4
` u x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 (z > 0). (DS.
mă.t câ )
2
Áp du.ng công thú.c Gauss-Ostrogradski dê’ tı́nh tı́ch phân mă.t theo
phı́a ngoài cu’a mă.t (Σ) (nêú mă.t không kı́n thı̀ bô’ sung dê’ nó tro’. thành
kı́n)
ZZ
41. x2dydz + y 2dzdx + z 2 dxdy, (Σ) là mă.t câ ù
(Σ)
8π
(x − a)2 + (y − b)2 + (z − c)2 = R2 . (DS. (a + b + c)R3 )
3
ZZ
42. ` u x2 + y 2 + z 2 = R2 .
xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy, (Σ) là mă.t câ
(Σ)
(DS. 4πR3 )
ZZ
43. 4x3 dydz + 4y 3 dzdx − 6z 2 dxdy, (Σ) là biên cu’a phâ
` n hı̀nh
(Σ)
tru. x2 + y 2 6 a2 , 0 6 z 6 h. (DS. 6πa2(a2 − h2 ))
ZZ
44. ` n mă.t
(y − z)dydz + (z − x)dzdx + (x − y)dxdy, (Σ) là phâ
(σ)
nón x2 + y 2 = z 2 , 0 6 x 6 h. (DS. 0)
˜ n. Vı̀ (Σ) không kı́n nên câ
Chı’ dâ ` n mă.t phă’ng z = h
` n bô’ sung phâ
nă`m trong nón dê’ thu du.o..c mă.t kı́n.
ZZ
45. dydz + zxdzdx + xydxdy, (Σ) là biên cu’a miê `n
(Σ)
{(x, y, z) : x2 + y 2 6 a2, 0 6 z 6 h}. (DS. 0)
ZZ
46. ydydz + zdzdx + xdxdy, (Σ) là mă.t cu’a hı̀nh chóp gió.i ha.n
(Σ)
bo’.i các mă.t phă’ng
x + y + z = a (a > 0), x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. (DS. 0)
ZZ
47. x3dydz + y 3dzdx + z 3 dxdy, (Σ) là mă.t câ
` u x2 + y 2 + z 2 = x.
(Σ)
` u biêń
π
(DS. )
5
ZZ
48. x3dydz + y 3dzdx + z 3dxdy, (Σ) là mă.t câ
` u x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2.
(Σ)
12πa5
(DS. )
5
ZZ
x2 y 2 z 2
49. z 2dxdy, (Σ) là mă.t elipxoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1. (DS. 0)
a b c
(Σ)
˜ n. Xem vı́ du. 10, mu.c III.
Chı’ dâ
ZZ
x2 y 2 z 2
50. xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy, (Σ) là mă.t elipxoid 2 + 2 + 2 = 1.
a b c
(Σ)
(Ds. 4πabc)
ZZ
51. xdydz + ydzdx + zdxdy, (Σ) là biên hı̀nh tru. x2 + y 2 6 a2,
(Σ)
−h 6 z 6 h. (DS. 6πa2h)
ZZ
52. x2dydz + y 2 dzdx + z 2 dxdy, (Σ) là biên cu’a hı̀nh lâ.p phu.o.ng
(Σ)
0 6 x 6 a, 0 6 y 6 a, 0 6 z 6 a. (DS. 3a4 )
Dê’ áp du.ng công thú.c Stokes, ta lu.u ý la.i quy u.ó.c
Hu.ó.ng du.o.ng cu’a chu tuyêń ∂Σ cu’a mă.t (Σ) du.o..c quy u.ó.c nhu.
sau: Nêú mô.t ngu.ò.i quan trăć dú.ng trên phı́a du.o..c cho.n cu’a mă.t (tú.c
là hu.ó.ng tù. chân dêń dâ
` u trùng vó.i hu.ó.ng cu’a vecto. pháp tuyêń) thı̀
khi ngu.ò.i quan sát di chuyê’n trên ∂Σ theo hu.ó.ng dó thı̀ mă.t (Σ) luôn
luôn nă`m bên trái.
Áp du.ng công thú.c Stokes dê’ tı́nh các tı́ch phân sau
I
53. xydx + yzdy + xzdz, C là giao tuyêń cu’a mă.t phă’ng 2x − 3y +
C
4z − 12 = 0 vó.i các mă.t phă’ng to.a dô.. (DS. −7)
I
54. ydx+zdy +xdz, C là du.ò.ng tròn x2 +y 2 +z 2 = R2 , x+y +z = 0
C
có hu.ó.ng ngu.o..c chiê
` u kim dô ` nêú nhı̀n tù. phâ
` ng hô ` n du.o.ng tru.c Ox.
√
(DS. − 3πR2 )
I
55. (y − z)dx + (z − x)dy + (x − y)dz, C là elip x2 + y 2 = a2,
C
x z
+ = 1 (a > 0, h > 0) có hu.ó.ng ngu.o..c chiê
` u kim dô ` nêú
` ng hô
a h
nhı̀n tù. diê’m (2a, 0, 0). (DS. −2πa(a + h))
I
56. (y−z)dx+(z−x)dy+(x−y)dz, C là du.ò.ng tròn x2 +y 2 +z 2 = a2,
C
π
y = xtgα, 0 < α < có hu.ó.ng ngu.o..c chiê
` u kim dô ` nhı̀n tù.
` ng hô
2 √ π
diê’m (2a, 0, 0). (DS. 2 2πa2 sin − α))
4
I
57. (y − z)dx + (z − x)dy + (x − y)dz, C là elip x2 + y 2 = 1, x + z = 1
C
có hu.ó.ng ngu.o..c chiê
` u kim dô ` nêú nhı̀n tù. phâ
` ng hô ` n du.o.ng tru.c Oz.
(DS. −4π)
I
58. (y 2 − z 2)dx + (z 2 − x2)dy + (x2 − y 2)dz, C là biên cu’a thiê´t diê.n
C
cu’a lâ.p phu.o.ng 0 6 x 6 a, 0 6 y 6 a, 0 6 z 6 a vó.i mă.t phă’ng
3a
x+y+z = có hu.ó.ng ngu.o..c chiê
` u kim dô ` nêú nhı̀n tù. diê’m
` ng hô
2
9
(2a, 0, 0). (DS. − a3 )
2
I
59. exdx + z(x2 + y 2)3/2dy + yz 3dz, C là giao tuyêń cu’a mă.t z =
p C
x2 + y 2 vó.i các mă.t phă’ng x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y = 1.
(DS. −14)
I p
60. 8y (1 − x2 − z 2 )3 dx + xy 3dy + sin zdz, C là biên cu’a mô.t phâ
`n
C
tu. elipxoid 4x2 + y 2 + 4z 2 = 4 nă`m trong góc phâ
` n tám thú. I.
` u biêń
32
(DS. )
5
Chu.o.ng 13
˜i
Lý thuyê´t chuô
˜ i sô´ du.o.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

13.1 Chuô

˜ i sô´ du.o.ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
13.1.2 Chuô
13.2 Chuô ˜ i hô.i tu. tuyê.t d ôí và hô.i tu. không
tuyê.t d ôí . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

˜ i dan dâú và dâú hiê.u Leibnitz . . . . 192
13.2.2 Chuô
˜ i lũy thù.a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
13.3 Chuô
` u kiê.n khai triê’n và phu.o.ng pháp khai

- iê
13.3.2 D
triê’n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
˜ i Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
13.4 Chuô

` su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô
13.4.2 Dâú hiê.u du’ vê ˜ i Fourier 212
178 Chu.o.ng 13. Lý thuyê´t chuô˜ i
13.1 ˜ i sô´ du.o.ng

Chuô
Gia’ su’. cho dãy sô´ (an ). Biê’u thú.c da.ng
X
∞ X
a1 + a2 + · · · + an + · · · = an = an (13.1)
n=1 n>1
du.o..c go.i là chuô˜ i sô´ (hay do.n gia’n là chuô˜ i). Các sô´ a1, . . . , an , . . .
du.o..c go.i là các sô´ ha.ng cu’a chuô˜ i, sô´ ha.ng an go.i là sô´ ha.ng tô’ng quát
cu’a chuô˜ i. Tô’ng n sô´ ha.ng dâ ` u tiên cu’a chuô˜ i du.o..c go.i là tô’ng riêng
thú. n cu’a chuô˜ i và ký hiê.u là sn , tú.c là
sn = a1 + a2 + · · · + an .
Vı̀ sô´ sô´ ha.ng cu’a chuô˜ i là vô ha.n nên các tô’ng riêng cu’a chuô˜ i lâ.p
thành dãy vô ha.n các tô’ng riêng s1 , s2 , . . . , sn , . . .
- i.nh nghı̃a 13.1.1. Chuô˜ i (13.1) du.o..c go.i là chuô
D ˜ i hô.i tu. nêú dãy
các tô’ng riêng (sn ) cu’a nó có gió.i ha.n hũ.u ha.n và gió.i ha.n dó du.o..c
go.i là tô’ng cu’a chuô˜ i hô.i tu.. Nêú dãy (sn ) không có gió.i ha.n hũ.u ha.n
thı̀ chuô˜ i (13.1) phân kỳ.
- i.nh lý 13.1.1. Diê
D ` n dê’ chuô
` u kiê.n câ ˜ i (13.1) hô.i tu. là sô´ ha.ng tô’ng
quát cu’a nó dâ .
` n dêń 0 khi n → ∞, tú c là lim an = 0.
n→∞
Di.nh lý 13.1.1 chı’ là diê ` n chú. không là diê
` u kiê.n câ ` u kiê.n du’.
Nhu.ng tù. dó có thê’ rút ra diê ` u kiê.n du’ dê’ chuô˜ i phân kỳ: Nêú
P
lim an 6= 0 thı̀ chuô ˜i an phân kỳ.
n→∞ n>1
P P
Chuô˜ i an thu du.o..c tù. chuô˜ i an sau khi că´t bo’ m sô´ ha.ng
n>m+1 n>1
P
` u tiên du.o..c go.i là phâ
dâ ` n du. thú. m cu’a chuô˜ i an . Nêú chuô˜ i (13.1)
n>1
hô.i tu. thı̀ mo.i phâ` n du. cu’a nó dê ` n du. nào dó
` u hô.i tu., và mô.t phâ
` n du. thú. m cu’a chuô˜ i
hô.i tu. thı̀ ba’n thân chuô˜ i cũng hô.i tu.. Nêú phâ
13.1. Chuô˜ i sô´ du.o.ng 179
(13.1) hô.i tu. và tô’ng cu’a nó bă`ng Rm thı̀ s = sm + Rm . Chuô˜ i hô.i tu.
có các tı́nh châ´t quan tro.ng là
(i) Vó.i sô´ m cô´ di.nh bâ´t kỳ chuô˜ i (13.1) và chuô˜ i phâ
` n du. thú. m
` ng thò.i hô.i tu. hoă.c dô
cu’a nó dô ` ng thò.i phân kỳ.
(ii) Nêú chuô˜ i (13.1) hô.i tu. thı̀ Rm → 0 khi m → ∞
P P
(iii) Nêú các chuô˜ i an và bn hô.i tu. và α, β là hă`ng sô´ thı̀
n>1 n>1
X X X
(αan + βbn ) = α an + β bn .
n>1 n>1 n>1
13.1.2 ˜ i sô´ du.o.ng

Chuô
P
Chuô˜ i sô´ an du.o..c go.i là chuô˜ i sô´ du.o.ng nêú an > 0 ∀ n ∈ N. Nêú
n>1
an > 0 ∀ n thı̀ chuô˜ i du.o..c go.i là chuô˜ i sô´ du.o.ng thu..c su...
Tiêu chuâ’n hô.i tu.. Chuô˜ i sô´ du.o.ng hô.i tu. khi và chı’ khi dãy tô’ng
riêng cu’a nó bi. chă.n trên.
Nhò. diê
` u kiê.n này, ta có thê’ thu du.o..c nhũ.ng dâú hiê.u du’ sau dây:
Dâú hiê.u so sánh I. Gia’ su’. cho hai chuô˜ i sô´
X X
A: an , an > 0 ∀ n ∈ N và B : bn , bn > 0 ∀ n ∈ N
n>1 n>1
và an 6 bn ∀ n ∈ N. Khi dó:

(i) Nêú chuô˜ i sô´ B hô.i tu. thı̀ chuô˜ i sô´ A hô.i tu.,
(ii) Nêú chuô˜ i sô´ A phân kỳ thı̀ chuô˜ i sô´ B phân kỳ.
Dâú hiê.u so sánh II. Gia’ su’. các chuô˜ i sô´ A và B là nhũ.ng chuô˜ i
an
sô´ du.o.ng thu..c su.. và ∃ lim = λ (rõ ràng là 0 6 λ 6 +∞). Khi
n→∞ bn
dó:
(i) Nêú λ < ∞ thı̀ tù. su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i sô´ B kéo theo su.. hô.i tu.
cu’a chuô˜ i sô´ A
(ii) Nêú λ > 0 thı̀ tù. su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i sô´ A kéo theo su.. hô.i tu.
cu’a chuô˜ i sô´ B
(iii) Nêú 0 < λ < +∞ thı̀ hai chuô˜ i A và B dô ` ng thò.i hô.i tu. hoă.c
` ng thò.i phân kỳ.
dô
Trong thu..c hành dâú hiê.u so sánh thu.ò.ng du.o..c su’. du.ng du.ó.i da.ng
“ thu..c hành” sau dây:
Dâú hiê.u thu..c hành. Nêú dôí vó.i dãy sô´ du.o.ng (an ) tô
` n ta.i các sô´
C P
p và C > 0 sao cho an ∼ p , n → ∞ thı̀ chuô˜ i an hô.i tu. nêú p > 1
n n>1
và phân kỳ nêú p 6 1.
Các chuô˜ i thu.ò.ng du.o..c dùng dê’ so sánh là
P n
1) Chuô˜ i câ´p sô´ nhân aq , a 6= 0 hô.i tu. khi 0 6 q < 1 và phân
n>0
kỳ khi q > 1.
P 1
2) Chuô˜ i Dirichlet: α
hô.i tu. khi α > 1 và phân kỳ khi α 6 1.
n>1 n
P 1
Chuô˜ i phân kỳ go.i là chuô˜ i diê
` u hòa.
n>1 n
Tù. dâú hiê.u so sánh I và chuô˜ i so sánh 1) ta rút ra:
Dâú hiê.u D’Alembert. Nêú chuô˜ i a1 + a2 + · · · + an + . . . , an > 0
∀ n có
an+1
lim =D
n→∞ an
thı̀ chuô˜ i hô.i tu. khi D < 1 và phân kỳ khi D > 1.
Dâú hiê.u Cauchy. Nêú chuô˜ i a1 + a2 + · · · + an + . . . , an > 0 ∀ n
có
√
lim n
an = C
n→∞
thı̀ chuô˜ i hô.i tu. khi C < 1 và phân kỳ khi C > 1.
Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p khi D = C = 1 thı̀ ca’ hai dâú hiê.u này dê ù
không cho câu tra’ lò.i khă’ng di.nh vı̀ tô ` n ta.i chuô˜ i hô.i tu. lâ˜ n chuô˜ i
.
phân kỳ vó i D hoă.c C bă`ng 1.
Dâú hiê.u tı́ch phân. Nêú hàm f (x) xác di.nh ∀ x > 1 không âm
P
và gia’m thı̀ chuô˜ i f(n) hô.i tu. khi và chı’ khi tı́ch phân suy rô.ng
n>1
13.1. Chuô˜ i sô´ du.o.ng 181
Z∞
f (x)dx hô.i tu..
0
P 1
Tù. dâú hiê.u tı́ch phân suy ra chuô˜ i α
hô.i tu. khi α > 1 và
n>1 n
1
phân kỳ khi 0 < α 6 1. Nêú α 6 0 thı̀ do an = α 6→ 0 khi α 6 0 và
n
n → ∞ nên chuô˜ i dã cho cũng phân kỳ.
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. cu’a các chuô˜ i
X 1 X 1
1) p ; 2) ln n
·
n>1
n(n + 1) n>7
n
Gia’i. 1) Su’. du.ng bâ´t dă’ng thú.c hiê’n nhiên

1 1
p > ·
n(n + 1) n+1
P 1
Vı̀ chuô˜ i ` n du. sau sô´ ha.ng thú. nhâ´t cu’a chuô˜ i diê
là phâ ù
n>1 n + 1
hòa nên nó phân kỳ.
Do dó theo dâú hiê.u so sánh I chuô˜ i dã cho phân kỳ.
1 1
2) Vı̀ ln n > 2 ∀ n > 7 nên ln n < 2 ∀ n > 7.
n n
P 1
Do chuô˜ i Dirichlet 2
hô.i tu. nên suy ra ră`ng chuô˜ i dã cho hô.i
n>7 n
tu.. N
Vı́ du. 2. Kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. cu’a các chuô˜ i:
X (n − 1)n X √
1) n+1
, 2) n2 e− n .
n>1
n n>1
Gia’i. 1) Ta viê´t sô´ ha.ng tô’ng quát cu’a các chuô˜ i du.ó.i da.ng:
(n − 1)n 1 1 n
= 1− .
nn+1 n n
1 n 1 1
Ta biê´t ră`ng lim 1 − = nên an ∼ .
n→∞ n e n→∞ ne
P 1
Nhu.ng chuô˜ i phân kỳ, do dó chuô˜ i dã cho phân kỳ.
n→∞ ne
2) Rõ ràng là dâú hiê.u D’Alembert và Cauchy không gia’i quyê´t
√
du o..c vâń dê
. ` su.. hô.i tu.. Ta nhâ.n xét ră`ng e− n = 0(n− 2 ) khi n → ∞
α
` vê
(α > 0). Tù. dó
X X 1
an = a0
−2
n>1 n>1 n 2
P √
hô.i tu. nêú a0 > 6. Do vâ.y theo dâú hiê.u so sánh I chuô˜ i n2 e− n
n>1
hô.i tu.. N
Vı́ du. 3. Kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i
X 2n + n2 X (n!)2
1) , 2) ·
n>1
3n + n n>1
(2n)!
Gia’i. 1) Ta có:
(n + 1)2 n
an+1 2 n+1
+ (n + 1) 2
3 +n 2
n + 1+
= n+1 × n = 2n × 3n ,
an 3 + (n + 1) 2 + n2 n+1 n2
3+ n 1+
3 2n
v
u
u n2
√ 2uu 1 +
n
an = t
n
2n ·
3 1+ n
3n
an+1 2 √ 2
Tù. dó suy ra lim = và lim n an = . Và ca’ hai dâú hiê.u
n→∞ an 3 n→∞ 3
Cauchy, D’Alembert dê ` u cho kê´t luâ.n chuô˜ i hô.i tu..
2) Áp du.ng dâú hiê.u D’Alembert ta có:
an+1 (n + 1)2 1
D = lim = lim = < 1.
n→∞ an n→∞ (2n + 2)(2n + 1) 4
Do dó chuô˜ i dã cho hô.i tu..
13.1. Chuô˜ i sô´ du.o.ng 183
Nhâ.n xét. Nêú áp du.ng bâ´t dă’ng thú.c

n n n n
< n! < e
e 2
thı̀
2
n 2
(n!)
2
n
en 2
e2+ n
2
< 2 = 2 ,
n1 2n 4
(2n)!
e
√ e 2
do dó lim an <n < 1 và khi dó dâú hiê.u Cauchy cũng cho ta
n→∞ 4
kê´t luâ.n.
Vı́ du. 4. Kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i
X 2n X 1
1) , 2) , p > 0.
n>1
n2 + 1 n>2
n lnp n
2n
Gia’i. 1) Ta có an = 2 = f(n). Trong biê’u thú.c cu’a sô´ ha.ng
n +1
2n
tô’ng quát cu’a an = 2 ta thay n bo’.i biêń liên tu.c x và chú.ng to’
n +1
ră`ng hàm f (x) thu du.o..c liên tu.c do.n diê.u gia’m trên nu’.a tru.c du.o.ng.
Ta có:
Z+∞ ZA
2x 2x A
dx = lim dx = lim ln(x 2
+ 1)
2
x +1 A→+∞ x2 + 1 A→+∞ 1
1 1
= ln(+∞) − ln 2 = ∞.
Do dó chuô˜ i 1) phân kỳ.

1
2) Nhu. trên, ta dă.t f(x) = , p > 0, x > 2. Hàm f (x) tho’a
x lnp x
Z+∞
dx
` u kiê.n cu’a dâú hiê.u tı́ch phân. Vı̀ tı́ch phân
mãn mo.i diê hôi
x lnp x .
2
tu. khi p > 1 và phân kỳ khi p 6 1 nên chuô˜ i dã cho hô.i tu. khi p > 1
và phân kỳ khi 0 1 (n + 1) n
` n hô.i tu. nhu.ng chuô˜ i phân kỳ.
câ
Gia’i. Ta có
n+2 1
an = √ ∼ √ ⇒ lim an = 0.
(n + 1) n (n→∞) n n→∞
Tiê´p theo ∀ k = 1, 2, . . . , n ta có

k+2 1 1
ak = √ >√ >√
(k + 1) k k n
và do dó
X
n
1 √
sn = ak > n · √ = n → +∞ khi n → ∞
k=1
n
và do dó chuô˜ i phân kỳ. N
BÀI TÂ
.P
Trong các bài toán sau dây, bă`ng cách kha’o sát gió.i ha.n cu’a tô’ng
riêng, hãy xác lâ.p tı́nh hô.i tu. (và tı́nh tô’ng S) hay phân kỳ cu’a chuô˜ i
X 1 3
1. n−1
. (DS. S = )
n>1
3 2
X (−1)n 2
2. . (DS. )
n>0
2n 3
X
3. (−1)n−1 . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
X 1
4. ln2n 2. (DS. )
n>0
1 − ln2 2
X 1 137
5. . (DS. )
n>1
n(n + 5) 300
13.1. Chuô˜ i sô´ du.o.ng 185
X 1 1
6. , α > 0. (DS. )
n>1
(α + n)(α + n + 1) α+1
X 1 25
7. . (DS. )
n>3
n2 −4 48
X 2n + 1
8. 2 (n + 1)2
. (DS. 1)
n>1
n
X √ √ √ √
9. ( 3 n + 2 − 1 3 n + 1 + 3 n). (DS. 1 − 3
2)
n>1
X 1 73
10. . (DS. )
n>1
n(n + 3)(n + 6) 1080
Su’. du.ng diê ` n 2) dê’ xác di.nh xem các chuô˜ i sau dây chuô˜ i
` u kiê.n câ
nào phân kỳ.
X
11. (−1)n−1 . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
X 2n − 1
12. . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
3n + 2
Xp
n
13. 0, 001. (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
X 1
14. √ . ` n không cho câu tra’ lò.i)
(DS. Dâú hiê.u câ
n>1
2n
X 2n
15. . ` n không cho câu tra’ lò.i)
(DS. Dâú hiê.u câ
n>1
3n
X 1
16. √
n
. (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
0, 3
X 1
17. √
n
. (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n!
X 1
18. n2 sin . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n2 +n+1
1 n2
X 1 +
19. n . (DS. Phân kỳ)
en
n>1
X 2n2 + 1 n2
20. . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
2n2 + 3
X nn+ n
1
21. . (DS. Phân kỳ)

1 n
n>1 n +
n
X n+2
22. ` n không cho câu tra’ lò.i)
√ . (DS. Dâú hiê.u câ
n>1
(n + 1) n
X 1
23. (n + 1)arctg . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n+2
Trong các bài toán sau dây, hãy dùng dâú hiê.u so sánh dê’ kha’o
sát su.. hô.i tu. cu’a các chuô˜ i dã cho
X 1
24 √ . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n
X1
25. . ˜ n. nn > 2n ∀ n > 3.
(DS. Hô.i tu.). Chı’ dâ
n n
n>1
X 1
26. . ˜ n. So sánh vó.i chuô˜ i diê
(DS. Phân kỳ). Chı’ dâ ` u hòa.
n>1
ln n
X 1
27. n−1
. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
n3
X 1
28. √
3
. (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n + 1
X 1
29. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
2n +1
X n
30. n
. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
(n + 2)2
13.1. Chuô˜ i sô´ du.o.ng 187
X 1
31. p . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
(n + 2)(n 2 + 1)
n>1
X 5n2 − 3n + 10
32. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
3n5 + 2n + 17
X 5 + 3(−1)n
33. ˜ n. 2 6 5 + 3(−1)n 6 8.
. (DS. Hô.i tu.). Chı’ dâ
n>1
2n+3
X ln n
34. . ˜ n. ln n > 1 ∀ n > 2.
(DS. Phân kỳ). Chı’ dâ
n>1
n
X ln n
35. 2
. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
n
˜ n. Su’. du.ng hê. thú.c ln n < nα ∀ α > 0 và n du’ ló.n.
Chı’ dâ
X ln n
36. √3
. (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n
X n5
37. √ .
n
(DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
5
X 1 1
38. √ sin . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
n n
X n4 + 4n2 + 1
39. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
2n
X √ √
40. n2 ( n a − n+1
a), a > 0. (DS. Phân kỳ ∀ a 6= 1)
n>1
X √
n
√
n+1
41. ( 2− 2). (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
X 1
42. , a > 0. (DS. Hô.i tu. khi a > 1. Phân kỳ khi 0 < a 6 1)
n>1
1 + an
X πn
43. sin √ . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
n2 n+n+1
Trong các bài toán sau dây, hãy xác di.nh nhũ.ng giá tri. cu’a tham
sô´ p dê’ chuô˜ i dã cho hô.i tu. hoă.c phân kỳ:
X π p
44. sin , p > 0. (DS. Hô.i tu. nêú p > 1, phân kỳ nêú p 6 1)
n>1
n
X π
45. tgp , p > 0. (DS. Hô.i tu. khi p > 1, phân kỳ khi p 6 1)
n>1
n+2
X 1 1
46. sin · tg , p > 0, q > 0.
n>1
np nq
(DS. Hô.i tu. khi p + q > 1, phân kỳ khi p + q 6 1)
X 1
47. 1 − cos p , p > 0.
n>1
n
1 1
(DS. Hô.i tu. khi p > , phân kỳ khi p 6 )
2 2
X√ √ 2n + 1
48. ( n + 1 − n)p ln .
n>1
2n + 3
(DS. Hô.i tu. khi p > 0, phân kỳ khi p 6 0)
Trong các bài toán sau dây, hãy kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i dã
cho nhò. dâú hiê.u du’ D’Alembert
Xn
49. n
. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
2
X 2n−1
50. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
nn
X 2n−1
51. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
(n − 1)!
X n!
52. . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
2n + 1
X 4n n!
53. . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
nn
X 3n
54. n
. (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n2
13.1. Chuô˜ i sô´ du.o.ng 189
X 1 · 3 · · · (2n − 1)
55. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
3n n!
X π
56. n2 sin . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
2n
X n(n + 1)
57. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
3n
X 73n
58. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
(2n − 5)!
X (n + 1)!
59. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
2n n!
X (2n − 1)!!
60. . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n!
X n!(2n + 1)!
61. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
(3n)!
n π
X n sin
62. 2n . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n!
X nn
63. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
n!3n
X n!an
64. , a 6= e, a > 0. (DS. Hô.i tu. khi a < e, phân kỳ khi a > e)
n>1
nn
Trong các bài toán sau dây, hãy kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i dã
cho nhò. dâú hiê.u du’ Cauchy
X n n
65. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
2n + 1
X 1 n
66. arc sin . (DS. hô.i tu.)
n>1
n
X 1 n + 1 n2
67. n
. (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
3 n
X 3n + 2 n
68. n5 . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
4n + 3
X 3n n n + 2 n2
69. . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n + 5 n + 3
X n!
70. √ .
n
(DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n
n n √
Chı’ dân. Su’. du.ng công thú.c Stirling n! ∼ 2πn, n → ∞
e
X n − 1 n(n−1)
71. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
n+1
X n2 + 3 n3 +1
72. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
n2 + 4
X n n 2
73. 3n . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n + 1
√
X 3n + 2
74. arctgn √ . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>10
n+1
X an n
75. , a > 0.
n>1
n + 2
(DS. Hô.i tu. khi 0 < a < 1, phân kỳ khi a > 1)
X nα
76. n/2 , α > 0. (DS. Hô.i tu. ∀ α)
n>1 ln(n + 1)
X 5 + (−1)n
77. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
4n+1
X n +n
78. 2(−1) . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
X n −n
79. 2(−1) . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
X [5 − (−1)n ]n
80. . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n2 4n
13.2. Chuô˜ i hô.i tu. tuyê.t d ôí và hô.i tu. không tuyê.t d ôí 191
X [5 + (−1)n ]n
81. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
n2 7n
X [3 + (−1)n ]
82. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
3n
√
X n4 [ 5 + (−1)n ]n
83. . (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
4n
X 2 + (−1)n
84. n+1
· (DS. Hô.i tu.)
n>1
5 + (−1)
13.2 ˜ i hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí và hô.i tu.

Chuô
không tuyê.t dôí
Chuô˜ i vó.i các sô´ ha.ng có dâú khác nhau
X
a1 + a2 + · · · + an + · · · = an (13.2)
n>1
du.o..c go.i là chuô

˜ i hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí nêú chuô˜ i sô´ du.o.ng
X
|a1| + |a2| + · · · + |an | + · · · = |an | (13.3)
n>1
hô.i tu.. Chuô˜ i (13.2) du.o..c go.i là chuô˜ i hô.i tu. có diê
` u kiê.n (không tuyê.t
dôí) nêú nó hô.i tu. còn chuô˜ i (13.3) phân kỳ.
- i.nh lý 13.2.1. Mo.i chuô
D ` u hô.i tu., tú.c là su.. hô.i
˜ i hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí dê
tu. cu’a chuô˜ i (13.3) kéo theo su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô ˜ i (13.2).
` u kiê.n có tı́nh châ´t râ´t dă.c biê.t là: nêú chuô˜ i
Chuô˜ i hô.i tu. có diê
(13.2) hô.i tu. có diê` u kiê.n thı̀ vó.i sô´ A ⊂ R bâ´t kỳ luôn luôn có thê’
hoán vi. các sô´ ha.ng cu’a chuô˜ i dó dê’ chuô˜ i thu du.o..c có tô’ng bă`ng A.
13.2.2 ˜ i dan dâú và dâú hiê.u Leibnitz

Chuô
Chuô˜ i da.ng
X
(−1)n−1 an = a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + · · · + (−1)n−1 an + . . . ,
n>1
an > 0 ∀ n ∈ N (13.4)
du.o..c go.i là chuô

˜ i dan dâú.
Dâú hiê.u Leibnitz. Nêú lim an = 0 và an > an+1 > 0 ∀ n ∈ N thı̀
n→∞
chuô˜ i dan dâú (13.4) hô.i tu. và
|S − Sn | 6 an+1 (13.5)
trong dó S là tô’ng cu’a chuô˜ i (13.4), Sn là tô’ng riêng thú. n cu’a nó.
Nhu. vâ.y dê’ kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i dan dâú ta câ ` n kiê’m tra
hai diê ` u kiê.n
i) an > an+1 > 0 ∀ n ∈ N,
ii) lim an = 0.
n→∞
Hê. thú.c (13.5) chú.ng to’ ră`ng sai sô´ gă.p pha’i khi thay tô’ng S cu’a
chuô˜ i dan dâú hô.i tu. bo’.i tô’ng cu’a mô.t sô´ sô´ ha.ng dâ ` u tiên cu’a nó là
không vu o. t quá giá tri. tuyê.t dôí cu’a sô´ ha.ng thú nhâ´t cu’a chuô˜ i du.
. . .
bi. că´t bo’.
Dê’ xác lâ.p su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i vó.i các sô´ ha.ng có dâú khác nhau ta
có thê’ su’. du.ng các dâú hiê.u hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i du.o.ng và di.nh lý 13.1.1.
P P
Nêú chuô˜ i |an | phân kỳ thı̀ su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i an tro’. thành
n>1 n>1
` dê’ mo’. ngoa. i trù. tru.ò.ng ho..p su’. du.ng dâú hiê.u D’Alembert và
vâń dê
dâú hiê.u Cauchy vı̀ các dâú hiê.u này xác lâ.p su.. phân kỳ cu’a chuô˜ i
chı’ du..a trên su.. phá võ. diê
` u kiê.n câ
` n.
Nhâ.n xét. Chuô˜ i dan dâú tho’a mãn dâú hiê.u Leibnitz go.i là chuô˜ i
Leibnitz.
CÁC VÍ DU
.
. P (−1)n−1
’ ’ ˜
Vı́ du. 1. Khao sát su. hô.i tu. và dă.c tı́nh hô.i tu. cua chuô i √ .
n>1 n
1
Gia’i. Dãy sô´ √ do.n diê.u gia’m dâ ` n dêń 0 khi n → ∞. Do dó
n
theo dâú hiê.u Leibnitz nó hô.i tu.. Dê’ kha’o sát dă.c tı́nh hô.i tu. (tuyê.t
P 1
dôí hay không tuyê.t dôí) ta xét chuô˜ i du.o.ng √ . Chuô˜ i này phân
n>1 n
kỳ. Do vâ.y chuô˜ i dã cho hô.i tu. có diê
` u kiê.n. N
Vı́ du. 2. Kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. và dă.c tı́nh hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i
X ln2 n
(−1)n−1 ·
n>1
n
ln2 n
Gia’i. Dê’ kha’o sát dáng diê.u cu’a dãy ta xét hàm ϕ(x) =
n
2
ln x ln x
. Rõ ràng là lim ϕ(x) = 0 và ϕ0 (x) = 2 (2 − ln x). Tù. dó suy
x x→∞ x
2 0 ln2 n
ra khi x > e thı̀ ϕ (x) < 0. Do dó dãy (an ) = tho’a mãn dâú
n
hiê.u Leibnitz vó.i n > e2 . Vı̀ vâ.y chuô˜ i dã cho hô.i tu.. Dê˜ dàng thâý
. . P ln2 n
` ˜
răng chuô i sô´ du o ng phân kỳ nên chuô˜ i dan dâú dã cho hô.i
n>1 n
` u kiê.n. N
tu. có diê
Vı́ du. 3. Cũng ho’i nhu. trên vó.i chuô˜ i

X cos nα
·
n>1
2n
Gia’i. Dây là chuô˜ i dô’i dâú. Xét chuô˜ i du.o.ng

X | cos nα|
(*)
n>1
2n
| cos αn| 1
Vı̀ n
6 n ∀ n ∈ N nên theo dâú hiê.u so sánh chuô˜ i (*) hô.i tu.
2 2
và do vâ.y chuô˜ i dã cho hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí. N
Vı́ du. 4. Cũng ho’i nhu. trên dôí vó.i chuô˜ i

X (−1)n
·
n>1
n(n + 1)
1
Gia’i. Dê˜ dàng thâý ră`ng dãy do.n diê.u gia’m dâ` n dêń 0
n(n + 1)
khi n → ∞. Do dó theo dâú hiê.u Leibnitz nó hô.i tu.. Ta xét su.. hô.i tu.
P 1
cu’a chuô˜ i du.o.ng . Chuô˜ i này hô.i tu., chă’ng ha.n theo dâú
n>1 n(n + 1)
hiê.u tı́ch phân
1
Z∞ ZA
dx d x+
2 x A
= lim 1 2 1
= lim ln = ln 2.
x(x + 1) A→∞ A→∞ x+1 1
1 1 x+ −
2 4
Do dó chuô˜ i dã cho hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí. N

P 1
` n lâý bao nhiêu sô´ ha.ng cu’a chuô˜ i
Vı́ du. 5. Câ (−1)n−1 2 dê’ tô’ng
n>1 n
. ’ ˜
cu’a chúng sai khác vó i tông cu’a chuô i dã cho không quá 0,01 ? 0,001 ?
Gia’i. 1+ Chuô˜ i dã cho là chuô˜ i Leibnitz. Do dó phâ ` n du. cu’a nó
` u kiê.n
tho’a mãn diê
1
|Rn | < an+1 ⇒ |Rn | < ·
(n + 1)2
Dê’ tı́nh tô’ng cu’a chuô˜ i dã cho vó.i su.. sai khác không quá 0,01 ta câ
`n
dòi ho’i là
1
|Rn | < 0, 01 ⇒ < 0, 01 ⇔ n > 10.
(n + 1)2
Nhu. vâ.y dê’ tı́nh tô’ng cu’a chuô˜ i vó.i sai sô´ không vu.o..t quá 0,01 ta chı’
` n tı́nh tô’ng mu.ò.i sô´ ha.ng dâ
câ ` u là du’.
2 Dê’ tı́nh tô’ng cu’a chuô˜ i vó.i sai sô´ không vu.o..t quá 0,001 ta câ
+ `n
tı́nh tô’ng 31 sô´ ha.ng dâ` u là du’ (ta.i sao ?) N
Nhâ.n xét. Ta thâý ră`ng chuô˜ i Leibnitz là công cu. tı́nh toán tiê.n
P 1
ho.n so vó.i chuô˜ i du.o.ng. Chă’ng ha.n dê’ tı́nh tô’ng cu’a chuô˜ i 2
n>1 n
vó.i sai sô´ không vu.o..t quá 0,001 ta câ` n pha’i lâý 1001 sô´ ha.ng mó.i du’.
Thâ.t vâ.y ta có thê’ áp du.ng dâú hiê.u tı́ch phân. Ta có
Z∞ Z∞
f(x)dx < Rn < f (x)dx.
n+1 n
Tù. dó
Z∞
dx 1 ∞ 1
Rn < 2
=− = ·
x x n n
n
1
Tı̀m n dê’ < 0, 001. Gia’i bâ´t phu.o.ng trı̀nh dôí vó.i n ta có n > 1000,
n
tú.c là R1001 < 0, 001. Vâ.y ta câ ` u dê’ tı́nh tô’ng
` n lâý 1001 sô´ ha.ng dâ
. . .
mó i có du o. c sai sô´ không quá 0,001.
Vı́ du. 6. Chú.ng to’ ră`ng chuô˜ i
5 7 10 26 n2 + 1 n3 − 1
2+ − + − + ··· + − + . . . (*)
4 8 9 27 n2 n3
hô.i tu., còn chuô˜ i
5 7 10 26 n2 + 1 n3 − 1
2+ − + − + ··· + − + ... (**)
4 8 9 27 n2 n3
thu du.o..c tù. chuô˜ i dã cho sau khi bo’ các dâú ngoă. c do.n là chuô˜ i phân
kỳ.
Gia’i. Sô´ ha.ng tô’ng quát cu’a chuô˜ i (*) có da.ng
n 2 + 1 n3 − 1 n+1
an = 2
− 3
= ·
n n n3
Do dó ∀ n > 1 ta có
n+1 1 1
3
= 2+ 3
n n n
P 1
và do chuô˜ i α
hô.i tu. ∀ α > 1 nên chuô˜ i dã cho hô.i tu..
n>1 n
Bây giò. xét chuô˜ i (**). Rõ ràng sô´ ha.ng tô’ng quát cu’a (**) không
` n dêń 0 khi n → ∞, do dó chuô˜ i (**) phân kỳ. N
dâ
BÀI TÂ
.P
Su’. du.ng dâú hiê.u Leibnitz dê’ chú.ng minh các chuô˜ i sau dây hô.i
` u kiê.n
tu. có diê
X (−1)n+1 X (−1)n ln n
1. √ 6.
n>4
n2 − 4n + 1 nn>1
X (−1) n n+1 9 X 2n + 1
2. √ 7. (−1)n+1
n>1
n20 + 4n3 + 1 n>1
n(n + 1)
X (−1)n n n π
3. √ X (−1) cos
(n + 1) 3
n+2 8. n
n>1 n
X (−1)n √n
n>1
X √
4. 9.
n
(−1)n ( 2 − 1)
n>1
n + 20
n>1
X 1 X
5. (−1)n √ n−1 1
4
n 10. (−1)n √
n>1 n>1
n + 1 100 n
Kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. và dă.c tı́nh hô.i tu. cu’a các chuô˜ i
X n
n 2n + 1
11. (−1) . (DS. Hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí)
n>1
3n − 2
X 3n + 1 5n+2
n
12. (−1) . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
3n − 2
X 2 + (−1)n
13. (−1)n . (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n
X (−1)n−1 √
n
14. sin . (DS. Hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí)
n>1
n n + 1
X ln(n + 1)
15. (−1)n+1 arctg . (DS. Hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí)
n>1
(n + 1)2
√
˜ n. Su’. du.ng bâ´t dă’ng thú.c ln(n + 1) < n + 1, n > 2.
Chı’ dâ
X 1
16. (−1)n+1 . ` u kiê.n)
(DS. Hô.i tu. có diê
n>1
n − ln3 n
Trong các bài toán sau dây hãy xác di.nh giá tri. cu’a tham sô´ p dê’
chuô˜ i sô´ hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí hoă.c hô.i tu. có diê
` u kiê.n
X (−1)n−1
17. p
, p > 0.
n>1
(2n − 1)
` u kiê.n khi 0 1; hô.i tu. có diê
X 1
18. (−1)n−1 tgp √ , p > 0.
n>1
n n
2 2
` u kiê.n khi 0 ; hô.i tu. có diê
3 3
X 5n + 1
19. (−1)n−1 sinp √ , p > 0.
n>1
n2 n+3
2 2
` u kiê.n khi 0 0.
n>1
n n+1
1 1
` u kiê.n khi 0 1
n 3
n
X 1
22. (−1)n+1 . (DS. Hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí)
n>1
(2n − 1)3
X (2n + 1)!!
23. (−1)n−1 . (DS. Hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí)
n>1
2 · 5 · 8 · · · (3n − 1)
X π
n+1 ` u kiê.n)
24. (−1) 1 − cos √ . (DS. Hô.i tu. có diê
n>1
n
n π
X (−1) sin
25. n. (DS. Hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí)
n>1
n
X (−1)n
26. √ . ` u kiê.n)
n>1
n + 2
X (−1)n
27. √
n
. (DS. Phân kỳ)
n>1
n
X (−1)n+1
28. . ` u kiê.n)
n>1
n − ln n
X (−1)n−1
29. 2n
.
n>1
(n + 1)a
` u kiê.n khi |a| = 1,
(DS. Hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí khi |a| > 1, hô.i tu. có diê
phân kỳ khi |a| < 1)
X (−1)n
30. √ . (DS. Hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí)
n>1
(n + 1)( n + 1 − 1)
1 n
n+1
X (−1) 2 +
31. n . (DS. Hôi tu tuyêt dôí)
5n . . .
n>1
X π
32. (−1)n tg n . (DS. Hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí)
n>1
3
Trong các bài toán sau dây, hãy tı̀m sô´ sô´ ha.ng cu’a chuô˜ i dã cho
` n lâý dê’ tô’ng cu’a chúng và tô’ng cu’a chuô˜ i tu.o.ng ú.ng sai khác nhau
câ
mô.t da.i lu.o..ng không vu.o..t quá sô´ δ cho tru.ó.c
X 1
33. (−1)n−1 2 , δ = 0, 01. (DS. N o = 7)
n>1
2n
13.3. Chuô˜ i lũy thù.a 199
X cos(nπ)
34. , δ = 0, 001. (DS. N o = 5)
n>1
n!
X (−1)n−1
35. √ , δ = 10−6 . (DS. N o = 106 )
n 2+1
n>1
X cos nπ
36. n (n + 1)
, δ = 10−6 . (DS. N o = 15)
n>1
2
X (−1)n 2n
37. , δ = 0, 1?; δ = 0, 01? (DS. N o = 2, N o = 3)
n>1
(4n + 1)5n
X (−1)n
38. , δ = 0, 1; δ = 0, 001? (DS. N o = 4, N o = 6)
n>1
n!
13.3 ˜ i lũy thù.a

Chuô
Chuô˜ i lũy thù.a dôí vó.i biêń thu..c x là chuô˜ i da.ng
X
an xn = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + · · · + an xn + . . . (13.6)
n>0
hay
X
an (x − a)n = a0 + a1(x − a) + · · · + an (x − a)n + . . . (13.7)
n>0
trong dó các hê. sô´ a0, a1, . . . , an , . . . là nhũ.ng hă`ng sô´. Bă`ng phép dô’i
biêń x bo’.i x − a tù. (13.6) thu du.o..c (13.7). Do dó dê’ tiê.n trı̀nh bày
` n xét (13.6) là du’ (tú.c là xem a = 0).
ta chı’ câ
Chuô˜ i (13.6) luôn hô.i tu. ta.i diê’m x = 0, còn (13.7) hô.i tu. ta.i x = a.
Do dó tâ.p ho..p diê’m mà chuô˜ i lũy thù.a hô.i tu. luôn luôn 6= ∅.
Dôí vó.i chuô˜ i lũy thù.a bâ´t kỳ (13.6) luôn luôn tô ` n ta.i sô´ thu..c
R : 0 6 R 6 +∞ sao cho chuô˜ i dó hô.i tu. tuyê.t dôí khi |x| < R và
phân kỳ khi |x| > R. Sô´ R dó du.o..c go.i là bán kı́nh hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i
(13.6) và khoa’ng I(R) = (−R, R) du.o..c go.i là khoa’ng hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i
lũy thù.a (13.6).
Bán kı́nh hô.i tu. R cu’a chuô˜ i lũy thù.a có thê’ tı́nh thông qua các
hê. sô´ cu’a nó bo’.i mô.t trong các công thú.c
|an |
R = lim , (13.8)
n→∞ |an+1 |
hoă.c
1
R = lim p (13.9)
n→∞ n |a |
n
nêú gió.i ha.n o’. vê´ pha’i cu’a (13.8) và (13.9) tô
` n ta.i.
- i.nh nghı̃a 13.3.1. Ngu.ò.i ta nói ră`ng hàm f (x) khai triê’n du.o..c
D
P
thành chuô˜ i lũy thù.a an xn trên khoa’ng (−R, R) nêú trên khoa’ng
n>0
dó chuô˜ i dã nêu hô.i tu. và tô’ng cu’a nó bă`ng f (x), tú.c là
X
f (x) = an xn , x ∈ (−R, R).
n>0
Di.nh nghı̃a 13.3.2. 1+ Chuô˜ i lũy thù.a da.ng
f 0 (x0 ) f (n) (x0 )

f (x0) + (x − x0 ) + · · · + (x − x0 )n + . . .
1! n!
X f (n) (x0)
= (x − x0 )n (13.10)
n>0
n!
du.o..c go.i là chuô˜ i Taylor cu’a hàm f (x) vó.i tâm ta.i diê’m x0 (o’. dây
0! = 1, f (0) (x0) = f (x0)).
2+ Các hê. sô´ cu’a chuô˜ i Taylor
f 0 (x0 ) f (n) (x0)

a0 = f (x0), a1 = , . . . , an = (13.11)
1! n!
du.o..c go.i là các hê. sô´ Taylor cu’a hàm f(x).
3+ Khi x0 = 0, chuô˜ i Taylor

f 0 (0) f (n) (0) n X f (n) (0)
f (0) + x + ··· + x + ··· = xn (13.12)
1! n! n>0
n!
du.o..c go.i là chuô˜ i Maclaurin.
13.3.2 D ` u kiê.n khai triê’n và phu.o.ng pháp khai

- iê
triê’n
- i.nh lý 13.3.1 (Tiêu chuâ’n khai triê’n). Hàm f (x) khai triê’n du.o..c
D
˜ i lũy thù.a
thành chuô
X
an xn
n>0
trên khoa’ng (−R, R) khi và chı’ khi trên khoa’ng dó hàm f(x) có da.o
hàm mo.i câ´p và trong công thú.c Taylor
f 0 (0) f (n) (0) n
f (x) = f (0) + x+ ··· + x + Rn (x)
1! n!
` n du. Rn (x) → 0 khi n → ∞ ∀x ∈ (−R, R).
phâ
Trong thu..c hành ngu.ò.i ta thu.ò.ng su’. du.ng dâú hiê.u du’ nhu. sau.
- .inh lý 13.3.2. Dê’ hàm f (x) khai triê’n du.o..c thành chuô
D ˜ i lũy thù.a
X
an xn , x ∈ (−R, R)
n>0
` u kiê.n du’ là trên khoa’ng dó hàm f (x) có da.o hàm mo.i câ´p và các
diê
da.o hàm dó bi. chă.n, tú.c là ∃ M > 0 : ∀ n = 0, 1, 2, . . . và ∀ x ∈
(−R, R) thı̀
|f (n) (x)| 6 M.
Ta nêu ra dây hai phu.o.ng pháp khai triê’n hàm thành chuô˜ i lũy
thù.a
1. Phu.o.ng pháp I (phu.o.ng pháp tru..c tiê´p) gô

` m các bu.ó.c sau:
a) Tı́nh các hê. sô´ theo công thú.c (13.11)
b) Chú.ng to’ ră`ng lim Rn (x) = 0.
n→∞
Nhu.o..c diê’m cu’a phu.o.ng pháp này là tı́nh toán quá cô
` ng kê
` nh và
sau nũ.a là viê.c kha’o sát gió.i ha.n Rn (x) → 0 (n → ∞) la.i càng phú.c
ta.p ho.n.
2. Phu.o.ng pháp II (phu.o.ng pháp gián tiê´p) là phu.o.ng pháp du..a
trên ba’ng các khai triê’n “có să˜ n” (hay Khai triê’n ba’ng) cùng vó.i các
phép tı́nh dôí vó.i chuô˜ i lũy thù.a.
x2 xn P xn
I. ex = 1 + x + + ··· + − ··· = , x ∈ R.
2! n! n>0 n!
x3 x 5 x2n+1
II. sin x = x − + − · · · + (−1)n + ··· =
3! 5! (2n + 1)!
P x2n+1
= (−1)n , x ∈ R.
n>0 (2n + 1)!
x 2 x4 x2n
III. cos x = 1 − + − · · · + (−1)n + ··· =
2! 4! (2n)!
P x2n
= (−1)n , x ∈ R.
n>0 (2n)!
IV.
α(α − 1) 2 α(α − 1) · · · (α − n + 1) n
(1 + x)α = 1 + αx + x + ··· + x + ...
! 2! n!
X α
=1+ xn , −1 < x < 1,
n>1
n
! ! !
α α α(α − 1) · · · (α − n + 1) α
= 1, = , = Cnα nêú α ∈ N.
0 n n! n
Khi α = −1 ta có
1
= 1 − x + x2 − · · · + (−1)n xn + . . .
1+x
X
= (−1)n xn , −1 < x < 1.
n>0
1 X
= 1 + x + x2 + · · · + xn + · · · = xn , −1 < x < 1.
1−x n>0
V.
x2 x3 xn
ln(1 + x) = x − + − · · · + (−1)n−1 + . . . ; −1 < x < 1
2 3 n
x2 xn
ln(1 − x) = −x − − ··· − − . . . , −1 < x < 1.
2 n
CÁC VÍ DU
.
` n hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i lũy thù.a
Vı́ du. 1. Tı̀m miê
X
(−1)n−1 nxn .
n>1
Gia’i. 1+ Ta sẽ áp du.ng công thú.c (13.8). Vı̀ an = (−1)n−1 n và
an+1 = (−1)n (n + 1) nên ta có
|an | n
R = lim = lim = 1.
n→∞ |an+1 | n→∞ n + 1
Nhu. vâ.y chuô˜ i hô.i tu. bó.i −1 < x < 1.

2+ Ta còn câ ` n kha’o sát su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i ta.i các dâ
` u mút cu’a
khoa’ng hô.i tu..
Vó.i x = −1 ta có
X X X
(−1)n−1 n(−1)n = (−1)2n−1 n = (−n).
n>1 n>1 n>1
Do dó chuô˜ i dã cho phân kỳ ta.i diê’m x = −1 (không tho’a mãn diê
ù
` n !)
kiê.n câ
Vó.i x = 1 ta có
X
(−1)n−1 n ⇒ lim (−1)n−1 n không tô
` n ta.i
n→∞
n>1
Do dó chuô˜ i phân kỳ ta.i diê’m x = 1. Vâ.y miê

` n hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i là
(−1, 1). N
Vı́ du. 2. Tı̀m khoa’ng hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i
X (−1)n (x − 2)n
·
n>1
nn
Gia’i. Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p này ta su’. du.ng công thú.c (13.9) và thu
du.o..c
1 1
R = lim p = lim r = lim n = +∞.
n→∞ n |a | n→∞ n n→∞
n n (−1)
n
n
` u dó có nghı̃a là chuô˜ i dã cho hô.i tu. vó.i mo.i giá tri. x, tú.c là
Diê
I(R) = (−∞, +∞).
Vı́ du. 3. Tı̀m khoa’ng hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i
X
n!xn , 0! ≡ 1.
n>0
Gia’i. Áp du.ng công thú.c (13.8) ta có
|an | n! 1
R = lim = lim = lim = 0.
n→∞ |an+1 | n→∞ n!(n + 1) n→∞ n + 1
Vâ.y R = 0. Diê ` u dó có nghı̃a ră`ng chuô˜ i dã cho hô.i tu. ta.i diê’m x = 0.
N
1
Vı́ du. 4. Khai triê’n hàm thành chuô˜ i lũy thù.a ta.i lân câ.n diê’m
4−x
x0 = 2 (cũng tú.c là: theo các lũy thù.a cu’a hiê.u x − 2 hay chuô˜ i lũy
thù.a vó.i tâm ta.i diê’m x0 = 2).
Gia’i. Ta biêń dô’i hàm dã cho dê’ có thê’ áp du.ng khai triê’n ba’ng:
1 X
= tn , −1 < t < 1.
1 − t n>0
Ta có
1 1 1
= ·
4−x 2 x−2
1−
2
x−2
Xem t = ta có:
2
1 1h x − 2 x − 2 2 x − 2 n i
= 1+ + + ··· + + ...
4−x 2 2 2 2
1 X 1
⇒ = (x − 2)n .
4 − x n>0 2n+1
Khai triê’n này chı’ dúng khi

x − 2

< 1 ⇔ |x − 2| < 2 ⇔ −2 < x − 2 < 2 ⇔ 0 < x < 4. N
2
Nhâ.n xét. Ba.n do.c cũng dê˜ dàng thu du.o..c khai triê’n trên dây
bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp tru..c tiê´p.
πx
Vı́ du. 5. Khai triê’n hàm f (x) = sin thành chuô˜ i Taylor vó.i tâm
4
ta.i diê’m x0 = 2.
Gia’i. Ta biêń dô’i hàm dã cho nhu. sau
π π hπ πi π
sin x = sin (x − 2 + 2) = sin (x − 2) + = cos (x − 2).
4 4 4 2 4
π
Xem (x − 2) = t và áp du.ng khai triê’n ba’ng III ta có
4
π X (−1)n π 2n
sin x = (x − 2)
4 n>0
(2n)! 4
X (−1)n π 2n
= (x − 2)2n , x ∈ R. N
n>0
42n (2n)!
1+x
Vı́ du. 6. Khai triê’n hàm f (x) = ln thành chuô˜ i Maclaurin.
1−x
1+x
Gia’i. Ta có ln = ln(1 + x) − ln(1 − x). Mă.t khác
1−x
x2 xn
ln(1 + x) = x − + · · · + (−1)n−1 + . . . , −1 < x < 1;
2 n
x2 xn
ln(1 − x) = −x − − ··· − − . . . , −1 < x < 1.
2 n
Tù. dó
2x3 2x5 2x2n−1
ln(1 + x) − ln(1 − x) = 2x + + + ··· + + ...
3 5 2n − 1
− 1 < x < 1. N
BÀI TÂ
.P
Su’. du.ng các khai triê’n ba’ng dê’ khai triê’n hàm thành chuô˜ i lũy
thù.a vó.i tâm ta.i diê’m x0 = 0 và chı’ ra bán kı́nh hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i
P (−1)n 2n n
1. f (x) = e−2x . (DS. x , R = +∞)
n>0 n!
1 P 2n n 1
2. f (x) = ln . (DS. x ,R= )
1 − 2x n>1 n 2
x3 P (−1)n x3n+1 n √
3
3. f (x) = x ln 1 + . (DS. n
x , R = 3)
3 n>1 3 n
√
3
4 P 4n · 2 · 5 · · · (3n − 4) n
4. f (x) = 1 − 4x. (DS. 1 − x+ x ;
3 n>2 3n · n!
R = 1)
P (−1)n 52n+1 2n+1
5. f (x) = sin 5x. (DS. x ; R = +∞)
n>0 (2n + 1)!
x3 P (−1)n x6n
6. f (x) = cos . (DS. 2n
; R = +∞)
3 n>0 3 (2n)!
Bă`ng cách biêń dô’i (trong tru.ò.ng ho..p câ

` n thiê´t) sao cho có thê’ áp
du.ng các khai triê’n ba’ng dê’ khai triê’n hàm f (x) thành chuô˜ i lũy thù.a
vó.i tâm ta.i diê’m x0. Hãy chı’ ra bán kı́nh hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i
x P (−1)n (x − 10)n
7. f (x) = e− 2 , x0 = 10. (DS. e−5 , R = +∞)
n>0 n! 2n
x
P lnn 2 a
8. f(x) = 2 , x0 = a. (DS. 2 (x − a)n , R = +∞)
n>0 n!
2 n
x −x
P ln 3
9. f (x) = 2 3 , x0 = 0. (DS. xn , R = +∞)
n>0 n!
3 P (−1)n 2n e 3n
10. f(x) = e1−2x , x0 = 0. (DS. x , R = +∞)
n>0 n!
1 P (x + 2)n+1
11. f (x) = (2 + x)ex−1, x0 = −2. (DS. , R = +∞)
e3 n>0 n!
12. f(x) = sin(a + x), x0 = 0.
X (−1)n x2n X (−1)n x2n+1
(DS. sin a + cos a , R = +∞)
n>0
2n! n>0
(2n + 1)!
13. f (x) = sin x cos 3x, x0 = 0.
1 X (−1)n (4x)2n+1 1 X (−1)n (2x)2n+1

(DS. − , R = +∞)
2 n>0 (2n + 1)! 2 n>0 (2n + 1)!

 cos x − 1 , x 6= 0
14. f (x) = x ; x0 = 0.
0, x=0
P (−1)n (x)2n−1
(DS. , R = +∞)
n>0 (2n)!
π 2n−1
π P x−
15. f(x) = cos x, x0 = . (DS. (−1)n 2 , R = +∞)
2 n>1 (2n − 1)!
16. f(x) = sin2 x cos2 x, x = 0.
P (−1)n+1 · 24n−3 2n
(DS. x , R = +∞)
n>1 (2n)!
17. f(x) = ln(x2 + 3x + 2), x0 = 0.
X xn
(DS. ln 2 + (−1)n−1 [1 + 2−n ] , R = +∞)
n>1
n
18. f(x) = ln(4 + 3x − x2 ), x0 = 2.

X 1
DS. ln 6 + (−1)n−1 3−n − 2−n (x − 2)n )
n>1
n
1
19. f (x) = , x0 = 0; x0 = 4.
x2 − 2x − 3
1 1 n i n
X h (−1)n+1
(DS. 1) − x , |x| < 1;
n>0
4 12 3
X h (−1)n 1 (−1)n i
2) − n
(x − 4)n , |x − 4| < 1)
n>0
4 20 5
1h 1 1 i
˜ n. Biê’u diê˜ n f (x) =
Chı’ dâ − .
4 x−3 x+1
x2 + x + 1
20. f (x) = , x0 = 0.
(x − 1)(x + 2)
P 2n+1 − (−1)n n
(DS. 1 − x , R = 1)
n>0 2n+1
1
21. f (x) = , x0 = −2.
x2 + 4x + 7
P (x + 2)2n √
(DS. (−1)n n+1
, R = 3)
n>0 3
Su’. du.ng phu.o.ng pháp da.o hàm hoă.c tı́ch phân cu’a chuô˜ i lũy thù.a
dê’ khai triê’n hàm f(x) thành chuô˜ i lũy thù.a vó.i tâm x0 = 0 và chı’
ra bán kı́nh hô.i tu..
π x3 (−1)n x2n−1
22. f (x) = arcctgx. (DS. x+ +···+ + . . . , |x| 6 1)
2 3 2n − 1
π
˜ n. Khai triê’n arctgx và su’. du.ng hê. thú.c arcctgx = −
Chı’ dâ
2
arctgx.
1 1 P
23. f (x) = . (DS. (n + 1)(n + 2)xn , R = 1)
(1 − x)3 2 n>0
P (2n − 1)!!x2n+1
24. f (x) = arc sin x. (DS. x + , R = 1)
n>1 (2n)!!(2n + 1)
Zx
sin t2 P (−1)n x4n+2
25. f (x) = dt. (DS. , R = +∞)
t n>1 (2n + 1)!(4n + 2)
0
Zx
ln(1 + t) P (−1)n−1 xn
26. f (x) = dt. (DS. , R = 1)
t n>1 n2
0
Zx
1 − cos 2t P (−1)n 4n x2n−1
27. f (x) = dt. (DS. , R = +∞)
t2 n>1 (2n − 1)(2n)!
0

Zx  ln(1 + x) , x 6= 0,
28. f (x) = g(t)dt, g(x) = x

0 1, x = 0.
X xn
(DS. (−1)n−1 , R = 1)
n>1
n2
√
29. f(x) = ln(x + x2 + 1).
P (2n − 1)!! 2n+1
(DS. x + (−1)n x , R = 1)
n>1 (2n)!!
Zx
dt
˜ n. f (x) = √
Chı’ dâ .
1 + t2
0
Áp du.ng các phu.o.ng pháp thı́ch ho..p dê’ khai triê’n hàm f (x) thành
chuô˜ i lũy thù.a vó.i tâm ta.i x0 và chı’ ra bán kı́nh hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i
P (x − 4)n
30. f (x) = ex−1 , x0 = 4. (DS. e3 , R = +∞)
n>0 n!
P 3n − 2(−1)n n
31. f(x) = e3x − 2e−x , x0 = 0. (DS. x , R = +∞)
n>0 n!
1 P (ln 8)n
32. f(x) = , x 0 = −1. (DS. 32 (x + 1)n , R = +∞)
23x−2 n>0 n!
P (ln 2 + 1)n
33. f (x) = 2x ex−1, x0 = 1. (DS. 2 (x − 1)n , R = +∞)
n>0 n!
π
34. f (x) = sin 3x, x0 = .
4
√
2 X (−1)n 32n π 2n
(DS. x−
2 n>0 (2n)! 4
√
2 X (−1)n 32n+1 π 2n+1
− x− , R = +∞)
2 n>0 (2n + 1)! 4
x π
35. f (x) = cos , x0 = − .
2 3
π 2n
n
√ X (−1) x +
(DS. 3 3
(2n)!2 2n+1
n>0
X (−1)n π π 2n+1
+ x+ x+ , R = +∞)
n>0
(2n + 1)!(22n+1 3 3
π
36. f (x) = cos2 x, x0 = .
4
π 2n−1
n n−1
1 X (−1) 4 x −
(DS. + 4 , R = +∞)
2 n>1 (2n − 1)!
37. f (x) = sin x cos2 x, x0 = 0.

X (−1)n
(DS. (1 + 32n+1 )x2n+1 , R = +∞)
n>0
4(2n)!
38. f (x) = cos x cos 2x, x0 = 0.

1X h 1 32n i 2n
n
(DS. (−1) + x , R = +∞)
2 n>0 (2n)! (2n)!
13.4. Chuô˜ i Fourier 211
39. f (x) = x ln x, x0 = 1.
X (−1)n−1 (x − 1)n+1 X (−1)n−1 (x − 1)n
(DS. + , R = 1)
n>1
n n>1
n
40. f (x) = ln(2x + 3), x0 = 4.

X 2 n+1 1 11
n
(DS. ln 11 + (−1) (x − 4)n , R = )
n>1
11 n+1 2
41. f (x) = ln(3 − 4x), x0 = −2.

X 4 n (x + 2)n h −19 3 i
(DS. ln 11 − , x∈ , )
n>1
11 n 4 4
x+3
42. f (x) = arctg , x0 = 0.
x−3
π X (−1)n+1 x2n+1
(DS. − + , R = 3)
4 n>0 32n+1 2n + 1
3 P n+1 x
2n
˜ n. f 0 (x) = −
Chı’ dâ = (−1) . Tù. dó
x2 + 9 n>0 32n+1
Zx X (−1)n+1 Z
x
f(t)dt = f (x) − f(0) = t2ndt.

n>0
32n+1
0 0
13.4 ˜ i Fourier
Chuô
Hê. hàm
1 πx πx nπx nπx
, cos , sin , . . . , cos , sin ,... (13.13)
2 ` ` ` `
du.o..c go.i là hê. lu.o..ng giác co. so’.. Dó là hê. tru..c giao trên doa.n [−`, `]
(tú.c là tı́ch phân theo doa.n dó cu’a tı́ch hai hàm khác nhau bâ´t kỳ cu’a
hê. bă`ng 0).
- i.nh nghı̃a 13.4.1. 1) Chuô˜ i hàm da.ng

D
a0 X nπx nπx
+ an cos + bn sin , (13.14)
2 n>1
` `
trong dó ` > 0; an , bn là các hă`ng sô´ (go.i là hê. sô´ cu’a chuô˜ i (13.14))
du.o..c go.i là chuô˜ i lu.o..ng giác.
2) Chuô˜ i lu.o..ng giác (13.14) du.o..c go.i là chuô˜ i Fourier cu’a hàm
f (x) theo hê. lu.o..ng giác co. so’. (13.13) (go.i tă´t là chuô˜ i Fourier) nêú
các hê. sô´ cu’a nó du.o..c tı́nh theo công thú.c
Z`
1 nπx
an = f (x) cos dx, n = 0, 1, . . .
` `
−`
(13.15)
Z`
1 nπx
bn = f (x) sin dx, n = 1, 2, . . .
` `
−`
Các hê. sô´ an , bn du.o..c tı́nh theo công thú.c (13.15) du.o..c go.i là hê. sô´
Fourier cu’a hàm f theo hê. lu.o..ng giác co. so’..
Z`
Gia’ su’. hàm f(x) tho’a mãn diê ` u kiê.n |f (x)|dx < +∞. Khi dó
−`
luôn luôn xác di.nh du.o..c các hê. sô´ an , bn theo (13.15) và lâ.p chuô˜ i
Fourier dôí vó.i hàm f (x) và viê´t
a0 X nπx nπx
f (x) ∼ + an cos + bn sin , (13.16)
2 n>1
` `
o’. dây dâú “∼” du.o..c dùng khi dă’ng thú.c chu.a du.o..c chú.ng minh (và
du.o..c go.i là dâú tu.o.ng ú.ng).
13.4.2 ` su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô

Dâú hiê.u du’ vê ˜ i Fourier
Dâú tu.o.ng ú.ng “∼” trong hê. thú.c (13.16) có thê’ thay bă`ng dâú dă’ng
thú.c nêú hàm f (x) tho’a mãn dâú hiê.u du’ sau dây vê
` khai triê’n hàm
thành chuô˜ i Fourier.
- i.nh lý Dirichlet. Gia’ su’. f(x) là hàm tuâ

D ` n hoàn chu kỳ T (go.i là
hàm T -tuâ 0
` n hoàn), f(x) và f (x) hoă.c liên tu.c khă ´p no.i hoă.c liên tu.c
tù.ng khúc (tú.c là chı’ có mô.t sô´ hũ.u ha.n diê’m gián doa.n loa.i I trong
mô ˜ i chu kỳ).
Khi dó chuô˜ i Fourier cu’a hàm f (x) hô.i tu. vó.i mo.i x dêń tô’ng S(x)
và
1) Ta.i mo.i diê’m liên tu.c cu’a hàm f (x), chuô ˜ i hô.i tu. dêń chı́nh
.
hàm f (x) tú c là S(x) = f(x).
2) Ta.i mo.i diê’m gián doa.n, chuô ˜ i hô.i tu. dêń nu’.a tô’ng các gió.i
ha.n mô.t phı́a bên trái và bên pha’i cu’a hàm, tú.c là
f(x0 + 0) + f(x0 − 0)
S(x0) = , x0 là diê’m gián doa.n.
2
´p no.i thı̀ chuô
3) Nêú f (x) liên tu.c khă ˜ i Fourier cu’a nó hô.i tu. tuyê.t
` u.
dôí và dê
Có hai tru.ò.ng ho..p dă.c biê.t sau dây:
1) Nêú f (x) là hàm chă˜ n, tú.c là f(x) = f (−x) ∀ x thı̀ bn = 0
∀ n > 1 và chuô˜ i Fourier cu’a nó chı’ chú.a các hàm cosin:
Z`
a0 X nπx 2 nπx
f (x) = + an cos , an = f (x) cos dx n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
2 n>1
` ` `
0
2) Nêú f (x) là hàm le’, tú.c là f (x) = −f (−x) ∀ x thı̀ an = 0
∀ n = 0, 1, . . . và chuô˜ i Fourier cu’a nó chı’ chú.a các hàm sin:
X Z`
nπx 2 nπx
f (x) = bn sin , bn = f (x) sin dx n = 1, 2, . . .
n>1
` ` `
0
Nêú hàm f(x) chı’ xác di.nh trên doa. n [a, b] ⊂ [−`, `] và không xác
di.nh trên [−`, `] \ [a, b] thı̀ có thê’ du..ng hàm phu. F (x) sao cho

f(x), x ∈ [a, b]
F (x) =
g(x), x ∈ [−`, `] \ [a, b],
trong dó g(x) là hàm kha’ tı́ch tùy ý.

Sau dó gia’ thiê´t F (x + 2`) = F (x) ∀ x ∈ R và thu du.o..c hàm tuâ `n
. . .
hoàn F (x) có chu kỳ 2`. Phép du. ng hàm F (x) nhu vâ.y du o. c go.i là.
phép thác trıê’n tuâ
` n hoàn f (x).
Hàm f (x) du.o..c cho trên [0, `] có thê’ thác triê’n tùy ý sang khoa’ng
` [−`, 0] và do vâ.y nó du.o..c biê’u diê˜ n bo’.i các chuô˜ i Fourier khác
kê
nhau (mà thu.ò.ng gă.p là chuô˜ i Fourier chı’ chú.a hoă.c các hàm cosin
hoă.c các hàm sin).
Ta xét hai tru.ò.ng ho..p dă.c biê.t sau dây:
1) Chuô˜ i Fourier theo các hàm cosin thu du.o..c khi thác triê’n chă˜ n
hàm dã cho trên doa.n [0, `] sang khoa’ng kê ` [−`, 0]. Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p
` thi. cu’a hàm F (x) dôí xú.ng qua tru.c tung.
này dô
2) Chuô˜ i Fourier theo các hàm sin thu du.o..c khi thác triê’n le’ hàm
dã cho sang khoa’ng kê ` [−`, 0). Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p này dô ` thi. cu’a hàm
F (x) là dôí xú.ng qua gôć to.a dô..
Gia’ su’. hàm f(x) liên tu.c trên doa.n [−`, `] và f (−`) = f (`) và a0,
an , bn , n ∈ N là các hê. sô´ Fourier cu’a hàm f (x). Khi dó ta có dă’ng
thú.c
Z`
1 a20 X 2
f 2 (x)dx = + (an + b2n ). (13.17)
` 2 n>1
−`
Dă’ng thú.c (13.17) du.o..c go.i là dă’ng thú.c Parseval.
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Khai triê’n hàn f (x) = signx, −π < x < π thành chuô˜ i
Fourier và su’. du.ng khai triê’n âý dê’ tı̀m tô’ng cu’a chuô˜ i Leibnitz
X (−1)n
·
n>1
2n + 1
Gia’i. Vı̀ hàm f(x) le’ nên an = 0, n = 0, 1, . . . và
Zπ
2 2 cos nx π
bn = signx sin nxdx = −
π π n 0
0

4 

2 nêú n = 2m − 1
= ([1 − cos nπ]) = π(2m − 1) , m ∈ N.
nπ 
0 nêú n = 2m
Do dó vó.i −π < x < π ta có
4 X sin(2m − 1)x
signx = ·
π m>1 2m − 1
π
Nêú dă.t x = thı̀ tù. chuô˜ i Fourier thu du.o..c, ta có
2
4 X (−1)m+1 X (−1)m π
1= ⇒ = · N
π m>1 2m − 1 m>0
2m + 1 4
Vı́ du. 2. Tı̀m khai triê’n Fourier cu’a hàm f(x) = x3 + x2 − x + 1,

x ∈ [−1, 1].
Gia’i. Nhu. vâ.y ta pha’i khai triê’n hàm dã cho theo hê. co. so’.
{1, cos πx, sin πx, cos 2πx, sin 2πx, . . . }.
Ta có
Z1
4
a0 = (x3 + x2 − x − 1)dx = − ,
3
1
Z1
an = (x3 + x2 − x − 1) cos nπxdx
−1
Z1
1 h 2 1 i
= (x − 1) sin nπx−1 − 2 x sin nπxdx
nπ
−1
Z1
2 h 1 i 4
= 2 2 x cos nπx−1 − cos nπxdx = (−1)n , n = 1, 2, . . .
π n π 2 n2
−1
Z1
12
bn = (x3 + x2 − x − 1) sin nπxdx = 3 3
(−1)n , n = 1, 2, . . .
π n
−1
Vı̀ hàm f (x) kha’ vi trên khoa’ng (−1, 1) nên ta có
3 22 4 X h (−1)n 3(−1)n i
x +x −x−1=− + 2 cos nπx + sin nπx ,
3 π n>1 n2 πn3
∀x ∈ (−1, 1).
Vı́ du. 3. Khai triê’n hàm f (x) = x, x ∈ [0, `]:
1) theo các hàm cosin;
2) theo các hàm sin.
Gia’i. 1) Dê’ khai triê’n hàm f (x) thành chuô˜ i Fourier theo các hàm
cosin, ta thu..c hiê.n phép thác triê’n chă˜ n hàm f (x) = x, x ∈ [0, 1] sang
` [−`, 0] và thu du.o..c hàm f ∗ (x) = |x|, x ∈ [−`, `]. Tù. dó thác
doa. n kê
triê’n 2`-tuâ
` n hoàn hàm f ∗ (x) ra toàn tru.c sô´. Hiê’n nhiên hàm f ∗ (x)
liên tu.c ∀ x ∈ R. Ta có:
Z`
2
a0 = xdx = `,
`
0

Z` 0 nêú n chă˜ n,
2 nπx
an = x cos dx =
` ` − 4` nêú n le’.
0 n2 π 2
Tù. dó ta thu du.o..c

` 4` X cos(2n − 1)x
x= − 2 , 0 6 x 6 `.
2 π n>1 (2n − 1)2
2) Dê’ khai triê’n hàm f (x) theo các hàm sin, ta thu..c hiê.n phép
thác triê’n le’ hàm f(x) = x, x ∈ [0, `] sang doa.n kê ` [−`, 0] và thu du.o..c
hàm f ∗ (x) = x, x ∈ [−`, `]. Tù. dó thác triê’n 2`-tuâ` n hoàn hàm f ∗ (x)
ra toàn tru.c sô´. Hàm dã du.o..c thác triê’n tho’a mãn di.nh lý Dirichlet.
Do vâ.y ta có: a0 = 0, an = 0, ∀ n = 1, 2, . . .
Z` Z`
2 nπx 2 h x` nπx ` ` nπx i
bn = x sin dx = − cos + cos dx
` ` ` nπ ` 0 nπ `
0 0
2`
= (−1)n+1 .
nπ
Do dó
2` X (−1)n+1 nπx
x= sin , 0 6 x 6 `,
π n>1 n `
Vı́ du. 4. Khai triê’n hàm

 π
0 nêú x 6
f (x) = 2
|x| − π nêú π < |x| < π
2 2
và f(x + 2π) = f(x), x ∈ R thành chuô˜ i Fourier.
Gia’i. Hàm f(x) là hàm chă˜ n nên nó khai triê’n du.o..c thành chuô˜ i
Fourier theo các hàm cosin. Ta có
Zπ Zπ
2 2 π π
a0 = f(x)dx = x− dx = ,
π π 2 4
0 π/2
Zπ Zπ
2 2 π
an = f(x) cos nxdx = x− cos nxdx
π π 2
0 π/2
nπ
h
2 cos nπ cos i
= − 2 , n ∈ N.
π n2 n2
Tù. dó suy ra ră`ng vó.i x ∈ (−π, π)

nπ
π 2 X h cos nπ cos i
f(x) = + − 2 cos nx
8 π n>1 n2 n2
π 2 X (−1)n 1 X (−1)n
= + cos nx − cos 2nx,
8 π n>1 n2 2π n>1 n2
trong dó ta dã su’. du.ng các hê. thú.c

nπ
cos
2 cos nx = 0 vó.i n = 2m − 1
n2
nπ
cos m
2 cos nx = (−1) cos 2mx, n = 2m. N
n2 4m2
BÀI TÂ
.P
Khai triê’n hàm thành chuô˜ i Fourier trên doa.n (khoa’ng) dã cho và
trong mô.t sô´ tru.ò.ng ho..p hãy su’. du.ng khai triê’n thu du.o..c dê’ tı́nh
tô’ng cu’a chuô˜ i sô´:
x π P sin nx
1. f (x) = , x ∈ (0, 2π). (DS. − )
2 2 n>1 n

6 nêú 0 < x < 1
2. f (x) =
3x nêú 2 < x < 4.
15 12 h πx 1 3πx 1 5πx i
(DS. + 2 cos + cos + cos + ...
2 π 2 9 2 25 2
6h πx 1 2πx 1 3πx i
− sin + sin + sin + ... )
π 2 2 2 3 2
3. f (x) = e−x , x ∈ (−π, π).
eπ − e−π h 1 X (−1)n i
(DS. e−x = + (cos nx + n sin nx) )
π 2 n>1 1 + n2
P (−1)n−1
4. f(x) = x2, x ∈ [−π, π). Tı́nh tô’ng các chuô˜ i sô´ và
n>1 n2
P 1
2
.
n>1 n
π2 X cos nx
(DS. x2 = −4 (−1)n−1 2
. Thay x0 = 0, ta thu du.o..c
3 n>1
n
X (−1)n−1 π2 X 1 π2
= . Thay x = π thu du.o..c = )
n>1
n2 12 n>1
n 2 6
5. f(x) = x2 , x ∈ (0, π), f(x) = f (x + pi).
π2 X 1 π
(DS. + cos 2nx − sin 2nx )
3 n>1
n2 n
x
6. f(x) = cos , x ∈ (0, 2π], f (x) = f (x + 2π).
2
x 8X n sin nx
(DS. cos = )
2 π n>1 (2n − 1)(2n + 1)

0 nêú − 3 < x 6 2 P 1
7. f (x) = Tı́nh tô’ng cu’a chuô˜ i .
x nêú 0 < x < 3. n>1 (2n − 1)
2
3 6 X 1 (2n − 1)nx 3 X (−1)n nπx

(DS. − 2 2
cos − sin ,
4 π n>1 (2n − 1) 3 π n>1 n 3
π2 .
tô’ng cu’a chuô˜ i bă`ng
vó i x0 = 0)
8
8. f(x) = x sin x, x ∈ [−π, π].
cos x X (−1)n cos nx

(DS. 1 − +2 2−1
)
2 n>2
n
Hãy khai triê’n các hàm sau dây thành chuô˜ i Fourier theo các hàm
sin hoă.c hàm cosin
P 4n2 + 1
9. f (x) = x cos x, x ∈ (0, π). Tı́nh tô’ng chuô˜ i 2 2
.
n>0 (4n − 1)
2 π 4 X 4n2 + 1
(DS. 1) x cos x = − + cos x − cos 2nx.
π 2 π n>1 (4n2 − 1)2
sin x X n
2) x cos x = − +2 (−1)n 2 sin nx, 0 6 x < π.
x n>2
n −1
X 4n2 + 1 π2 1
3) 2 − 1)
= + (thê´ x = 0 vào 1))
n>0
(4n 8 2
10. f (x) = x(π − x), 0 6 x < π, f (x) = f (x + π).
π2 X 2nx
(DS. − cos 2 )
6 n>1
n
h πi P (−1)n
11. f (x) = cos x, x ∈ 0, . Tı́nh S = .
2 n>1 (2n − 1)(2n + 1)
4 h1 X cos 2nx i 1 π
(DS. − (−1)n 2 ; S = − khi x0 = 0)
π 2 n>1 4n − 1 2 4

1 nêú 0 6 x 6 1
12. f (x) = Tı́nh
0 nêú 1 < x 6 π.
X sin n X sin n
σ1 = ; σ2 = (−1)n
n>1
n n>1
n
2 h 1 X sin n i π−1
(DS. + cos nx , σ1 = ;
π 2 n>1 n 2
1 .
khi x0 = 0; σ2 = − vó i x = π)
2
13. f (x) = | cos x|. Tı́nh
X 1 X 1
S1 = (−1)n 2
và S2 = .
n>1
4n − 1 n>1
4n2 −1
2 4 X (−1)n+1
(DS. + cos 2nx;
π π n>1 4n2 − 1
π−2 1 π
S1 = khi x0 = 0, S2 = khi x0 = )
4 2 2
P 1
14. f (x) = | sin x|, x ∈ [−π, π]. Tı́nh S = (2n−1)(2n+1)
.
n>1
2 4X cos 2nx 1
(DS. − , S = khi x0 = 0)
π π n>1 (2n − 1)(2n + 1) 2
P (−1)n−1
15. f (x) = sign(sin x). Tı́nh S = .
n>1 2n − 1
4 X sin(2n − 1)x X (−1)n+1 π π

(DS. , = vó.i x0 = )
π n>1 2n − 1 n>1
2n − 1 4 2
` n thâ.p phân cu’a sô´ x.

16. f(x) = x − [x] = {x} - phâ
1 1 X sin 2nπx
(DS. {x} = − )
2 π n>1 n

−x nêú − π 6 x 6 0
17. f(x) = x2
 nêú 0 < x 6 π.
π
5π X n 3(−1)n − 1 4 o
(DS. + cos nx − 2 sin(2n − 1)x )
12 n>1 πn2 π (2n − 1)3

0 khi − 2 6 x 6 0
18. f (x) = 1
 x khi 0 < x 6 2.
2
1 Xh 2 nπx (−1)n+1 nπx i

(DS. + − 2 cos + sin )
4 n>1 π (2n − 1)3 2 nπ 2
P 2
19. f (x) = x, x ∈ [3, 5]. (DS. 4 + (−1)n+1 sin nπx)
n>1 nπ
Chı’ dâ˜ n. Ta hiê’u khai triê’n Fourier cu’a hàm f (x) = x trên khoa’ng
` n hoàn vó.i chu kỳ 2` = 5−3 = 2
(3, 5) là khai triê’n Fourier cu’a hàm tuâ
trùng vó.i hàm f (x) trên khoa’ng (3, 5).
h π πi
20. f(x) = sin 2x + cos 5x, x ∈ − , .
2 2
2 20 X (−1)n
(DS. − + sin 2x + cos 2nx)
5π π n>1 4n2 − 25
h
π πi
21. f(x) = x sin 2x, x ∈ − , .
4 4
1 8 X (−1)n+1 n
(DS. + cos 4nx)
π π n>1 4n2 − 1

0, −π 6 x 6 0
22. f (x) = trên doa.n [−π, π].
sin x, 0 < x 6 π
1 1 X 2
(DS. + sin x − 2 − 1)
cos 2nx)
π 2 n>1
π(4n
 π
0, 6 |x| 6 π
23. f (x) = 2 trên doa.n [−π, π].
cos x, |x| < π
2
1 1 X 2
(DS. + cos x − cos 2nx)
π 2 n>1
π(4n2 − 1)
 h πi
cos x,x ∈ 0,
24. f(x) = 2 i trên doa. n [0, π].
− cos x, x ∈ π , π
2
4 h1 X cos 2nx i
(DS. + (−1)n+1 2 )
π 2 n>1 4n − 1
a0 P n
25. Gia’ su’. Sn (f, x) = + (ak cos kx + bk sin kx) là tô’ng riêng thú.
2 k=1
˜ ` n hoàn f (x). Chú.ng minh ră`ng
n cu’a chuô i Fourier cu’a hàm 2π-tuâ
Zπ 1
1 sin n + (t − x)
Sn (f, x) = f(t) 2 dt.
π t−x
−π 2 sin
2
Chı’ dâ˜ n. Su’. du.ng các công thú.c tı́nh hê. sô´ Fourier cu’a hàm f (x)
và hê. thú.c
1
1 sin n + α
+ cos α + cos 2α + · · · + cos nα = 2 ·
2 α
2 sin
2
Chu.o.ng 14
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân
14.1 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1 . . . . . . . . . 225

14.1.1 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh tách biêń . . . . . . . . . . . 226
14.1.2 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh d ă’ng câ´p . . . . . . . . . . . 231
14.1.3 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh . . . . . . . . . . 237
14.1.4 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh Bernoulli . . . . . . . . . . . 244
14.1.5 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân toàn phâ
` n . . . . . . 247
14.1.6 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh Lagrange và phu.o.ng trı̀nh

Clairaut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
14.2 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p cao . . . . . . . . 259
14.2.1 Các phu.o.ng trı̀nh cho phép ha. thâ´p câ´p . . 260
14.2.2 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân tuyêń tı́nh câ´p 2 vó.i
`ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
hê. sô´ hă
14.2.3 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân tuyêń tı́nh thuâ `n
nhâ´t câ´p n (ptvptn câ´p n ) vó.i hê. sô´ hă
`ng . 273
14.3 Hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân tuyêń tı́nh câ´p

1 vó.i hê. sô´ hă
`ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
14.1. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1 225
14.1 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1
Trong mu.c này ta xét các phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân thu.ò.ng câ´p 1, tú.c là
phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.ng F (x, y, y 0) = 0 hoă.c du.ó.i da.ng gia’i du.o..c vó.i y 0 là
y 0 = f (x, y).
Hàm kha’ vi y = ϕ(x) du.o..c go.i là nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi
phân nêú khi thay nó cho â’n hàm cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh ta sẽ thu du.o..c
` ng nhâ´t thú.c.
dô
Nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1: y 0 = f (x, y)
trong miê ` n D ⊂ R2 là hàm y = ϕ(x, C) tho’a mãn các tı́nh châ´t sau:
1+ Nó là nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho ∀ C thuô.c tâ.p ho..p nào
dó;
2+ Vó.i mo.i diê ` u kiê.n ban dâ
` u y(x0) = y0 sao cho (x0 , y0) ∈ D chı’
có mô.t giá tri. duy nhâ´t C = C0 làm cho nghiê.m y = ϕ(x, C0 ) tho’a
mãn diê ` u kiê.n ban dâ` u dã cho.
Mo.i nghiê.m y = ϕ(x, C0) nhâ.n du.o..c tù. nghiê.m tô’ng quát y =
ϕ(x, C) ú.ng vó.i giá tri. cu. thê’ C = C0 du.o..c go.i là nghiê.m riêng.
Bài toán tı̀m nghiê.m riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh y 0 = f (x, y) tho’a mãn
` u kiê.n ban dâ
diê ` u y(x0) = y0 du.o..c go.i là bài toán Cauchy.
Tuy nhiên, ta còn gă.p nhũ.ng phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân có các nghiê.m
không thê’ thu du.o..c tù. nghiê.m tô’ng quát vó.i bâ´t cú. giá tri. C nào.
Nghiê.m nhu. vâ.y go.i là nghiê. m kỳ di. (bâ´t thu.ò.ng!) Chă’ng ha.n phu.o.ng
p
trı̀nh y 0 = 1 − y 2 có nghiê.m tô’ng quát y = sin(x + C) và hàm y = 1
cũng là nghiê.m nhu.ng không thê’ thu du.o..c tù. nghiê.m tô’ng quát vó.i
bâ´t cú. giá tri. C nào. Dó là nghiê.m kỳ di..
226 Chu.o.ng 14. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân
14.1.1 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh tách biêń

Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1 da.ng
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = 0
du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh tách biêń nêú các hàm P (x, y) và Q(x, y)
phân tı́ch du.o..c thành tı́ch các thù.a sô´ mà mô˜ i thù.a sô´ chı’ phu. thuô.c
vào mô.t biêń:
f1 (x)f2(y)dx + ϕ1 (x)ϕ2(y)dy = 0. (14.1)
Dê’ tı́ch phân phu.o.ng trı̀nh này ta câ

` n chia 2 vê´ cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh
(14.1) cho f2 (y)ϕ1(x) 6= 0 và thu du.o..c
f1 (x) ϕ2(y)
dx + dy = 0 (14.2)
ϕ1 (x) f2(y)
và tù. dó thu du.o..c tı́ch phân tô’ng quát

Z Z
f1 (x) ϕ2 (y)
dx + dy = C. (14.3)
ϕ1 (x) f1 (y)
Trong phép chia dê’ có (14.2), có thê’ làm mâ´t nghiê.m cu’a các
phu.o.ng trı̀nh f1 (y) = 0 và ϕ1 (x) = 0. Do vâ.y dê’ thu du.o..c toàn bô.
` n ho..p nhâ´t vào (14.3) các không diê’m cu’a hàm
nghiê.m cu’a (14.1) ta câ
f1 (y) và ϕ1 (x).
Nhâ.n xét. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.ng
dy
= f (ax + by),
dx
trong dó f (ax + by) hàm liên tu.c, có thê’ du.a vê
` phu.o.ng trı̀nh tách
biêń
[a + bf (t)]dx − dt = 0
bo’.i phép dô’i biêń t = ax + by.

CÁC VÍ DU .
p
Vı́ du. 1. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh y 2 + 1dx = xydy.
Gia’i. Dó là phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.ng (14.1). Chia hai vê´ cho tı́ch
p
x y 2 + 1 ta có
dx ydy
=p , x 6= 0
x y2 + 1
và tù. dó

Z Z p
dx ydy
= p + C ⇒ ln |x| − y 2 + 1 = C.
x y2 + 1
Nhu. vâ.y, mo.i nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho là
p
ln |x| − y 2 + 1 = C, và x = 0. N
Vı́ du. 2. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh (x2 − 1)y 0 + 2xy 2 = 0, y(0) = 1.

` u tiên ta tı̀m nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh. Ta có
Gia’i. Dâ
dy 2xdx
(x2 − 1)dy + 2xy 2dx = 0 ⇒ 2
+ 2 = 0.
y x −1
1
− + ln |x2 − 1| = C. (14.4)
y
Do vâ.y mo.i nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho là
1
− + ln |x2 − 1| = C, và y = 0.
y
Tù. tâ.p ho..p mo.i du.ò.ng cong tı́ch phân thu du.o..c ta tı̀m du.ò.ng
cong qua diê’m (0, 1). Thay x = 0 và y = 1 vào (14.4) ta có C = −1.
Nhu. vâ.y hàm
1
y=
1 + ln |x2 − 1|
là nghiê.m cu’a bài toán Cauchy dã cho. N

Vı́ du. 3. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh (1 + ex)yy 0 = ex, y(0) = 1.
Gia’i. Ta có
dy ex dx y2
(1 + ex)y = ex ⇒ ydy = ⇒ = ln(1 + ex ) + C. (14.5)
dx 1 + ex 2
Thay x = 0 và y = 1 vào (14.5) ta thu du.o..c nghiê.m riêng
1 + ex 2 r 1 + ex 2
2
y = 1 + ln ⇒ y = ± 1 + ln .
2 2

Tù. diê
` u kiê.n ban dâ ` u suy ră`ng y > 0 (y x=0 = 1 > 0) do vâ.y tru.ó.c
dâú căn ta lâý dâú +. Nhu. vâ.y nghiê.m riêng câ
` n tı̀m là
r 1 + ex 2
y = 1 + ln . N
2
Vı́ du. 4. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh
dy
= cos(x + y).
dx
Gia’i. Áp du.ng nhâ.n xét dã nêu, ta dă.t z = x + y. Khi dó ta có
dz dy
=1+
dx dx
. . .
và tù dó phu o ng trı̀nh dã cho có da.ng
Z Z
dz dz dz
= 1 + cos z ⇒ = dx ⇒ = dx + C
dx 1 + cos z 1 + cos z
Z
dz z
⇒ z = x + C ⇒ tg = x + C ⇒ z = 2[arctg(x + C) + nπ].
2 cos2 2
2
Vı̀ khi gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh ta dã chia hai vê´ cho 1 + cos z. Do vâ.y,
` n kiê’m tra xem có mâ´t nghiê.m hay không. Vı̀ 1 + cos z = 0 ⇔ zn =
câ
(2n + 1)π, n ∈ Z. Thê´ zn vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh ta thâý zn là nghiê.m cu’a
phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho. Tro’. vê
` biêń cũ ta có nghiê.m:
y = −x + 2arctg(x + C) + 2nπ,
và
y = −x + (2n + 1)π. N
BÀI TÂ
.P
Gia’i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh sau

1. (1 + y 2 )dx + (1 + x2 )dy = 0. (DS. arctgx + arctgy = C)
2. (1 + y 2 )dx + xydy = 0. (DS. x2 (1 + y 2 ) = C)
3. (1 + y 2 )dx = xdy. (DS. y = tg ln Cx)
p √ √ p
4. x 1 + y 2 + yy 0 1 + x2 = 0. (DS. 1 + x2 + 1 + y 2 = C)
5. e−y (1 + y 0) = 1. (DS. ex = C(1 − e−y ))
6. y 0 = ax+y (0 < a 6= 1). (DS. ax + a−y = C)
7. ey (1 + x2)dy − 2x(1 + ey )dx = 0. (DS. 1 + ey = C(1 + x2 ))
8. y 2 sin xdx + cos2 x ln ydy = 0. (DS. (1 + Cy + ln y) cos x)
1
9. ex sin3 y + (1 + e2x) cos y · y 0. (DS. arctgex = + C)
2 sin2 y
y − x π
10. y 0 = sin(x − y). (DS. x + C = cotg + )
2 4
y−x
11. y 0 = cos(y − x). (DS. x − cotg = C, y − x = 2kπ, k ∈ Z)
2
12. y − y 0 = 2x − 3. (DS. y = 1 − 2x + Cex)
Chı’ dâ˜ n. Dô’i biêń z = y + 2x − 3.
1 1
13. (x + 1)3 dy − (y − 2)2 dx = 0. (DS. − + = C)
y − 2 2(x + 1)2
√ √ √ √
14. ( xy + x)y 0 − y = 0. (DS. 2 y + ln |y| − 2 x = C)
2 x
x+y x−2y 0 318−y
15. 2 +3 y = 0. (DS. − = C)
2 ln 18
ln
3
16. (y + xy)dx + (x − xy)dy = 0. (DS. x − y + ln |xy| = C)

17. yy 0 + x = 1. (DS. (x − 1)2 + y 2 = C 2)
18. 1 + (1 + y 0)ey = 0. (DS. (ey + 1)ex = C)
1
19. y 0 = cos(x − y) − cos(x + y) .
2
(DS. y = 2 arctg(C1 e− cos x + nπ )
dy
20. 3ex tgydx + (2 − ex) = 0. (DS. tgy − C(2 − ex )3 = 0)
cos2 y
Tı̀m nghiê.m riêng cu’a các phu.o.ng trı̀nh tho’a mãn các diê
` u kiê.n
` u dã chı’ ra.
ban dâ
π
21. ydx + cotgxdy = 0, y = −1. (DS. y = −2 cos x)
3
22. y 2 + x2y 0 = 0, y(−1) = 1. (DS. x + y = 0)
2
23. 2(1 + ex )yy 0 = ex , y(0) = 0. (DS. 2ey = ex + 1)
1
24. xy 0 + y = y 2, y(1) = . (DS. 4xy(1 − y) − 1 = 0)
2
π π
25. y 0 sin x = y ln y, a) y = e, b) y = 1.
2 2
x
(DS. a) y = etg 2 , b) y ≡ 1)
π
26. y 0 sin x − y cos x = 0, y = 1. (DS. y = sin x)
2
27. y ln ydx + xdy = 0, y(1) = 1. (DS. y = 1)
p √
28. x 1 − y 2 dx + y 1 − x2 dy = 0, y(0) = 1.
√ p
(DS. 1 − x2 + 1 − y 2 = 1, y = 1)
1 1
2
2
29. (2x + 1)dy + y dx = 0, y(4) = 1. (DS. ln x + =2 −1 )
9 9 y
30. (1 + y 2)dx − xydy = 0, y(2) = 1. (DS. x2 = 2 + 2y 2 )
π 1 1
31. y 0 = (2y + 1)cotgx, y = . (DS. y = 2 sin2 x − )
4 2 2
π
0
32. y tgx − y = 1, y = 1. (DS. y = 2 sin x − 1)
2
π √
33. sin y cos xdy = cos y sin ydx, y(0) = . (DS. cos x = 2 cos y)
4
π
34. y 0 sin x = y ln y, y = 1. (DS. y = 1)
2
√ √
35. xydx + (1 + y 2) 1 + x2dy = 0, y( 8) = 1.
√
(DS. 2 1 + x2 + ln y 2 + y 2 = 7)
14.1.2 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă’ng câ´p

1. Tru.ó.c hê´t lu.u ý ră`ng hàm f(x, y) du.o..c go.i là hàm dă’ng câ´p câ´p m
dôí vó.i các biêń cu’a nó nêú nó tho’a mãn dô` ng nhâ´t thú.c f (tx, ty) =
tmf (x, y).
dy
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân = f (x, y) du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă’ng
dx
câ´p dôí vó.i các biêń x và y nêú hàm f (x, y) là hàm dă’ng câ´p câ´p 0
dôí vó.i các biêń cu’a nó.
dy
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă’ng câ´p luôn luôn có thê’ biê’u diê˜ n du.ó.i da.ng =
y dx
ϕ .
x
Nhò. phép dô’i biêń
y
u=
x
ta du.a du.o..c phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă’ng câ´p vê

` phu.o.ng trı̀nh tách biêń dã biê´t
cách gia’i:
du
x = ϕ(u) − u.
dx
Nêú u = u0 là nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh ϕ(u) − u = 0 thı̀ phu.o.ng
trı̀nh dă’ng câ´p còn có nghiê.m là y = u0 x.
2. Các phu.o.ng trı̀nh du.a du.o..c vê` phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă’ng câ´p
i) Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân da.ng

a x + b y + c
1 1 1
y=f , ai = const, bi = const, i = 1, 2. (14.6)
a2x + b2y + c2
có thê’ du.a du.o..c vê

` phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă’ng câ´p nêú

a b
1 1
= a1b2 − a2 b1 6= 0.
a2 b2
Dê’ làm viê.c dó, ta dă.t x = u + α, y = v + β và cho.n α và β sao cho vê´
a u + b v
pha’i cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.6) có da.ng f
1 1
. Nói cách khác
a2u + b2v
α và β là nghiê.m cu’a hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh
a1α + b1 β + c1 = 0,
(14.7)
a2α + b2 β + c2 = 0.
Tı̀m nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh

dv a u + b v
1 1
=f
du a2u + b2 v
` i thay u bo’.i x − α, thay v bo’.i y − β ta thu du.o..c nghiê.m tô’ng quát
rô
cu’a (14.6).
a b
1 1
ii) Nêú = a1b2 − a2b1 = 0 thı̀ a1x + b1y = λ(a2x + b2 y),
a2 b2
λ = const. Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p này phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.6) du.a du.o..c vê `
phu.o.ng trı̀nh tách biêń bă`ng cách dă.t z = a2 x + b2 y.
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh 2x2 dy = (x2 + y 2)dx.
Gia’i. Chia hai vê´ cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh cho x2 dx ta thu du.o..c
dy y 2
2 =1+ .
dx x
Dă.t y = ux ⇒ y 0 = xu0 + u và thu du.o..c
dy 2du dx
2xu0 + 2u = 1 + u2 ⇒ 2x = u2 − 2u + 1 ⇒ 2
= ·
dx (u − 1) x
Tı́ch phân phu.o.ng trı̀nh này ta có

2 2 2x
− = ln |x| + ln C ⇒ − y = ln Cx ⇒ Cx = e− y−x
u−1 −1
x
Khi thu..c hiê.n viê.c chia cho x và u − 1 ta câ
` n xem x 6= 0 và u 6= 1.
Kiê’m tra tru. c tiê´p ta thâý x = 0 và u = 1 (tú.c là y = x) cũng là
.
nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho. Vâ.y
2x
Cx = e− y−x , y = x, x = 0. N

y 1
xy 0 = y 1 + ln , y(1) = e− 2 .
x
y y y
Gia’i. Trong phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă’ng câ´p y 0 = 1+ln ta dă.t u = ,
x x x
y 0 = u + xu0. Ta thu du.o..c phu.o.ng trı̀nh tách biêń
du du
u+x = u(1 + ln u) ⇒ x = u ln u
Z dx Z dx
du dx
⇒ = + ln C ⇒ ln | ln u| = ln |x| + ln C
u ln u x
⇒ ln u = Cx.
y
Thay u bo’.i ta có
x
y
ln = Cx ⇒ y = xeCx.
x
1
Dó là nghiê.m tô’ng quát. Thay diê ` u y(1) = e− 2 ta có
1 x
C = − và do dó nghiê.m riêng câ` n tı̀m là y = xe− 2 . N
2
Vı́ du. 3. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh (x + y − 2)dx + (x − y + 4)dy = 0.

Gia’i. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho tho’a mãn diê ` u kiê.n a1 b2 − a2b1 = −2 6=
0.
Ta tı̀m các sô´ α và β bă`ng cách gia’i hê.
)
x+y−2=0
⇔ α = x0 = −1, β = y0 = 3.
x−y+4=0
Thu..c hiê.n phép dô’i biêń x = u − 1, y = v + 3. Khi dó phu.o.ng

trı̀nh dã cho tro’. thành
(u + v)du + (u − v)dv = 0. (14.8)
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.8) là phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă’ng câ´p. Dă.t v = zu ta thu
du.o..c
(u + uz)du + (u − uz)(udz + zdu) = 0,

(1 + 2z − z 2 )du + u(1 − z)dz = 0,
du 1−z
+ dz = 0,
u 1 + 2z − z 2
1
ln |u| + ln |1 + 2z − z 2 | = ln C
2
hay là
u2(1 + 2z − z 2) = C.
Tro’. vê
` biêń cũ x và y ta có
h y − 3 (y − 3)2 i
(x + 1)2 1 + 2 − = C1
x + 1 (x + 1)2
hay là
x2 + 2xy − y 2 − 4x + 8y = C. (C = C1 + 14). N
(x + y + 1)dx + (2x + 2y − 1)dy = 0.

1 1

Gia’i. Rõ ràng là dôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho ta có = 0, tú.c
2 2
là hê.
)
x+y+1 =0
2x + 2y − 1 = 0
vô nghiê.m. Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p này ta dă.t
z = x + y, dy = dz − dx
và
2z − 1
(2 − z)dx + (2z − 1)dz = 0 ⇒ dx − dz = 0
z−2
⇒ x − 2z − 3 ln |z − 2| = C.
Tro’. vê
` biêń cũ ta có x + 2y + 3 ln |x + y − 2| = C. N
BÀI TÂ
.P

1. (x − y)dx + xdy = 0. (DS. y = x(C − ln x))
2. xy 0 = y(ln y − ln x). (DS. y = xe1+Cx )
3. (x2 + y 2 )dx − xydy = 0. (DS. y 2 = x2(ln x − C))
y y y
4. xy 0 cos = y cos − x. (DS. sin + ln x = C)
x x x
y y − y
5. y 0 = e x + . (DS. ln Cx = −e x )
x
x
6. xy 0 = y ln . (DS. y = xeCx+1 )
y
7. x2dy = (y 2 − xy + x2 )dx. (DS. (x − y) ln Cx = x)

p p
8. xy 0 = y + y 2 − x2. (DS. y + y 2 − x2 = Cx2, y = x)
9. (4x − 3y)dx + (2y − 3x)dy = 0. (DS. y 2 − 3xy + 2x2 = C)
10. (y − x)dx + (y + x)dy = 0. (DS. x2 + 2xy − x2 = C)
11. xy 0 = y(1 + ln y − ln x). (DS. y = xeCx )
x
12. y − xy 0 = y ln . (DS. y = xeCx )
y
y p
13. y − xy 0 = x + yy 0. (DS. arctg + ln C x2 + y 2 = 0)
x
14. ydy + (x − 2y)dx. (DS. x = (y − x) ln C(y − x))
√ √ √
15. ydx + (2 xy − x)dy = 0. (DS. x + y ln Cy = 0)
y y y
16. xy 0 cos = y cos − x. (DS. sin + ln x = C)
x x x
p 1 2
17. (y + x2 + y 2)dx − xdy = 0. (DS. y = (x − C 2))
2C
18. (x + y)dx + (x − y)dy = 0. (DS. x2 + 2xy − y 2 = C)
Gia’i các phu.o..ng trı̀nh vi phân du.a du.o..c vê
` phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă’ng câ´p
sau
x − 2y + 5 y−x−3
19. y 0 = − . (DS. = C)
2x − y + 4 (y + x + 1)3
20. (2x − y + 1)dx + (2y − x − 1)dy = 0.
(DS. x2 − xy + y 2 − x − y = C)
2x + y − 1
21. y 0 = .
4x + 2y + 5
(DS. 10y − 5x + 7 ln(10x + 5y + 9) = C)
22. (x + y + 2)dx + (2x + 2y − 1)dy = 0.
(DS. x + 2y + 5 ln |x + y − 3| = C)
23. (x − 2y + 3)dy + (2x + y − 1)dx = 0.
(DS. x2 + xy − y 2 − x + 3y = C)
24. (x − y + 4)dy + (x + y − 2)dx = 0.
(DS. x2 + 2xy − y 2 − 4x + 8y = C)
Tı̀m nghiê.m riêng cu’a các phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă’ng câ´p hoă.c du.a du.o..c
` dă’ng câ´p sau
vê
25. xdy − ydx = ydy, y(−1) = 1. (DS. x = −y(1 + ln |y|))
26. xydx + (y 2 − x2 )dy = 0, y(1) = 1. (DS. x2 + y 2 (ln y 2 − 1) = 0)

y π
27. xy 0 − y = xtg , y(1) = . (DS. y = xarc sin x)
x 2
28. x2 − y 2 + 2xyy 0 = 0, y(1) = 1. (DS. x2 + 2x + y 2 = 0)
14.1.3 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh

Phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.ng
dy
+ P (x)y = Q(x) (14.9)
dx
trong dó P (x) và Q(x) là nhũ.ng hàm liên tu.c, du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng
trı̀nh vi phân tuyêń tı́nh câ´p 1. Tı́nh châ´t tuyêń tı́nh o’. dây có nghı̃a
là â’n hàm y và da.o hàm y 0 cu’a nó tham gia trong phu.o.ng trı̀nh là
tuyêń tı́nh, tú.c là có bâ.c bă`ng 1.
Nêú Q(x) ≡ 0 thı̀ (14.9) du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh thuâ
`n
nhâ´t câ´p 1. Nêú Q(x) 6≡ 0 thı̀ (14.9) du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń
tı́nh không thuâ ` n nhâ´t.
Phu.o.ng pháp gia’i. Hai phu.o.ng pháp thu.ò.ng du.o..c su’. du.ng là
1+ Phu.o.ng pháp biêń thiên hă `ng sô´.
` u tiên tı̀m nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ
Dâ ` n nhâ´t
dy
+ P (x)y = 0. (14.10)
dx
Sau dó trong công thú.c nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a (14.10) ta xem hă`ng
sô´ C là hàm kha’ vi cu’a x: C = C(x). Ta thu du.o..c hàm C = C(x)
tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân tách biêń sau khi thê´ nghiê.m tô’ng quát
cu’a (14.10) vào (14.9). Phu.o.ng pháp vù.a nêu go.i là phu.o.ng pháp
Lagrange.
2+ Phu.o.ng pháp dô’i biêń còn go.i là phu.o.ng pháp Bernoulli.
Dê’ gia’i (14.9) ta tı̀m hàm y du.ó.i da.ng tı́ch cu’a hai hàm chu.a biê´t
cu’a x: y = u(x)v(x). Thê´ y vào (14.9) ta có
v[u0 + P (x)u] + v 0u = Q(x). (14.11)
Vı̀ y là tı́ch cu’a hai hàm nên mô.t trong hai có thê’ cho.n tùy ý, còn
hàm kia du.o..c xác di.nh bo’.i (14.11). Thông thu.ò.ng ta cho.n u(x) sao
cho biê’u thú.c trong dâú ngoă.c vuông bă`ng 0, tú.c là u0 + P (x)u = 0.
Dê’ có diê ` n lâý u(x) là nghiê.m riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh
` u dó ta chı’ câ
u0 + P (x)u = 0. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh này ta thu du.o..c u(x). Thê´ u(x)
vào (14.11) ta có
v 0u = Q(x)
và thu du.o..c nghiê.m tô’ng quát v = v(x, C). Nhu. vâ.y y = u(x)v(x, C)
là nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a (14.9).
Trong nhiê ` u tru.ò.ng ho..p phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1 không tuyêń
tı́nh dôí vó.i y mà là tuyêń tı́nh dôí vó.i x, tú.c là phu.o.ng trı̀nh có thê’
du.a vê
` da.ng
dx
+ F (y)x = R(y). (14.12)
dy
Viê.c gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.12) tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.9)
vó.i chú ý là: y là dôí sô´, x = x(y) là â’n hàm.
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh y 0 + 3y = e2x.
Gia’i. Ta sẽ gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp biêń thiên
hă`ng sô´.
` u tiên gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ
Dâ ` n nhâ´t
dy
y 0 + 3y = 0 ⇒ = −3dx.
y
Tù. dó thu du.o..c:
ln |y| = −3x + ln |C1| ⇒ y = ±C1e−3x = Ce−3x.
Nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh không thuâ

` n nhâ´t dã cho sẽ
du.o..c tı̀m du.ó.i da.ng y = C(x)e−3x. Lâý da.o hàm y 0 rô
` i thê´ các biê’u
thú.c cu’a y và y 0 vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho ta có
1
C 0 (x)e−3x = e2x ⇒ C 0(x) = e5x ⇒ C(x) = e5x + C2
5
trong dó C2 là hă`ng sô´ tùy ý. Tù. dó thu du.o..c nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a
phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho
1 1 5x
−3x 5x
y = C(x)e = e + C2 = e + C2 e−3x. N
5 5
Vı́ du. 2. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh trong vı́ du. 1 bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp dô’i
biêń.
Gia’i. Dă.t y = uv. Khi dó y 0 = u0 v + v 0u. Thay vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh
ta thu du.o..c
u0v + uv 0 + 3uv = e2x ⇒ u[v 0 + 3v] + u0 v = e2x. (14.13)
Tù. dó ta có hai phu.o.ng trı̀nh dê’ tı̀m u và v:
v 0 + 3v = 0, (14.14)
vu0 = e2x. (14.15)
Tù. (14.14) suy ra

dv
= −dx ⇒ v = e−3x .
3v
Thê´ v = e−3x vào (14.15) ta du.o..c
1
e−3xu0 = e2x → u0 = e5x ⇒ u = e5x + C
5
và do dó
1 1
−3x 5x
y=e + C = e2x + Ce−3x.
e
5 5
` u cho mô.t kê´t qua’. N
Rõ ràng là ca’ hai cách gia’i dê
dy 1
= · (14.16)
dx x cos y + a sin 2y
Gia’i. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho không pha’i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh
dôí vó.i y. Tuy nhiên, bă`ng phép biêń dô’i do.n gia’n ta biêń dô’i nó vê
`
. . . 0
phu o ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh dôí vó i x và x :
dx
− x cos y = a sin 2y.
dy
dx dv du
Dă.t x = u(y)v(y) ⇒ = u + v . Thê´ x vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh vù.a
dy dy dy
thu du.o..c ta có hai phu.o.ng trı̀nh dê’ xác di.nh u và v
du
− u cos y = 0, (14.17)
dy
dv
u = a sin 2y. (14.18)
dy
Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.17) ta thu du.o..c u = esin y . Thê´ kê´t qua’ này vào
(14.18) dê’ tı̀m v. Ta có
dv
esin y = a sin 2y
dy
Z
v(y) = 2a sin y cos ye− sin y dy + C
= −2a(sin y + 1)e− sin y + C.

Tù. dó thu du.o..c nghiê.m tô’ng quát

x(y) = u · v = esin y − 2a(sin y + 1)e− sin y + C
= −2a(sin y + 1) + Cesin y . N
Vı́ du. 4. Gia’i bài toán Cauchy
x(x − 1)y + y = x2 (2x − 1), y(2) = 4.
Gia’i. Tı̀m nghiê.m tô’ng quát du.ó.i da.ng
y = u(x)v(x) ⇒ y 0 = u0 v + v 0u.
Thê´ y và y 0 vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho ta sẽ có hai phu.o.ng trı̀nh dê’ xác
di.nh u(x) và v(x):
x(x − 1)v 0 + v = 0, (14.19)

x(x − 1)vu0 = x2 (2x − 1). (14.20)
x
Gia’i (14.19) ta thu du.o..c v = . Thê´ vào (14.20) ta có
x−1
u0 = 2x − 1 ⇒ u(x) = x2 − x + C.
Do dó nghiê.m tô’ng quát có da.ng

x Cx
y = uv = (x2 − x + C) ⇒y= + x2.
x−1 x−1
và su’. du.ng diê ` u ta thu du.o..c
2
4=C· + 22 ⇒ C = 0 ⇒ y = x2.
2−1
Nhu. vâ.y nghiê.m cu’a bài toán Cauchy là y = x2 . N
BÀI TÂ
.P

1. y 0 − y = ex. (DS. y = (x + C)ex)
2. y 0 + 2y = e−x . (DS. y = Ce−2x + e−x )
3. y 0 = x + y. (DS. y = Cex − x − 1)
x3
4. y 0 + x2y = x2. (DS. y = 1 + Ce− 3 )
C
5. xy 0 + y = 3. (DS. y = 3 + )
x
ex + C
6. xy 0 + y = ex. (DS. y = )
x
2 2
7. y 0 + 2xy = 2xe−x . (DS. y = (x2 + C)e−x )
2 2
8. y 0 − 2xy = 2xex . (DS. y = (x + C)ex )
2 2
9. y 0 + 2xy = e−x . (DS. y = (x + C)e−x )
1
10. y 0 + y = cos x. (DS. y = Ce−x + (cos x + sin x))
2
C − cos 2x
11. y 0 cos x − y sin x = sin 2x. (DS. y = )
2 cos x
12. xy 0 − 2y = x3 cos x. (DS. y = Cx2 + x2 sin x)
C
13. xy 0 + y = ln x + 1. (DS. y = ln x + )
x
2 2
0 2y e−x C − e−x
14. y + = . (DS. y = )
x x 2x2
x
ln Ctg
15. y 0 − ytgx = cotgx. (DS. y = 1 + 2)
cos x
0 3 2
16. y x ln x − y = 3x ln x. (DS. y = (C + x3) ln x)
17. y 0 + y cos x = sin 2x. (DS. y = 2(sin x − 1) + Ce− sin x )
2 ex(x − 2)
18. y 0 − y = . (DS. y = Cx2 + ex )
x x
2x3
2 2
19. y 0 + 2xy = 2x2 e−x . (DS. y = e−x + C))
3
Gia’i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh dôí vó.i x sau dây
y C
20. y 0 = . (DS. x = + y ln y)
2y ln y + y − x y
y2 y2
21. (e− 2 − xy)dy − dx = 0. (DS. x = (C + y)e− 2 )
22. (sin2 y + xcotgy)y 0 = 1. (DS. x = (− cos y + C) sin y)
23. (x + y 2)dy = ydx. (DS. x = Cy + y 2 , y = 0)
24. (2ey − x)y 0 = 1. (DS. x = Ce−y + ey )
1
25. (y 2 − 6x)y 0 + 2y = 0. (DS. x = y 2 + Cy 3)
2
0 0
26. y = xy + y ln y. (DS. x = Cy − 1 − ln y)
1
27. (x2 ln y − x)y 0 = y. (DS. x = )
ln y + 1 − Cy
1
28. (2xy + 3)dy − y 2dx = 0. (DS. x = Cy 2 − )
y
y4
29. (y 4 + 2x)y 0 = y. (DS. x = Cy 2 + )
2
1
30. ydx + (x + x2 y 2)dy = 0. (DS. x = )
y(y + C)
dy 1
31. e−x − e−x = ey . (DS. e−y = Ce−x − ex)
dx 2
˜ n. Dă.t z(x) = e−y .
Chı’ dâ
1 x
32. 3dy + (1 + ex+3y )dx = 0. (DS. y = − ln(C + x) − )
3 3
˜ n. Dă.t z(x) = e−3y .
Chı’ dâ
Gia’i các bài toán Cauchy sau
1
33. ydx − (3x + 1 + ln y)dy = 0. y − = 1.
3
y3 − 4 1
(DS. x = − ln y)
9 3
˜ n. Xem x là â’n hàm.
Chı’ dâ
34. x2 + xy 0 = y, y(1) = 0. (DS. y = x − x2)
0 x2
35. y cos x − y sin x = 2x, y(0) = 0. (DS. y = )
cos x
1 sin x
36. y 0 − ytgx = 3
, y(0) = 0. (DS. y = )
cos x cos2 x
37. y 0 + y cos x = cos x, y(0) = 1. (DS. y = 1)
38. (1 − x)(y 0 + y) = e−x , y(2) = 0. (DS. −e−x ln |1 − x|)
1 2
39. y 0 + 3ytg3x = sin 6x, y(0) = . (DS. y = cos 3x[1 − cos 3x])
3 3
π
40. y 0 sin x − y cos x = 1; y = 0. (DS. y = − cos x)
2
1 x
41. y 0 − ytgx = , y(0) = 1. (DS. y = + 1)
cos x cos x
42. y 0 + x2y = x2, y(2) = 1. (DS. y = 1)
π √
0 1 1 2
43. y − y =− − sin x, y =1+ .
sin x cos x sin x 4 2
(DS. tgx + cos x)
44. y 0 + y cos x = sin x cos x, y(0) = 1. (DS. y = 2e− sin x + sin x − 1)
14.1.4 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh Bernoulli

y 0 + P (x)y = Q(x)y α, α = const, α 6= 0, α 6= 1, (14.21)
trong dó P (x) và Q(x) là nhũ.ng hàm liên tu.c, du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng
trı̀nh Bernoolli.
Cũng giôńg nhu. phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh, phu.o.ng trı̀nh Bernoulli
du.o..c gia’i nhò. phu.o.ng pháp
a) dô’i biêń y = u(x)v(x),
b) biêń thiên hă`ng sô´ tùy ý.
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.21) có thê’ du.a vê
` phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh bo’.i
phép dô’i biêń
z = y 1−α
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh x2 y 2y 0 + xy 3 = 1.
Gia’i. Chia hai vê´ cho x2y 2 :
y 1
y0 + = y −2 · 2 · (14.22)
x x
Dó là phu.o.ng trı̀nh Bernolli. Thay y = uv vào (14.22) ta có:
uv 1
u0 v + v 0u + = 2 2 2,
x xu v
v 1
⇒u0 v + u v 0 + = 2 2 2·
x xu v
Tù. dó dê’ tı̀m u và v ta có hai phu.o.ng trı̀nh
v 1
1) v 0 + = 0; 2) vu0 = ·
x x2 u2 v 2
1
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh 1) cho ta nghiê.m v = và tù. dó
x
u0 1
= 2 ⇒ u2 u0 = x ⇒ u2 du = xdx
x u r
3
u x2 C 3 3x
2
⇒ = + ⇒u= + C.
3 2 3 2
Do vâ.y nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho có da.ng
r
3 3 C
y = uv = + 3. N
2x x
Vı́ du. 2. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh y 0 − 2xy = 3x3 y 2.
Gia’i. Dó là phu.o.ng trı̀nh Bernolli. Chia hai vê´ cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh
cho y 2:
y −2 y 0 − 2xy −1 = 2x3 .
Dă.t z = y −1 → −y −2 y 0 = z 0 . Do dó
z 0 + 2xz = −2x3 .
Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh này ta thu du.o..c

2
z = Ce−x + 1 − x2
và do dó nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho là
1
y= · N
Ce−x2 + 1 − x2
Vı́ du. 3. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh xy 0 + y = y 2 ln x.
Gia’i. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho là phu.o.ng trı̀nh Bertnoulli. Ta sẽ bă`ng
phu.o.ng pháp biêń thiên hă`ng sô´.
1+ Nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ ` n nhâ´t tu.o.ng ú.ng là
C
y= .
x
2+ Nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh không thuâ` n nhâ´t sẽ du.o..c
C(x)
tı̀m du.ó.i da.ng y = , trong dó C(x) là hàm mó.i chu.a biê´t. Thay
x
C(x)
y= vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho ta thu du.o..c
x
ln x dC ln x
C 0(x) = C 2 (x)
⇒ = dx
x2 C2 x2
1 ln x 1 x
⇒ = + + C ⇒ C(x) =
C(x) x x 1 + Cx + ln x
và do dó nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a nó là

1
y= · N
1 + Cx + ln x
BÀI TÂ
.P
Gia’i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh Bernoulli sau

1
1. y 0 + 2xy = 2xy 2 . (DS. y = )
1 + Cex2
2. 3xy 2y 0 − 2y 3 = x3 . (DS. y 3 = x3 + Cx2)
3. (x3 + ey )y 0 = 3x2 . (DS. x3 e−y = C + y)

2
0 2 x2 e−x
4. y + 2xy = y e . (DS. y = )
C−x
1
5. y 0 − y cos x = y 2 cos x. (DS. y = )
Ce− sin x
−1
6. 2y 0 sin x + y cos x = y 3 sin2 x. (DS. y 2(C − x) sin x = 1)
Su’. du.ng phép dô’i biêń du.a các phu.o.ng trı̀nh phi tuyêń sau dây
` phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh hoă.c phu.o.ng trı̀nh Bernoulli. Gia’i các
vê
phu.o.ng trı̀nh dó.
1
7. y 0 − tgy = ex . (DS. sin y = (x + C)ex.
cos y
˜ n. Dă.t z = sin y.
Chı’ dâ
8. y 0 = y(ex + ln y). (DS. ln y = (x + C)ex)
˜ n. Dă.t z = ln y.
Chı’ dâ
9. y 0 cos y + sin y = x + 1. (DS. sin y = x + Ce−x )
˜ n. Dă.t z = sin y.
Chı’ dâ
y2 y2
10. yy 0 + 1 = (x − 1)e− 2 . (DS. x − 2 + Ce−x = e 2 )
y2
˜ n. Dă.t z = e 2
Chı’ dâ
2 2
11. y 0 + x sin 2y = 2xe−x cos2 y. (DS. tgy = (C + x2)e−x )
˜ n. Dă.t z = tgy.
Chı’ dâ
14.1.5 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân toàn phâ

`n
I. Nêú trong phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = 0 (14.23)
` u kiê.n
các hê. sô´ P và Q tho’a mãn diê
∂Q ∂P
= (14.24)
∂x ∂y
thı̀ vê´ trái cu’a nó là vi phân toàn phâ

` n cu’a hàm V (x, y) nào dó và
trong tru ò ng ho. p này phu o ng trı̀nh (14.23) du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh
. . . . .
vi phân toàn phâ ` n (ptvptp) và
P (x, y)dx + Q(x, y)dy = dV (x, y) = 0 (14.25)
∂Q
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.23) là ptvptp khi và chı’ khi các hàm P , Q, ,
∂x
∂P
` n do.n liên D ⊂ R2 và tho’a mãn diê
liên tu.c trong miê ` u kiê.n
∂y
(14.24).
Nêú dV (x, y) = 0 thı̀ nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a (14.25) có da.ng
V (x, y) = C,
trong dó C là hă`ng sô´ tùy ý và du.o..c tı̀m theo các phu.o.ng pháp sau.
1+ Tı́ch phân biê’u thú.c dV (x, y) theo du.ò.ng L(A, M ) ⊂ D bâ´t kỳ
giũ.a hai diê’m A(x0, y0 ) và M(x, y) và thu du.o..c nghiê.m cu’a ptvptp:
Z
(x,y)
V (x, y) = P dx + Qdy = C.
(x0 ,y0 )
Thông thu.ò.ng lâý L(A, M ) là du.ò.ng gâ´p khúc vó.i các ca.nh song song
vó.i tru.c to.a dô. A(x0, y0), B(x, y0), M(x, y)):
Zx Zy
V (x, y) = P (t, y0)dt + Q(x, t)dt = C.
x0 y0
2+ Vı̀ dV (x, y) = dx V (x, y) + dy V (x, y), trong dó dx V và dy V là

các vi phân riêng cu’a V (x, y) nên bă`ng cách tı́ch phân riêng biê.t mô˜ i
biê’u thú.c dó, ta có V (x, y) biê’u diê˜ n bo’.i hai da.ng sau
R
1) V (x, y) = P dx + ϕ(y), xem y là không dô’i,
R
2) V (x, y) = Qdy + ψ(x), xem x không dô’i.
Dêń dây, hoă.c xuâ´t phát tù. 1) ta tı̀m ϕ(y) du..a vào diê
` u kiê.n là
∂V Z 0
= Q(x, y) ⇒ P dx + ϕ0(y) = Q(x, y)
∂y y
và tù. dó thu du.o..c ϕ(y).

Hoă.c tı̀m ψ(x) du..a vào diê
` u kiê.n là
∂V Z 0
= P (x, y) ⇒ Qdy + ψ 0(x) = P (x, y)
∂x x
và tù. dó thu du.o..c ψ(x).

II. Thù.a sô´ tı́ch phân
Nêú phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.23) không là ptvptp nhu.ng tô ` n ta.i hàm
µ = µ(x, y) 6≡ 0 sao cho sau khi nhân hai vê´ cu’a (14.23) vó.i µ mà
phu.o.ng trı̀nh thu du.o..c trong kê´t qua’ là ptvptp thı̀ hàm µ(x, y) du.o..c
go.i là thù.a sô´ tı́ch phân. Ta chı’ ha.n chê´ xét hai tru.ò.ng ho..p sau.
∂P ∂Q
+
1 Nêu ´ − /Q là hàm chı’ cu’a biêń x thı̀ phu.o.ng trı̀nh
∂y ∂x
(14.23) có thù.a sô´ tı́ch phân µ = µ(x) chı’ phu. thuô.c x và du.o..c xác
di.nh bo’.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh
∂P ∂Q
−
d ln µ ∂y ∂x
= · (14.26)
dx Q
∂Q ∂P
2+ Tu.o.ng tu.. nêú − /P là hàm chı’ cu’a biêń y thı̀ (14.23)
∂x ∂y
có thù.a sô´ tı́ch phân µ = µ(y) chı’ phu. thuô.c y và du.o..c tı̀m tù. phu.o.ng
trı̀nh
∂Q ∂P
−
d ln µ ∂x ∂y
= · (14.27)
dy P
CÁC VÍ DU
.
(x + y + 1)dx + (x − y 2 + 3)dy = 0.
.
Gia’i. O’ dây P = x + y + 1, Q = x − y 2 + 3. Vı̀
∂P ∂Q
=1=
∂y ∂x
nên vê´ trái cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho là vi phân toàn phâ
` n cu’a hàm
V (x, y) nào dó và
∂V
1) = x + y + 1,
∂x
∂V
2) = x − y 2 + 3.
∂y
Tù. 1) thu du.o..c
Z Z
V = P (x, y)dx + ϕ(y) = (x + y + 1)dx + ϕ(y)
x2
= + yx + x + ϕ(y). (*)
2
` n su’. du.ng 2) và kê´t qua’ vù.a thu du.o..c
Dê’ tı̀m ϕ(y) ta câ
∂ x2
+ yx + x + ϕ(y) = x − y 2 + 3 ⇒ ϕ0 (y) = −y 2 + 3
∂y 2
Z
y3
⇒ ϕ(y) = (−y 2 + 3)dy ⇒ ϕ(y) = − + 3y + C1 .
3
Thê´ biê’u thú.c ϕ(y) vào (*) ta thu du.o..c
x2 y3
V (x, y) = + xy + x − + 3y + C1.
2 3
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho có da.ng dV (x., y) = 0 và nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a
nó du.o..c xác di.nh bo’.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh
x2 y3
V (x, y) = C2 hay + xy + x − + 3y + C1 = C2 .
2 3
Dă.t 6(C2 − C1 ) = C - hă`ng sô´ tùy ý và thu du.o..c nghiê.m tô’ng quát
cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho là
3x2 + 6xy + 6x − 2y 3 + 18y = C. N

p p
(1 + x x2 + y 2 )dx + (−1 + x2 + y 2 )ydy = 0.
Gia’i. Dê˜ kiê’m tra ră`ng phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho là ptvptp. Thâ.t vâ.y
∂P ∂Q xy
vı̀ ≡ = p liên tu.c khă´p no.i trong mă.t phă’ng nên
∂y ∂x 2
x +y 2
phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho là ptvptp. Nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a nó có thê’ viê´t
du.ó.i da.ng tı́ch phân du.ò.ng
Z
(x,y)
[P dx + Qdy] = C.
(x0 ,y0 )
Cho.n du.ò.ng tı́ch phân là du.ò.ng gâ´p khúc có các ca.nh song song vó.i
tru.c to.a dô. MNK, trong dó M(x0 , y0), K(x, y0), N(x, y) và thu du.o..c
Zx Zy
P (t, y0)dt + Q(x, t)dt = C.
x0 y0
Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p này ta cho.n M(0; 1) và có

√ p
P (x, 1) = 1 + x x2 + 1; Q(x, y) = (−1 + x2 + y 2 )y.
Do dó tı́ch phân tô’ng quát có da.ng

Zx √ Zy √
[1 + t t2 + 1]dt + [−1 + x2 + t2 ]tdt = C
0 1
hay là
1 y2
x + (x2 + y 2)3/2 − = C.
3 2
Nêú ta cho.n M là diê’m khác cu’a mă.t phă’ng thı̀ thu du.o..c kê´t qua’ khác
kê´t qua’ trên bo’.i da.ng cu’a hă`ng sô´ tùy ý. N
(x + y 2)dx − 2xydy = 0.
.
Gia’i. O’ dây P = x + y 2, Q = −2xy. Ta thâý ngay phu.o.ng trı̀nh
dã cho không là phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân toàn phâ
` n. Ta có
∂P ∂Q
−
∂y ∂x 2y + 2y 2
= =−
Q −2xy x
và do vâ.y
d ln µ 2 1
= − ⇒ ln µ = −2ln|x| ⇒ µ = 2 ·
dx x x
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh
x + y2 xy
dx − 2 dy = 0
x2 x2
là phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân toàn phâ ` n. Vê´ trái cu’a nó có thê’ viê´t du.ó.i
da.ng
dx 2xydy − y 2dx y2
− = 0 ⇒ d ln |x| − = 0.
x x2 x
Tù. dó thu du.o..c tı́ch phân tô’ng quát
2 /x
x = Cey . N

p
2xy ln ydx + (x2 + y 2
y 2 + 1)dy = 0.
. p
Gia’i. O’ dây P = 2xy ln y, Q = x2 + y 2 y 2 + 1. Ta có
∂Q ∂P
−
∂x ∂y 2x − 2x(ln y + 1) 1 d ln µ 1 1
= =− ⇒ =− ⇒µ= ·
P 2xy ln y y dy y y
1 .
Nhân µ = vó i hai vê´ cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho ta thu du.o..c phu.o.ng
y
trı̀nh vi phân toàn phâ`n
p
2xy ln ydx x2 + y 2 y 2 + 1
+ dy = 0
y y
hay là
p 1
d(x2 ln y) + y y 2 + 1dy = 0 ⇒ x2 ln y + (y 2 + 1)3/2 = C. N
3
BÀI TÂ
.P

1. (3x2 + 6xy 2 )dx + (6x2y + 4y 3 )dy = 0. (DS. x3 + 3x2y 2 + y 4 = C)
2. 3xey dx + (x3 ey − 1)dy = 0. (DS. x3 ey − y = C)
3. e−y dx + (1 − xe−y )dy = 0. (DS. y + xe−y = C)
4. 2x cos2 ydx + (2y − x2 sin 2y)dy = 0. (DS. x2 cos2 y + y 2 = C)
5. (3x2 + 2y)dx + (2x − 3)dy = 0. (DS. x3 + 2xy − 3y = C)
6. (3x2 y − 4xy 2)dx + (x3 − 4x2 y + 12y 3 )dy = 0.
(DS. x3y − 2x2 y 2 + 3y 4 = C)
x2 cos 2y
7. (x cos 2y + 1)dx − x2 sin 2ydy = 0. (DS. + x = C)
2
8. (3x2 ey )dx + (x3ey − 1)dy = 0. (DS. x3ey − y = C)
9. (2y − 3)dx + (2x + 3y 2 )dy = 0. (DS. 2xy − 3x + y 3 = C)
x
10. (x + ln |y|)dx + 1 + + sin y)dy = 0.
y
x2
(DS. + x ln |y| + y − cos y = C)
2
11. (3x2 y 2 + 7)dx + 2x3 ydy = 0. (DS. x3y 2 + 7x = C)
12. (ey + yex + 3)dx = (2 − xey − ex)dy.
(DS. xey + yex + 3x − 2y = C)

13. sin(x + y)dx + x cos(x + y)(dx + dy) = 0.
(DS. x sin(x + y) = C)
14. e−y dx + (1 − xe−y )dy = 0. (DS. xe−y + y = C)
15. (12x + 5y − 9)dx + (5x + 2y − 4)dy = 0.
(DS. 6x2 + 5xy + y 2 − 9x − 4y = C)
16. (3xy 2 − x2)dx + (3x2 y − 6y 2 − 1)dy = 0.
(DS. 6y + 12y 3 − 9x2 y 2 + 2x3 = C)
x
17. (ln y − 2x)dx + − 2y dy = 0.
y
(DS. x ln y − x2 − y 2 = C)
sin 2x sin2 x
18. + x dx + y − dy = 0.
y y2
sin2 x x2 + y 2
(DS. + = C)
y 2
19. (3x2 − 2x − y)dx + (2y − x + 3y 2)dy = 0.
(DS. x3 + y 3 − x2 − xy + y 2 = C)
1 1
20. sin y + y sin x + dx + x cos y − cos x + dy = 0.
x y
(DS. x sin y − y cos x + ln |xy| = C)
Tı̀m thù.a sô´ tı́ch phân dê’ gia’i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh
21. (1 − x2y)dx + x2(y − x)dy = 0.
1
(DS. xy 2 − 2x2 y − 2 = Cx, µ = )
x2
22. (x2 + y)dx − xdy = 0, µ = µ(x).
y 1
(DS. x − = C, µ = − 2 )
x x
2
23. (x + y ) − 2xydy = 0, µ = µ(x).
1
(DS. x ln |x| − y 2 = Cx, µ = 2 )
x
2 3
24. (2x y + 2y + 5)dx + (2x + 2x)dy = 0.
1
(DS. 5arctgx + 2xy = C, x = 0, µ = )
1 + x2
25. (x4 ln x − 2xy 3)dx + 3x2y 2 dy = 0.
1
(DS. y 3 + x3(ln x − 1) = C, x = 0, µ = )
x4
26. (x + sin x + siny)dx + cos ydy = 0.
(DS. 2ex sin y + 2ex (x − 1) + ex (sin x − cos x) = C, µ = ex)
27. (2xy 2 − 3y 3 )dx + (7 − 3xy 2 )dy = 0.
7 1
(DS. x2 − − 3xy = C, µ = 2 )
y y
28. (2x + yexy )dx + (1 + xexy )dy = 0, y(0) = 1.
(DS. x2 + y + exy = 2)
29. 2x cos2 ydx + (2y − x2 sin 2y)dy = 0, y(0) = 0.
(DS. 2y 2 + x2 cos 2y + x2 = 0)
30. 3x2 ey + (x3ey − 1)y 0 = 0, y(0) = 1. (DS. x3 ey − y = −1)
2xdx y 2 − 3x2
31. + dy = 0, y(1) = 1. (DS. y = x)
y3 y4
14.1.6 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh Lagrange và phu.o.ng trı̀nh

Clairaut
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân da.ng
y = xϕ(y 0) + ψ(y 0) (14.28)
du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh Lagrange, trong dó ϕ(y 0) và ψ(y 0) là các hàm
dã biê´t cu’a y 0.
Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p khi ϕ(y 0) = y 0 thı̀ (14.28) có da.ng
y = xy 0 + ψ(y 0) (14.29)
và du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh Clairaut.

1+ Phu.o.ng pháp gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh Lagrange
a) Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.28) dôí vó.i y 0 (dê’ tı̀m biê’u thú.c y 0 qua x
và y) nêú phép gia’i dó thu..c hiê.n du.o..c. Tiê´p dêń là gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh
vi phân y 0 = f (x, y).
b) Phu.o.ng pháp du.a tham sô´. Du.a vào tham sô´
dy
=p
dx
và thu du.o..c hê. thú.c thú. nhâ´t liên hê. x, y và tham sô´ p:
y = xϕ(p) + ψ(p). (14.30)
Dê’ có hê. thú.c thú. hai câ

` n thiê´t dê’ xác di.nh x và y ta lâý da.o hàm hai
dy
vê´ cu’a (14.30) rô ` i thay = p vào:
dx
dp dp
p = ϕ(p) + xϕ0 (p) + ψ 0(p) ,
dx dx
dp
p − ϕ(p) = [xϕ0(p) + ψ 0(p)] , (14.31)
dx
dx
[p − ϕ(p)] = xϕ0(p) + ψ 0(p). (14.32)
dp
Dây là phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh dôí vó.i â’n hàm x. Gia’i (14.32) ta có
x = W (p, C). Nhu. vâ.y nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh Lagrange là
x = W (p, C),
y = xϕ(p) + ψ(p).
Nhâ.n xét. Chú ý ră`ng khi chuyê’n tù. (14.31) dêń (14.32) ta câ `n
dp dp
chia cho và khi dó bi. mâ´t các nghiê.m mà p là hă`ng sô´ =0 .
dx dx
Do dó nêú xem p không dô’i thı̀ (14.31) chı’ tho’a mãn khi p là nghiê.m
cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh
p − ϕ(p) = 0. (14.33)
Do vâ.y phu.o.ng trı̀nh Lagrange còn chú.a nghiê.m bâ´t thu.ò.ng da.ng
y = xϕ(α) + ψ(α)
trong dó α là nghiê.m cu’a (14.33). Dó là phu.o.ng trı̀nh du.ò.ng thă’ng.
2+ Phu.o.ng pháp gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh Clairaut
Dă.t y 0 = p ta có
y = xp + ψ(p). (14.34)
Lâý da.o hàm dă’ng thú.c này theo x ta có
dp dp
p=p+x + ψ 0 (p) →
dx dx
dp
⇒ [x + ψ 0(p)] =0⇔
dx
dp
" = 0 ⇔ p = const = C, (14.35)
dx
x + ψ 0(p) = 0. (14.36)
Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p (14.35) tù. (14.34) ta có
y = Cx + ψC
là nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.29).

Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p (14.36) nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh Clairaut du.o..c
xác di.nh bo’.i
)
y = xp + ψ(p),
(14.37)
x = −ψ 0(p).
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh Clairaut có thê’ có nghiê.m bâ´t thu.ò.ng thu du.o..c bo’.i
viê.c khu’. p tù. (14.37).
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh y = 2xy 0 + ln y 0.
Gia’i. Dă.t y 0 = p ⇒ dy = pdx và y = 2xp + ln p. Lâý da.o hàm ta
có
dp dx 1
pdx = 2pdx + 2xdp + ⇒p = −2x −
p dp p
hay là
dx 2 1 C 1
=− x− 2 ⇒x= 2 − ·
dp p p p p
Thay giá tri. x vù.a thu du.o..c vào biê’u thú.c dôí vó.i y ta có
C 1 2C
x= 2
− 2, y = ln p + − 2. N
p p p
a
Vı́ du. 2. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh y = xy 0 + 0 (a = const).
2y
Gia’i. Dă.t y 0 = p ta có
a
y = xp + ·
2p
Lâý da.o hàm dă’ng thú.c này rô

` i thay dy bo’.i pdx ta có
a a
pdx = pdx + xdp − 2 dp ⇒ x − 2 dp = 0
2p 2p
a) dp = 0 ⇒ p = const = C ⇒ nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng

a
trı̀nh là y = Cx + 2C .
a a a
b) x − 2 = 0 ⇒ x = 2 . Khu’. p tù. hai phu.o.ng trı̀nh x = 2
2p 2p 2p
a 2 . .
và y = xp + ta có y = 2ax. Dó là nghiê.m bâ´t thu ò ng. N
2p
14.2. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p cao 259
BÀI TÂ
.P
1. y = 2xy 0 + sin y 0.
C cos p sin p 2C 2 cos p
(DS. x = 2 − 2 − ,y= − − sin p, y = 0)
p p p p p
2. y = x(1 + y 0) + y 0 2.
(DS. x = 2(1 − p) + Ce−p , y = [2(1 − p) + Ce−p ](1 + p) + p2 )
1
3. y = xy 02 − .
y0
Cp2 + 2p − 1 Cp2 + 2p − 1 1
(DS. x = , y = − .)
2p2 (p − 1)2 2(p − 1)2 p
a a
4. y = xy 0 + 02 . (DS. y = Cx + 2 , 4y 3 = 27ax2 )
y C
x2
5. y = xy 0 + y 02 . (DS. y = Cx + C 2, y = − )
4
C −1
6. xy 02 − yy 0 − y 0 + 1 = 0. (DS. y = Cx − , (y + 1)2 = 4x)
C
p
7. y 02 + 1 + xy 0 − y = 0.
 p
√ x = − p ,
(DS. y = Cx + 1 + C 2 , 1p− p2 )
 2
y = px + 1 + p .
p − ln p + C
8. y 0 + y = xy 02 . (DS. x = , y = xp − p2 )
(1 − p)2
14.2 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p cao

Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p n là phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.ng
F (x, y, y 0, . . . , y (n)) = 0 (14.38)

hay (nêú nó gia’i du.o..c dôí vó.i da.o hàm y (n) ):
y (n) = f (x, y, y 0, . . . , y (n−1)). (14.39)
Bài toán tı̀m nghiê.m y = ϕ(x) cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.39) tho’a mãn
diê ù
(n−1)
y(x0) = y0 , y 0(x0) = y00 , . . . , y (n−1)(x0) = y0 (14.40)
du.o..c go.i là bài toán Cauchy dôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.39).
Nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p n (14.39) là tâ.p
ho..p mo.i nghiê.m xác di.nh bo’.i công thú.c y = ϕ(x, C1, C2, . . . , Cn )
chú.a n hă`ng sô´ tùy ý C1 , C2, . . . , Cn sao cho nêú cho tru.ó.c các diê ù
kiê.n ban dâ . .
` u (14.40) thı̀ tı̀m du o. c các hă`ng sô´ C̃1 , C̃2, . . . , C̃n dê’ y =
ϕ(x, C̃1, . . . , C̃n ) là nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.39) tho’a mãn các
` u kiê.n (14.40).
diê
Mo.i nghiê.m thu du.o..c tù. nghiê.m tô’ng quát vó.i các giá tri. cu. thê’
cu’a các hă`ng sô´ tùy ý C1 , C2, . . . , Cn du.o..c go.i là nghiê.m riêng cu’a
phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân (14.39).
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.ng φ(x, y, C1, C2, . . . , Cn ) = 0 xác di.nh nghiê.m
tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân du.ó.i da.ng â’n du.o..c go.i là tı́ch
phân tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh.
14.2.1 Các phu.o.ng trı̀nh cho phép ha. thâ´p câ´p

Da.ng I. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.ng y (n) = f (x).
` n tı́ch phân ta thu du.o..c nghiê.m tô’ng quát
Sau n lâ
Z Z
xn−1 xn−1
y = . . . f(x) dx · ·
| {z } · dx +C1 + C2 + · · · + Cn−1 x + Cn .
(n − 1)! (n − 2)!
| {z } n
n
Vı́ du. 1. Tı̀m nghiê.m riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh

ln x
y (3) = , y(1) = 0, y 0(1) = 1, y 00(1) = 2.
x2
` n phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho ta có

Gia’i. Tı́ch phân 3 lâ
Z
00 ln x ln x 1
y = dx = − − + C1 ,
x2 x x
1
y 0 = − ln2 x − ln x + C1 x + C2,
2
x 2 x2
y = − ln x + C1 + C2 x + C3.
2 2
Su’. du.ng các diê

` u ta có

C1
+ C2 + C3 = 0 

2 1
C1 + C2 = 1 ⇒ C1 = 3, C2 = −2, C3 = 2 ·


−1 + C1 =2
Tù. dó suy ra nghiê.m riêng câ

` n tı̀m là
x 3 1
y = − ln2 x + x2 − 2x + · N
2 2 2
Da.ng II. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.38) không chú.a â’n hàm và da.o hàm dêń
câ´p k − 1:
F (x, y (k), y (k+1), . . . , y (n) ) = 0.
Khi dó bă`ng cách dă.t
y (k) = p(x)
câ´p cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh sẽ ha. xuôńg k do.n vi..
Vı́ du. 2. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh xy (5) − y (4) = 0.

Gia’i. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho không chú.a â’n hàm và các da.o hàm
dêń câ´p 3. Do dó ta dă.t
y (4) = p
và thu du.o..c

dp
x − p = 0 ⇒ p = C1 x ⇒ y (4) = C1x.
dx
Tı́ch phân liên tiê´p ta có
x2
y (3) = C1 + C2 ,
2
x3
y (2) = C1 + C2 x + C3,
6
4
x x2
y 0 = C1 + C2 + C3x + C4 ,
24 2
x5 x3 x2
y = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 x + C5
120 6 2
5 3 2
= C 1x + C 2 x + C 3 x + C4 x + C5;
C1 C2 C3
C1 = , C2 = , C3 = · N
120 6 2
Da.ng III. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.38) không chú.a biêń dô.c lâ.p
F (y, y 0, y 00, . . . , y (n)) = 0. (14.41)
Khi dó bă`ng cách dă.t
y0 = p
(trong dó p du.o..c xem là hàm cu’a y : p = p(y)) câ´p cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh
ha. xuôńg 1 do.n vi..
` n biê’u diê˜ n các da.o hàm y 0, y 00, . . . , y (n) qua các da.o
Dê’ gia’i ta câ
hàm cu’a hàm p = p(y). Ta có
dy
y0 = = p,
dx
dp dp dy dp
y 00 = = · =p ,
dx dy dx dy
d dp d dp i dy
h d2 p dp 2
y 000 = p = p = p2 2 + p ,...
dx dy dy dy dx dy dy
Thê´ các kê´t qua’ này vào vê´ trái cu’a (14.41) ta thu du.o..c phu.o.ng trı̀nh
câ´p n − 1.
Vı́ du. 3. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh y 00 + y 02 = 2e−y .
Gia’i. Dây là phu.o.ng trı̀nh không chú.a biêń dô.c lâ.p x. Dă.t y 0 =
dp
p ⇒ y 00 = p và thu du.o..c
dy
dp
p + p2 = 2e−y .
dy
Dó là phu.o.ng trı̀nh Bernoulli. Bă`ng phép dô’i â’n hàm p2 = z ta thu
du.o..c phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh
dz 2
+ 2z = 4e−y , z = y0 .
dy
Nó có nghiê.m tô’ng quát là z = 4e−y + C1 e−2y . Thay z bo’.i y 02 ta thu
du.o..c
dy p
= ± 4e−y + C1e−2y .
dx
Tách biêń và tı́ch phân ta có
1p y
x + C2 = ± 4e + C1
2
⇒ ey + C e1 = (x + C2 )2 , C e1 = C1 ·
4
Dó là tı́ch phân tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho. N
BÀI TÂ
.P
x2
1. y (3) = 60x2 . (DS. y = x5 + C1 + C2 x + C3)
2
2. (x − 3)y 00 − y 0 = 0. (DS. y = C1 ln |x − 3| + C2 )
x4
3. y (3) = x + cos x. (DS. y = − sin x + C1 x2 + C2 x + C3)
24
4. y 00 = xex; y(0) = y 0(0) = 0. (DS. y = (x − 2)ex + x + 2)

5. xy 00 = y 0. (DS. y = C1 x2 + C2 )
6. xy 00 + y 0 = 0. (DS. y = C1 ln |x| + C2 )
2
7. xy 00 = (1 + 2x2 )y 0. (DS. y = C1 ex + C2 )
x3
8. xy 00 = y 0 + x2. (DS. y = + C1 x2 + C2 )
3
9. xy (3) − y 00 = 0. (DS. y = C1 x3 + C2 x + C3)
10. y 00 = y 02 . (DS. y = C2 − ln |C1 − x|)
11. y 00 = 1 + y 02. (DS. y = C2 − ln | cos(x + C1 )|)
12. y 00 + y 0 + 2 = 0; y(0) = 0, y 0(0) = −2. (DS. y = −2x)
14.2.2 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân tuyêń tı́nh câ´p 2 vó.i

`ng
hê. sô´ hă
I. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh thuâ
` n nhâ´t
. .
Phu o ng trı̀nh vi phân da.ng
y 00 + a1 y 0 + a2y = 0 (14.42)
trong dó a1 , a2 là các hă`ng sô´, du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh
` n nhâ´t câ´p 2 vó.i hê. sô´ hă`ng.
thuâ
y1 (x)
1. Nêú y1 và y2 là các nghiê.m riêng cu’a (14.42) sao cho 6=
y2 (x)
const thı̀ y = C1 y1 + C2 y2 là nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a (14.42).
2. Nêú y = u(x) + iv(x) là nghiê.m cu’a (14.42) thı̀ phâ ` n thu..c u(x)
` n a’o v(x) cũng là nghiê.m.
và phâ
Dê’ xác di.nh các nghiê.m riêng y1(x) và y2 (x) dâ ` u tiên câ
` n gia’i
phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng (ptdt) thu du.o..c bă`ng cách dă.t y = eλx
λ2 + a1 λ + a2 = 0. (14.43)
Hiê’n nhiên ta luôn xem bô.i cu’a nghiê.m cu’a (14.43) là r = 1 (do.n)
hoă.c 2 (kép). Ta cũng quy u.ó.c bô.i r = 0 nêú λ không là nghiê.m cu’a
(14.43). Ta có ba’ng tóm tă´t sau
Nghiê.m riêng Nghiê.m tô’ng quát

Nghiê.m cu’a ptdt
cu’a (14.42) cu’a (14.42)
y1 = eλ1x ,
I. λ1 , λ2 ∈ R, λ1 6= λ2 y = C1 eλ1 x + C2eλ2 x
y2 = eλ2 x
y1 = eλx, y = C1eλx + C2xeλx

II. λ1 = λ2 = λ ∈ R
y2 = xeλx = eλx(C1 + C2x)
III. λ1 , λ2 ∈ C y1 = eαx cos βx y = eαx(C1 cos βx
λ = α ± iβ y2 = eαx sin βx +C2 sin βx)
Vı́ du. 1. Tı̀m nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh
y 00 + y 0 − 2y = 0.
Gia’i. Tı̀m nghiê.m trong da.ng y = eλx, ta có y 0 = λeλx, y 00 = λ2 eλx.

Thay vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh ta thu du.o..c phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng
hλ1 = 1,
2
λ +λ−2=0⇔
λ2 = −2.
Ca’ hai nghiê.m λ1 , λ2 ∈ R và khác nhau nên theo tru.ò.ng ho..p I o’. ba’ng
ta có y1 = ex, y2 = e−2x và do dó
y = C1 ex + C2e−2x . N
Vı́ du. 2. Cũng ho’i nhu. trên dôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh
y 00 + 2y 0 + y = 0.
Gia’i. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru..ng tu.o.ng ú.ng có da.ng
λ2 − 2λ + 1 = 0 ⇔ λ1 = λ2 = 1.
Các nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng thu..c và bă`ng nhau nên y1 =
ex , y2 = xex. Do dó
y = C1 ex + C2xex = ex (C1 + C2 x). N
y 00 − 4y 0 + 13y = 0.
Gia’i. Ptdt tu.o.ng ú.ng có da.ng
hλ1 = 2 + 3i,
λ2 − 4λ + 13 = 0 ⇔ .
λ2 = 2 − 3i.
Các nghiê.m phú.c này tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i các nghiê.m riêng dô.c lâ.p tuyêń
tı́nh là y1 = e2x cos 3x, y2 = e2x sin 3x. Do dó nghiê.m tô’ng quávt có
da.ng
y = C1 e2x cos 3x + C2e2x sin 3x

= e2x(C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x). N
II. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh không thuâ

` n nhâ´t
y 00 + a1y 0 + a2y = f (x) (14.44)
trong dó a1 , a2 là nhũ.ng hă`ng sô´ thu..c, f(x) là hàm liên tu.c du.o..c go.i
` n nhâ´t vó.i hê. sô´ hă
là ptvp tuyêń tı́nh không thuâ `ng.
- i.nh lý. Nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a (14.44) là tô’ng cu’a nghiê.m tô’ng quát
D
cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ` n nhâ´t tu.o.ng ú.ng và mô.t nghiê.m riêng nào dó
cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh không thuâ ` n nhâ´t (14.44).
Tù. I và di.nh lý vù.a phát biê’u suy ră`ng bài toán tı̀m nghiê.m tô’ng
quát cu’a (14.44) du.o..c du.a vê ` bài toán tı̀m nghiê.m riêng ỹ cu’a nó. Nói
chung phép tı́ch phân (14.44) luôn luôn có thê’ thu..c hiê.n nhò. phu.o.ng
pháp biêń thiên hă`ng sô´ Lagrange.
Nêú vê´ pha’i có da.ng dă.c biê.t ta có thê’ tı̀m nghiê.m riêng cu’a (14.44)
nhò. Phu.o.ng pháp cho.n (phu.o.ng pháp hê. sô´ bâ´t di.nh không chú.a quá
trı̀nh tı́ch phân). Ta có ba’ng tóm tă´t sau trong dó Pn (x), Qm (x), . . .
là các da thú.c da.i sô´ bâ.c tu.o.ng ú.ng.
Vê´ pha’i cu’a (14.44) Nghiê.m cu’a ptdt Da.ng nghiê.m riêng
I. Sô´ 0 là nghiê.m ỹ = Qn (x)xr

f (x) = Pn (x) bô.i r cu’a ptdt ` n du.o..c
Qn câ
xác di.nh
II. Sô´ α là nghiê.m ỹxr Qn (x)eαx
f (x) = eαxPn (x) bô.i r cu’a ptdt ` n du.o..c
Qn (x) câ
xác di.nh
III. f (x) = Sô´ phú.c iβ là ỹ = xr (A cos βx
a cos βx nghiê.m bô.i r +B sin βx); A,
+b sin βx cu’a ptdt ` n xác di.nh
B - câ
IV. f (x) = eαx× Sô´ α + iβ là ỹ = xr eαx×
[Pn (x) cos βx+ nghiê.m bô.i r [Q1(x) cos βx+
Qm (x) sin βx] cu’a ptdt Q2(x) sin βx],
Q1 và Q2
là da thú.c bâ.c
s = max(m, n)
V. Vê´ pha’i cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh là tô’ng cu’a hai hàm
y 00 + a1 y 0 + a2y = f1(x) + f2 (x).
Khi dó nghiê.m riêng có thê’ tı̀m du.ó.i da.ng
ỹ = ỹ1 + ỹ2
trong dó ỹ1 là nghiê.m riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh y 00 + a1y 0 + a2 y = f1 (x),
còn ỹ2 là nghiê.m riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh y 00 + a1y 0 + a2 y = f2 (x).
Vı́ du. 4. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh y 00 − 2y 0 + y = x + 1 (da.ng I)
Gia’i. Nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ
` n nhâ´t tu.o.ng ú.ng
có da.ng Y = ex(C1 + C2x). Vı̀ λ1 = λ2 = 1 nên sô´ 0 không là nghiê.m
cu’a ptdt và do dó r = 0 và nghiê.m riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho
(tru.ò.ng ho..p I) câ
` n tı̀m du.ó.i da.ng
ỹ = x0 (Ax + B)
trong dó A, B là nhũ.ng hă`ng sô´ câ ` n xác di.nh. Thê´ ỹ và ỹ 0 , ỹ 00 vào
phu.o.ng trı̀nh và so sánh các hê. sô´ cu’a các lũy thù.a cùng bâ.c cu’a x ta
thu du.o..c A = 1, −2A + B = 1 ⇒ A = 1, B = 3. Do vâ.y ỹ = x + 3 và
y = ỹ + Y = 3 + x + ex(C1 + C2x). N
Vı́ du. 5. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh y 00 − 4y 0 + 3y = xex (da.ng II).

có da.ng Y = C1 ex + C2 e3x. Vı̀ vê´ pha’i f (x) = xex nên (xem II) ta
có Pn (x) = x, α = 1 và nhu. vâ.y sô´ α = 1 là nghiê.m do.n cu’a phu.o.ng
trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng; r = 1. Do vâ.y nghiê.m riêng câ
ỹ = (Ax + B)xex
1
` i thê´ vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho ta thu du.o..c A = − ,
Tı́nh ỹ 0, ỹ 00 rô
4
1 .
B = − và tù dó
4
1
y = ỹ + Y = − (x + 1)xex + C1 ex + C2 e3x
4
1
= C1 ex + C2e3x − x(x + 1)ex . N
4
Vı́ du. 6. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh y 00 + y = sin x (da.ng III).

Gia’i. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng λ2 + 1 = 0 có nghiê.m λ1 = i,
λ2 = −i. Do dó nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ ` n nhâ´t là
Y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x. Vı̀ f(x) = sin x = 0 · cos x + 1 · sin x nên a = 0,
b = 1, β = 1. Vı̀ iβ = i là nghiê.m do.n cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng
nên r = 1 và nghiê.m riêng câ
ỹ = (A cos x + B sin x)x.
1
Thê´ ỹ vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh ta thu du.o..c A = − , B = 0 và
2
1
y = − cos x + C1 cos x + C2 sin x. N
2
Vı́ du. 7. Xét phu.o.ng trı̀nh y 00 + y = sin 2x (da.ng III).

Gia’i. Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. trong vı́ du. 6 ta có
Y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x.
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho có β = 2. Vı̀ iβ = 2i không là nghiê.m cu’a
phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng nên r = 0 và
ỹ = A cos 2x + B sin 2x
1
Thê´ ỹ vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho cùng vó.i ỹ 0, ỹ 00 ta có A = 0, B = − .
3
Do dó
1
y = ỹ + Y = − sin 2x + C1 cos x + C2 sin x. N
3
Vı́ du. 8. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh y 00 − 2y 0 + y = sin x + e−x (da.ng V).

Gia’i. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng có nghiê.m λ1 = λ2 = 1. Do vâ.y
nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ
` n nhâ´t tu.o.ng ú.ng có da.ng
Y = ex (C1 + C2x).
Vı̀ vê´ pha’i cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho là tô’ng cu’a hai hàm sin x và
` n tı̀m du.ó.i da.ng ỹ = ỹ1 + ỹ2 , trong dó ỹ1 là
e−x nên nghiê.m riêng câ
nghiê.m riêng cu’a
y 00 − 2y 0 + y = sin x (14.45)
còn ỹ2 là nghiê.m riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh
y 00 − 2y 0 + y = e−x (14.46)
Tı̀m ỹ1. Vı̀ f(x) = sin x ⇒ β = 1. Tiê´p dó vı̀ iβ = i không là
nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng nên r = 0 và nghiê.m riêng ỹ câ
`n
. .
tı̀m du ó i da.ng ỹ1 = A cos x + B sin x.
1
Thay ỹ1, ỹ10 , ỹ100 vào (14.45) ta thu du.o..c A = , B = 0:
2
1
ỹ1 = cos x.
2
Tı̀m ỹ2 . Vê´ pha’i f(x) = e−x (xem II). Sô´ α = −1 không là nghiê.m
cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng nên r = 0 nên nghiê.m riêng câ
` n tı̀m du.ó.i
da.ng
ỹ2 = Ae−x .
1
Thay ỹ2, ỹ20 , ỹ200 vào (14.46) ta thu du.o..c A = và do vâ.y
4
1
ỹ2 = e−x .
4
1 1
Nhu. vâ.y ỹ = ỹ1 + ỹ2 = cos x + e−x và
2 4
1 1
y = ỹ + Y = cos x + e−x + ex(C1 + C2x). N
2 4
BÀI TÂ
.P
Gia’i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân sau

1. y 00 − 5y 0 + 4 = 0. (DS. y = C1e−x + C2 e4x)
2. y 00 − 6y 0 + 9y = 0. (DS. y = e3x (C1 + C2 x))
3. y 00 + 8y 0 + 25y = 0. (DS. y = e−4x (C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x))
4. y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = 0. (DS. y = C1 ex + C2e2x)
5. y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = 0. (DS. y = e2x (C1 + C2 x))
6. y 00 − 2y 0 + 2y = 0. (DS. y = ex (C1 cos x + C2 sin x))
7. y 00 + 4y 0 + 5y = 0; y(0) = −3, y 0(0) = 0.
(DS. y = −3e−2x (cos x + 2 sin x))
8. y 00 − 4y 0 + 3y = 0; y(0) = 6, y 0(0) = 10. (DS. y = 4ex + 2e3x)
9. y 00 − 2y 0 + 2y = 0; y(0) = 0, y 0(0) = 1. (DS. y = ex sin x)
10. y 00 − 2y 0 + 3y = 0; y(0) = 1, y 0(0) = 3.
√ √ √
(DS. y = ex(cos 2x + 2 sin 2x))
11. y 00 + 4y 0 = 0; y(0) = 7, y 0(0) = 8. (DS. y = 9 − 2e−4x )
12. y 00 + 4y = 0; y(0) = 0, y 0(0) = 2. (DS. y = sin 2x)
Gia’i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh không thuâ
` n nhâ´t sau
1
13. y 00 + 2y 0 + y = ex.
(DS. y = (C1 x + C2)e−x + ex)
4
14. y − 3y + 2y = e . (DS. y = C1e + (C2 − x)ex)
00 0 x 2x
15. y 00 + y 0 − 2y = 6x2 . (DS. y = C1 ex + C2 e−x − 3(x2 + x + 1, 5))

3
16. y 00 + 3y 0 = 9x. (DS. y = C1 + C2 e−3x + x2 − x)
2
√ √
17. y 00 − 2y = xe−x . (DS. y = C1ex 2
+ C2e−x 2
− (x − 2)e−x )
18. y 00 − 4y = 8x3 . (DS. y = C1 e2x + C2 e−2x − 2x3 − 3x)
19. y 00 − 5y 0 + 6y = 13 sin 3x.
1
(DS. y = C1e2x + C2 e3x + (5 cos 3x − sin 3x))
6
3
20. y 00 + 4y = 3 sin 2x. (DS. y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x − x cos 2x)
4
1
21. y 00 + 4y = sin 2x. (DS. y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x − x cos 2x)
4
00
22. y + y = x cos x.
1 1
(DS. y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + x cos x + x2 sin x)
4 4
00 0 −x
23. y − 2y + 3y = e cos x.
√ √ e−x
(DS. y = ex(C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x) + (5 cos x − 4 sin x))
41
24. y 00 − 3y 0 + 2y = e3x(x2 + x).
e3x 2
(DS. y = C1ex + C2 e2x + (x − 2x + 2))
2
25. y 00 + y = x + 2ex . (DS. y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + x + ex )
26. y 00 − 2y 0 + y = 3ex + x + 1.
3
(DS. y = exx2 + x + 3 + ex (C1x + C2 ))
2
27. y − 6y + 8y = ex + e2x.
00 0
1 1
(DS. y = ex − xe2x + C1e2x + C2e4x)
3 2
00 x
28. y + 9y = e cos 3x.
ex
(DS. y = C1 cos 3x + C2 sin 3x + (cos 3x + 6 sin 3x))
37
1
29. y 00 − 4y 0 + 4y = xe2x. (DS. y = (C1 x + C2)e2x + x3e2x)
6
00 2 x
30. y + y = 4 cos x + (x + 1)e .
1
(DS. y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + 2x sin x + ex (1 − x + x2 ))
2
31. y 00 − 6y 0 + 9y = 25ex sin x.
(DS. y = (C1 + C2x)e3x + ex (4 cos x + 3 sin x))
32. y 00 + 2y 0 + 5y = e−x sin 2x.
1
(DS. y = (C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x)e−x − xe−x cos 2x)
4
33. y 00 + y 0 = 4x2ex . (DS. y = C1 + C2 e−x + (2x2 − 6x + 7)ex )
34. y 00 + 10y 0 + 25y = 4e−5x . (DS. y = (C1 + C2 x)e−5x + 2x2 e−5x )
14.2.3 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân tuyêń tı́nh thuâ `n

nhâ´t câ´p n (ptvptn câ´p n ) vó.i hê. sô´ hă
`ng
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân da.ng
L(y) ≡ y (n) + a1 y (n−1) + · · · + an−1 y 0 + an y = 0 (14.47)
trong dó a1 , a2, . . . , an là nhũ.ng hă`ng sô´ thu..c du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh
vi phân tuyêń tı́nh thuâ ` n nhâ´t câ´p n (ptvptn câ´p n) vó.i hê. sô´ hă`ng.
1. Nêú y1(x) và y2 (x) là nghiê.m cu’a (14.47): Ly = 0 thı̀ y =
C1y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x) cũng là nghiê.m cu’a nó;
` n thu..c
2. Nêú y(x) = u(x) + iv(x) là nghiê.m cu’a (14.47) thı̀ phâ
` n a’o v(x) cu’a nó cũng là nghiê.m cu’a (14.47).
u(x) và phâ
Lu.o..c dô
` gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.47)
Xuâ´t phát tù. ptvptn

L(y) ≡ y (n) + a1y (n−1) + · · · + an y = 0
a1, a2, . . . , an ∈ R


y
Lâ.p phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng
ϕ(λ) = λn + a1λn−1 + · · · + xn−1 λ + An = 0


y
Tı̀m nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng
ϕ = 0 : λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn .


y
Tı̀m nghiê.m riêng dô.c lâ.p tuyêń tı́nh (d`tt)

y1 (x), y2(x), . . . , yn (x)
cu’a ptvptn:L(y) = 0


y
Nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh L(y) = 0
y = C1y1 (x) + C2 y2 (x) + · · · + Cn yn (x)
C1 , C2, . . . , Cn là các hă`ng sô´ tùy ý
Gia’ su’. tı̀m du.o..c các nghiê.m λ1 , λ2 , . . . , λn cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c
tru.ng dôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.47). Khi dó tùy thuô.c vào dă.c tı́nh
cu’a nghiê.m λ1 , . . . , λn ta viê´t du.o..c các nghiê.m riêng dltt cu’a (14.47).
1+ Nêú λi ∈ R, λi 6= λj ∀i 6= j thı̀ mô˜ i λi sẽ tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i nghiê.m
riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.47) là
eλi x , i = 1, n
và nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a (14.47) sẽ là
y = C1eλ1 x + C2 eλ2x + · · · + Cn eλnx . (14.48)
2+ Nêú phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng có nghiê.m bô.i chă’ng ha.n λ1 =
λ2 = · · · = λk = λ̃ và n − k nghiê.m còn la.i dê` u khác nhau thı̀ các
nghiê.m riêng dltt sẽ là
eλ̃x , xeλ̃x , . . . , xk−1 eλ̃x , eλk+1x , . . . , eλnx
và nghiê.m tô’ng quát có da.ng
y = C1 eλ̃x + C2 xeλ̃x + · · · + Ck xk−1 eλ̃x + Ck+1 eλk+1x + · · · + Cn eλnx .

(14.49)
3+ Nêú phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng có nghiê.m phú.c xuâ´t hiê.n tù.ng că.p
liên ho..p, chă’ng ha.n dê’ xác di.nh ta gia’ thiê´t λ1 = α + iβ, λ2 = α − iβ,
` u thu..c thı̀ các nghiê.m

λ3 = γ + iδ, λ4 = γ − iδ và các nghiê.m còn la.i dê
riêng dltt là
eαx cos βx, eαx sin βx, eγx cos δx, eγx sin δx, eλ5x , . . . , eλnx
và khi dó nghiê.m tô’ng quát có da.ng
y = C1 eαx cos βx + C2eαx sin βx + C3 eγx cos δx

+ C4 eγx sin δx + C5 eλ5x + · · · + Cn eλnx . (14.50)
4+ Saucùng nê ..
n ú λ1 = α + iβ là nghiê.m bô.i k cu’a phu o ng trı̀nh
dă.c tru.ng k ≤ thı̀ λ2 = α − iβ cũng là nghiê.m bô.i k cu’a nó. Các
2
nghiê.m dltt sẽ là
eαx cos βx,eαx sin βx, xeαx cos βx, xeαx sin βx, . . . ,
xk−1 eαx cos βx, xk−1eαx sin βx, eλ2k+1x , . . . , eλnx
và tù. dó viê´t du.o..c nghiê.m tô’ng quát.
CÁC VÍ DU .
y (3) − 2y (2) − 3y 0 = 0.
Gia’i. Lâ.p phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng
ϕ(λ) = λ3 − 2λ2 − 3λ = 0.
Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng có ba nghiê.m khác nhau là λ1 = 0, λ2 = −1,
λ3 = 3. Khi dó áp du.ng (14.48) ta thu du.o..c nghiê.m tô’ng quát
y = C1 + C2e−x + C3 e3x. N
Vı́ du. 2. Cũng ho’i nhu. trên vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh
y (3) + 2y 00 + y 0 = 0.
Gia’i. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng có da.ng
λ3 + 2λ2 + λ = 0.
Tù. dó suy ra λ1 = λ2 = −1, λ3 = 0. Các nghiê.m này dê ` u thu..c và
λ = −1 là nghiê.m kép nên áp du.ng (14.49) ta thu du.o..c
y = C1 e−x + C2xe−x + C3 . N
Vı́ du. 3. Cũng ho’i nhu. trên dôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh
y (3) + 4y (2) + 13y 0 = 0.
Gia’i. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng λ3 + 4λ2 + 13λ = 0 có các nghiê.m
λ1 = 0, λ2 = −2 − 3i, λ3 = −2 + 3i. Do dó nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a nó
có da.ng
y = C1 + C2e−2x cos 3x + C3 e−2x sin 3x. N
Vı́ du. 4. Xét phu.o.ng trı̀nh
y (5) − 2y (4) + 2y (3) − 4y (2) + y 0 − 2y = 0.
Gia’i. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng
λ5 − 2λ4 + 2λ3 − 4λ2 + λ − 2 = 0
có các nghiê.m: λ1 = 2 - nghiê.m do.n; λ2 = ±i là că.p nghiê.m phú.c liên
ho..p bô.i 2. Khi dó nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh có da.ng
y = C1e2x + C2 cos x + C3 x cos x + C4 sin x + C5 x sin x

= C1e2x + (C2 + C3 x) cos x + (C4 + C5 x) sin x. N
y (4) + 4y (3) + 8y (2) + 8y 0 + 4y = 0.

λ4 + 4λ3 + 8λ2 + 8λ + 4 = 0 ⇔ (λ2 + 2λ + 2)2 = 0.
Nó có các nghiê.m kép phú.c λ1 = λ2 = −1 − i; λ3 = λ4 = −1 + i. Do

dó tù. 4+ suy ra nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a nó sẽ là
y = C1 e−x cos x + C2e−x sin x + C3xe−x cos x + C4xe−x sin x

= e−x [C1 + C3x] cos x + e−x [C2 + C4x] sin x. N
BÀI TÂ
.P

1. y (3) + 6y (2) + 11y 0 + 6y = 0. (DS. y = C1e−x + C2 e−2x + C3e−3x )
√ √
2. y (3) − 8y = 0. (DS. y = C1 e2x + e−x (C2 cos 3x + C3 sin 3x))
3. y (4) − y = 0. (DS. y = C1ex + C2 e−x + C3 cos x + C4 sin x)
4. y (3) − 3y 0 − 2y = 0. (DS. y = e−x (C1 + C2 x) + C3e2x)
5. 2y (3) − 3y (2) + y 0 = 0. (DS. y = C1 + C2ex + C3 ex/2)
6. y (3) − 6y (2) + 13y 0 = 0. (DS. y = C1 + e3x(C2 cos 2x + C3 sin 2x))
7. y (4) + 13y (2) + 36y = 0.
(DS. y = C1 cos 2x + C2 sin 2x + C3 cos 3x + C4 sin 3x)
Gia’i các bài toán Cauchy sau dây
8. y 00 + 4y 0 + 5y = 0; y(0) = −3, y 0(0) = 0.
(DS. y = −3e−2x (cos x + 2 sin x))
9. y (3) + 3y (2) + 3y 0 + y = 0; y(0) = −1, y 0 (0) = 2, y 00(0) = 3.
(DS. y = e−x (3x2 + x − 1))
10. y (3) − 3y (2) + 3y 0 − y = 0; y(0) = 1, y 0(0) = 2, y 00(0) = 3.
(DS. y = ex (1 + x))
11. y (3) + y (2) = 0; y(0) = 1, y 0(0) = 0, y 00(0) = 1.

(DS. y = x + e−x )
Bây giò. xét phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân tuyêń tı́nh không thuâ
` n nhâ´t
.
câ´p n vó i hê. sô´ hă`ng:
y (n) + a1 y (n−1) + · · · + an−1 y 0 + an y = f (x) (14.51)
Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. tru.ò.ng ho..p phu.o.ng trı̀nh câ´p 2 vó.i hê. sô´ hă`ng bài
toán tı́ch phân phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.51) du.o..c quy vê ` tı̀m mô.t nghiê.m
. . .
riêng nào dó cu’a (14.51). Trong tru ò ng ho. p tô’ng quát phép tı́ch phân
phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.51) có thê’ thu..c hiê.n nhò. phu.o.ng pháp biêń thiên
hă`ng sô´ tùy ý. Dôí vó.i mô.t sô´ da.ng dă.c biê.t cu’a vê´ pha’i nghiê.m riêng
cu’a (14.51) du.o..c tı̀m bo’.i phu.o.ng pháp do.n gia’n ho.n: dó là phu.o.ng
pháp cho.n. Da.ng tô’ng quát cu’a vê´ pha’i (14.51) mà phu.o.ng pháp cho.n
có thê’ áp du.ng du.o..c là
f (x) = eαx[P` (x) cos βx + Qm (x) sin βx]
trong dó P` (x) và Qm (x) là nhũ.ng da thú.c bâ.c ` và m tu.o.ng ú.ng.
Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p này nghiê.m riêng cu’a (14.51) câ
` n du.o..c tı̀m du.ó.i
da.ng

ỹ = xr eαx P̃k (x) cos βx + Q̃k (x) sin βx
k = max(`, m), P̃k và Q̃k là nhũ.ng da thú.c bâ.c k cu’a x da.ng tô’ng quát
vó.i các hê. sô´ chu.a du.o..c xác di.nh, r là bô.i cu’a nghiê.m λ = α + iβ cu’a
ptdt (nêú λ = α ± iβ không là nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng
thı̀ r = 0).
Nô.i dung cu’a phu.o.ng pháp biêń thiên hă`ng sô´ Lagrange dôí vó.i
phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p cao là nhu. sau.
Gia’ su’. y1(x), y2(x), . . . , yn (x) là hê. các nghiê.m riêng dô.c lâ.p tuyêń
tı́nh cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ ` n nhâ´t tu.o.ng ú.ng cu’a (14.51) và
Y (x) = C1 y1(x) + C2y2 (x) + · · · + Cn y)n(x)

là nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a nó, trong dó C1, C2 , . . . , Cn là nhũ.ng hă`ng sô´
tùy ý.
Ta sẽ tı̀m nghiê.m cu’a (14.51) du.ó.i da.ng
y = C1(x)y1 (x) + C2 (x)y2(x) + · · · + Cn (x)yn (x) (14.52)
trong dó C1 (x), . . . , Cn (x) là nhũ.ng hàm ta.m thò.i chu.a biê´t cu’a biêń
x. Dê’ xác di.nh chúng ta lâ.p hê.


 y1 (x)C10 (x) + y2(x)C20 (x) + · · · + yn (x)Cn0 (x) = 0,

y 0 (x)C 0 (x) + y 0 (x)C 0 (x) + · · · + y 0 (x)C 0 (x) = 0,
1 1 2 2 n n

 ... ... ... ... ... ...

 (n−1) (n−1) (n−1)
y1 (x)C10 (x) + y2 (x)C20 (x) + · · · + yn (x)Cn0 (x) = f(x).
(14.53)
Vı̀ y1 , . . . , yn là dltt nên di.nh thú.c cu’a hê. (Wronskian) luôn 6= 0
và hê. có nghiê.m duy nhâ´t:
Z
dCi (x)
= ϕi (x) ⇒ Ci (x) = ϕi (x)dx + C̃i , i = 1, n. (14.54)
dx
trong dó C̃i là hă`ng sô´ tùy ý. Thê´ (14.54) vào (14.52) ta thu du.o..c
nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a (14.51).
Nhâ.n xét. Dôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh câ´p 2 hê. (14.53) có da.ng
(
y1(x)C10 (x) + y2 (x)C20 (x) = 0,
(14.55)
y10 (x)C10 (x) + y20 (x)C20 (x) = f(x).
Ba’ng tóm tă´t các da.ng nghiê.m riêng

tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i mô.t sô´ da.ng vê´ pha’i khác nhau cu’a (14.51)
Vê´ pha’i cu’a phu.o.ng Nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng Các da.ng

N◦
trı̀nh vi phân trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng nghiê.m riêng
1. Sô´ 0 không pha’i

là nghiê.m cu’a
phu.o.ng trı̀nh
dă.c tru.ng P̃m (x)
I Pm (x)
2. Sô´ 0 là nghiê.m
bô.i s cu’a phu.o.ng
trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng xs P̃m (x)
Vê´ pha’i cu’a phu.o.ng Nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng Các da.ng

N◦
trı̀nh vi phân trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng nghiê.m riêng
Sô´ α không pha’i là

nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng
trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng P̃m (x)eαx
II Pm (x)eαx
2. Sô´ α là nghiê.m
bô.i s cu’a phu.o.ng
trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng xs P̃m (x)eαx
1. sô´ ±iβ không P̃k (x) cos βx+

pha’i là nghiê.m Q̃k (x) sin βx,
cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh k = max(m, n)
dă.c tru.ng
III Pn (x) cos βx+
Qm (x) sin βx
2. Sô´ ±iβ là nghiê.m xs [P̃k (x) cos βx
bô.i s cu’a phu.o.ng Q̃k (x) sin βx],
trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng k = max(m, n)
1. Sô´ α ± iβ không [P̃k (x) cos βx+

pha’i là nghiê.m Q̃k (x) sin βx]eαx,
.
dă.c tru ng
IV eαx[Pn (x) cos βx
+Qm (x) sin βx]
2. Sô´ α ± iβ là xs [P̃k (x) cos βx+
nghiê.m bô.i s Q̃k (x) sin βx]eαx,
dă.c tru.ng
Nhâ.n xét. Nêú f (x) = f1(x) + f2(x) + · · · + fm (x), trong dó

f1 , . . . , fm là các hàm da.ng I-IV o’. ba’ng và ỹ1 , ỹ2, . . . , ỹm là các nghiê.m
riêng tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i fi (x), i = 1, m thı̀
ỹ = ỹ1 + ỹ2 + · · · + ỹm
là nghiê.m riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.51). Dây cũng chı́nh là nô.i dung
cu’a phu.o.ng pháp chô ` ng nghiê.m.
CÁC VÍ DU
.
Vı́ du. 1. Gia’i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh
1) y (3) − y (2) + y 0 − y = x2 + x;
2) y (3) − y (2) = 12x2 + 6x.
Gia’i. 1) Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng λ3 − λ2 + λ − 1 = 0 có các nghiê.m
khác nhau λ1 = 1, λ2 = i, λ3 = −i. Do dó phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ ` n nhâ´t
tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i 1) có nghiê.m tô’ng quát là
Y = C1ex + C2 cos x + C3 sin x
(o’. dây sô´ α = 0). Vı̀ sô´ α = 0 không là nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c
tru.ng nên theo tru.ò.ng ho..p I. 2, ta có ỹ = A1x2 + A2 x + A3, trong
dó A1, A2 , A3 là nhũ.ng hê. sô´ câ
` n du.o..c xác di.nh. Thê´ nghiê.m riêng ỹ
vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh 1), ta thu du.o..c
−A1x2 + (2A1 − A2)x + (A2 − 2A1 − A3) = x2 + x,
tù. dó suy ra ră`ng A1 = −1, A2 = −3, A3 = −1. Do dó ỹ = −x2 −3x−1
và nghiê.m tô’ng quát có da.ng
y = Y + ỹ = C1 ex + C2 cos x + C3 sin x − x2 − 3x − 1.
2) Phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng λ3 − λ2 = 0 có nghiê.m λ1 = λ2 = 0,

λ3 = 1. Do dó nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ
` n nhâ´t tu.o.ng
ú.ng vó.i 2) có da.ng
Y = C1 + C2x + C3 ex.
Vı̀ sô´ α = 0 là nghiê.m kép cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng nên theo
tru.ò.ng ho..p I. 2, ta có
ỹ = x2 (A1x2 + A2x + A3) = A1 x4 + A2 x3 + A3x2 .
Thê´ ỹ vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh 2), ta thu du.o..c
−12A1 x2 + (24A1 − 6A2 )x + (6A2 − 2A3 ) = 12x2 + 6x
và tù. dó A1 = −1, A2 = −5, A3 = −15 và
ỹ = −x4 − 5x3 − 15x2 .
Nhu. vâ.y
y = Y + ỹ = C1 + C2 x + C3 ex − x4 − 5x3 − 15x2 . N
y (3) − 2y (2) + 2y 0 = 4 cos x cos 3x + 6 sin2 x.
Gia’i. Ta sẽ áp du.ng nhâ.n xét dã nêu ra sau ba’ng tóm tă´t nghiê.m
riêng. Tru.ó.c tiên ta biêń dô’i vê´ pha’i cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh. Ta có
4 cos x cos 3x + 6 sin2 x = 2 cos 4x − cos 2x + 3.
Khi dó
y (3) − 2y (2) + 2y 0 = 2 cos 4x − cos 2x + 3.
Nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ ` n nhâ´t tu.o.ng ú.ng là
Y = C1 + (C2 cos x + C3 sin x)ex .
Dê’ tı̀m nghiê.m riêng, ta sẽ áp du.ng nhâ.n xét dã nêu: Ta câ
` n tı̀m
nghiê.m riêng cu’a ba phu.o.ng trı̀nh
y (3) − 2y (2) + 2y 0 = 2 cos 4x,

y (3) − 2y (2) + 2y 0 = − cos 2x,
y (3) − 2y (2) + 2y 0 = 3.
Dê˜ dàng thâý ră`ng
1 7 1 1 3
ỹ1 = (cos 4x − sin 4x); ỹ2 = ( sin 2x − cos 2x); ỹ3 = x.
65 4 10 2 2
Do dó
1 7 1 1 3
ỹ = ỹ1 + ỹ2 + ỹ3 = (cos 4x − sin 4x) + ( sin 2x − cos 2x) + x.
65 4 10 2 2
Tù. dó suy ra ră`ng
1 7
y = Y + ỹ = C1 + (C2 cos x + C3 sin x)ex + (cos 4x − sin 4x)
65 4
1 sin 2x 3
+ − cos 2x + x. N
10 2 2
y (3) + y 0 = tgx.
Gia’i. Dê˜ dàng thâý ră`ng nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh
` n nhâ´t tu.o.ng ú.ng y (3) + y 0 = 0 là
thuâ
Y = C1 + C2 cos x + C3 sin x.
Ta tı̀m nghiê.m riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh không thuâ ` n nhâ´t bă`ng
phu.o.ng pháp biêń phân hă`ng sô´. Tru.ó.c tiên, ta lâ.p phu.o.ng trı̀nh dê’
xác di.nh các hàm Ci (x), i = 1, 3. Ta có

 0 0 0
C1 + C2 cos x + C3 sin x = 0,
−C20 sin x + C30 cos x = 0,


−C20 cos x − C30 sin x = tgx.
Nhân phu.o.ng trı̀nh thú. hai vó.i sin x, phu.o.ng trı̀nh thú. ba vó.i cos x
sin2 x
` i cô.ng la.i, ta thu du.o..c C20 = − sin x. Tù. dó C30 = −
rô . Tiê´p dêń,
cos x
cô.ng phu.o.ng trı̀nh thú. nhâ´t vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh thú. ba, ta có C10 = tgx.
Tù. các kê´t qua

π’ này suy ra ră`ng C1 = − ln | cos x|, C2 = cos x, C3 =
x
sin x − ln tg + ` n tı̀m có da.ng
và do dó nghiê.m riêng câ
4 2
π x
2
ỹ = − ln | cos x| + cos x + sin x sin x − ln tg +
π x 4 2

= − ln | cos x| + 1 − sin x ln tg + .
4 2
Tù. ỹ và Y ta thu du.o..c nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho
y = Y + ỹ = C1 + C2 cos x + C3 sin x
π x

− ln | cos x| − sin x ln tg + + 1. N
4 2
e2x
y 00 − 4y 0 + 5y = ·
cos x
Gia’i. Dâ` u tiên tı̀m nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ
`n
nhâ´t. Dê˜ thâý ră`ng
Y = C1e2x cos x + C2 e2x sin x.
e2x
Vı̀ vê´ pha’i f (x) = không thuô.c vào nhóm các hàm da.ng dă.c biê.t
cos x
dã xét o’. trên, nên viê.c cho.n nghiê.m riêng theo vê´ pha’i và nghiê.m cu’a
ptdt nhu. o’. trên là không thu..c hiê.n du.o..c. Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p này ta
su’. du.ng phu.o.ng pháp biêń thiên hă`ng sô´ Lagrange. (Lu.u ý ră`ng dó
là phu.o.ng pháp tô’ng quát có thê’ áp du.ng cho phu.o.ng trı̀nh vó.i vê´
pha’i liên tu.c bâ´t kỳ f (x)).
Ta lâ.p hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh dê’ tı̀m C10 (x) và C20 (x):
C10 (x) cos x + C20 (x) sin x = 0,

1
C10 (x)(2 cos x − sin x) + C20 (x)(2 sin x + cos x) = ·
cos x
Tù. dó suy ra C10 (x) = −tgx, C20 (x) = 1 và do dó
Z
C1 (x) = −tgxdx = ln | cos x| + C̃1,
Z
C2 (x) = dx = x + C̃2.
Thay C1(x) và C2(x) vào biê’u thú.c cu’a Y ta có nghiê.m tô’ng quát
h i
y = ln | cos x| + C̃1 e2x cos x + x + C̃2 e2x sin x,
trong dó C̃1, C̃2 là nhũ.ng hă`ng sô´ tùy ý. N
Vı́ du. 5. Gia’i bài toán Cauchy dôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh
1
y 00 − y 0 = , y(0) = 1, y 0(0) = 2.
1 + ex
` n nhâ´t là
Y = C1 + C2 ex.
Dă.t C1 = C1(x), C2 = C2 (x). Ta lâ.p hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh dê’ xác di.nh
C10 (x) và C20 (x). Ta có

C10 (x) + C20 (x)ex = 0, 
1
C20 (x)ex = 
1 + ex
(vı̀ y1(x) = 1 ⇒ y10 (x) = 0; y2(x) = ex ⇒ y20 (x) = ex ). Gia’i hê. này ta
thu du.o..c
1
C10 (x) = − ⇒ C1(x) = −x + ln(1 + ex ) + C̃1
1 + ex
1
C20 (x) = x ⇒ C2 (x) = −e−x − x + ln(1 + ex) + C̃2 .
e (1 + ex )
Tù. dó thu du.o..c nghiê.m tô’ng quát

y = −x + ln(1 + ex) + ex − e−x − x + ln(1 + ex ) + C̃2 + C̃1 .
Thay x = 0, y = 1 vào nghiê.m tô’ng quát ta có
1 = 2 ln 2 − 1 + C̃2 + C̃1.
Tı́nh y 0(x) rô

` i thay x = 0 và y 0(0) = 2 vào ta có
C̃2 = 3 − ln 2
2 = −1 + C̃2 + ln 2 ⇒
C̃1 = − ln 2 − 1.
` n tı̀m có da.ng

Sau cùnh nghiê.m riêng câ

ỹ = (1 + ex ) ln(1 + ex ) + ex 3 − ln 2 − x − (2 + ln 2 + x). N
BÀI TÂ
.P
Hãy xác di.nh da.ng nghiê.m riêng cu’a các phu.o.ng trı̀nh sau
1. y (3) + y = x. (DS. ỹ = A1 + A2x)
2. y (3) + y 0 = 2. (DS. ỹ = Ax)
3. y (3) + y (2) = 3. (DS. ỹ = Ax2)
4. y (4) − y = 1. (DS. ỹ = A, A = const)
5. y (4) − y 0 = 2. (DS. ỹ = Ax)
6. y (4) − y (2) = 3. (DS. ỹ = Ax2)
7. y (4) − y (3) = 4. (DS. ỹ = Ax3)
8. y (4) + 2y (3) + y (2) = e4x. (DS. ỹ = Ae4x)
9. y (4) + 2y (3) + y (2) = e−x . (DS. ỹ = Ax2e−x )
10. y (4) + 2y (3) + y (2) = xe−x . (DS. ỹ = (A1 x2 + A2 x3)e−x )
11. y (4) + 4y (2) + 4y = sin 2x. (DS. ỹ = A1 cos 2x + A2 sin 2x)
12. y (4) + 4y (2) + 4y = x sin 2x.
(DS. ỹ = (A1 + A2x) sin 2x + (B1 + B2 x) cos 2x)

Gia’i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh không thuâ
` n nhâ´t sau
x2
13. y (3) + y (2) = 1. (DS. y = C1 + C2 x + C3e−x + )
2
x x3
14. 3y (4) + y (3) = 2. (DS. y = C1 + C2x + C3 x2 + C4 e− 3 + )
3
15. y (4) − 2y (3) + 2y (2) − 2y 0 + y = 1.
(DS. y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + (C3 + C4 x)ex + 1)
16. y (3) − y (2) + y 0 − y = x2 + x.
(DS. y = C1ex + C2 cos x + C3 sin x − (x2 + 3x + 1))
17. y (4) + y (2) = x2 + x.
x 4 x3
(DS. y = C1 + C2 x + C3 cos x + C4 sin x + + − x2 )
12 6
18. y (4) − 2y (2) + y = cos x.
1
(DS. y = (C1 + C2x)ex + (C3 + C4 x)e−x + cos x)
4
19. y (3) − 3y (2) + 3y 0 − y = ex cos x.
2 ex
x
(DS. y = (C1 + C2 x + C3 x )e − sin 2x)
8
(4) (2) 2
20. y − 3y = 9x .
√ √ x4
(DS. y = C1 + C2 x + C3 e 3x + C4e− 3x − − x2)
4
x
21. 4y (3) + y 0 = 3ex + 2 sin .
2
x x 3 x
(DS. y = C1 + C2 cos + C3 sin + ex − x sin )
2 2 5 2
(3) (2) 2
22. y + y = 12x .
(DS. y = x4 − 4x3 + 12x2 + C1 + C2 x + C3e−x )
23. y (3) − 5y (2) + 8y 0 − 4y = e2x.
1
(DS. y = C1 ex + (C2 + C3x)e2x + x2e2x)
2

Tı̀m các nghiê.m riêng tho’a mãn các diê ` u dã chı’ ra.
24. y (3) −y 0 = −2x; y(0) = 0, y 0(0) = 1, y 00(0) = 2. (DS. y = shx+x2)
25. y (4) − y = 8ex ; y(0) = −1, y 0(0) = 0, y (2)(0) = 1, y (3)(0) = 0.

(DS. y = cos x + 2 sin x + e−x + (2x − 3)ex )
26. y (4) − y = 8ex; y(0) = 0, y 0(0) = 2, y (2)(0) = 4, y (3)(0) = 6. (DS.

y = 2xex)
Gia’i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh sau bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp biêń thiên hă`ng sô´.
π
27. y 00 + y = tgx; y(0) = y = 0.
6
√ x π
3
(DS. y = ln 3 · sin x − cos x · ln tg + )
2 2 4
1
28. y 00 + y = . (DS. y = (C1 − x) cos x + (C2 + ln | sin x|) sin x)
sin x
1 cos 2x
29. y 00 + y = 3
. (DS. y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x − )
cos x 2 cos x
2 cos 2x
30. y 00 + y = 3 . (DS. y = C1 cos x + C2 sin x + )
sin x sin x
ex
31. y 00 − 2y 0 + y = . (DS. y = C1 ex + C2ex − xex + xex ln |x|)
x
1
32. x3(y 00 − y) = x2 − 2. (DS. y = C1 ex + C2 e−x − )
x
14.3 Hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân tuyêń tı́nh

câ´p 1 vó.i hê. sô´ hă
`ng
Hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân da.ng

dx1
= f1(t, x1, . . . , xn ),

dt 



dx2 
= f2(t, x2, . . . , xn ), (14.56)
dt 
... ... ... ...  


dxn 

= fn (t, x1, . . . , xn ),
dt
trong dó x1 , x2, . . . , xn là các â’n hàm cu’a biêń dô.c lâ.p t, du.o..c go.i là
hê. chuâ’n tăć.
Tâ.p ho..p n hàm x1 = ϕ1 (t), . . . , xn = ϕn (t) xác di.nh trên khoa’ng
(a, b) du.o..c go.i là nghiê.m cu’a hê. chuâ’n tăć (14.56) nêú khi thê´ chúng
vào các phu.o.ng trı̀nh (14.56) thı̀ các phu.o.ng trı̀nh này tro’. thành dô ` ng
nhâ´t thú.c.
Bài toán Cauchy dôí vó.i hê. (14.56) là bài toán tı̀m nghiê.m x1 =
x1 (t), . . . , xn = xn (t) cu’a hê. dó tho’a mãn diê ` u kiê.n ban dâ
ù
x1(t0) = x01, x2 (t0) = x02, . . . , xn (t0 ) = x0n
trong dó t0, x01, . . . , x0n là nhũ.ng sô´ cho tru.ó.c
Tâ.p ho..p n hàm

x1 = ϕ1 (t, C1, . . . , Cn ),


x2 = ϕ2 (t, C1, . . . , Cn ),
(14.57)
... ... ... ...  


xn = ϕn (t, C1, . . . , Cn )
phu. thuô.c vào t và n hă`ng sô´ tùy ý C1 , C2, . . . , Cn du.o..c go.i là nghiê.m
tô’ng quát cu’a hê. (14.56) trong miê ` n D nào dó nêú:
+ .
1 Vó i mô˜ i giá tri. cho phép cu’a các hă`ng sô´ C1, C2 , . . . , Cn các
hàm này là nghiê.m cu’a hê. (14.56);
14.3. Hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân tuyêń tı́nh câ´p 1 vó.i hê. sô´ hă`ng 291
2+ Trong miê ` n D các hàm (14.57) là nghiê.m cu’a mo.i bài toán
.
Cauchy dôí vó i hê. (14.56).
Các phu.o.ng pháp gia’i

I. Phu.o.ng pháp khu’.. Nô.i dung cu’a nó là du.a hê. dã cho vê ` mô.t
phu.o.ng trı̀nh câ´p n dôí vó.i mô.t â’n hàm.
II. Phu.o.ng pháp tô’ ho..p kha’ tı́ch. Trong phu.o.ng pháp này, bă`ng
các phép toán sô´ ho.c, tù. các phu.o.ng trı̀nh cu’a hê. ta lâ.p du.o..c các tô’
ho..p (go.i là tô’ ho..p kha’ tı́ch) mà viê.c tı́ch phân sẽ du.o..c thu..c hiê.n dê˜
ho.n.
III. Phu.o.ng pháp biêń phân hă `ng sô´ (Phu.o.ng pháp Lagrange).
Bă`ng cách xuâ´t phát tù. hê. nghiê.m co. so’. cu’a hê. thuâ ` n nhâ´t và vó.i
viê.c áp du.ng phu.o.ng pháp biêń phân hă`ng sô´ tùy ý ta sẽ thu du.o..c
nghiê.m cu’a hê. (14.56).
IV. Phu.o.ng pháp Euler. Phu.o.ng pháp này chı’ áp du.ng du.o..c cho
hê. vó.i hê. sô´ hă
`ng.
Ta sẽ trı̀nh bày phu.o.ng pháp Euler và phu.o.ng pháp Lagrange dê’
gia’i hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh vó.i hê. sô´ hă`ng. Tru.ó.c hê´t ta trı̀nh
bày phu.o.ng pháp Euler. Dê’ tiê.n trı̀nh bày ba’n châ´t cu’a phu.o.ng pháp,
ta xét hê. ba phu.o.ng trı̀nh vó.i ba â’n hàm
dx
= a11x + a12y + a13z,
dt
dy
= a21x + a22y + a23z, (14.58)
dt
dz
= a31x + a32y + a33z.
dt
Ta sẽ tı̀m nghiê.m riêng cu’a hê. dó du.ó.i da.ng
x = αekx ,
y = βekx, (14.59)
z = γekx ,
` n pha’i xác di.nh các hă`ng sô´ α, β, γ và k sao cho (14.59) là
trong dó ta câ
nghiê.m cu’a (14.58). Thay (14.59) vào (14.58) và gia’n u.ó.c cho ekx 6= 0
ta có
kα = a11α + a12β + a13γ,

kβ = a21α + a22β + a23γ,
kγ = a31α + a32β + a33γ,
hay là
(a11 − k)α + a12β + a13γ = 0,

a21α + (a22 − k)β + a33γ = 0, (14.60)
a31α + a32β + (a33 − k)γ = 0.
Hê. (14.60) là hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń tı́nh thuâ

` n nhâ´t. Nó có
nghiê.m khác 0 khi và chı’ khi

a11 − k a a
12 13

a21 a22 − k a23 = 0. (14.61)

a31 a32 a33 − k
Dă’ng thú.c (14.61) là phu.o.ng trı̀nh bâ.c ba dôí vó.i k và nó du.o..c
go.i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng cu’a hê. (14.58).
Ta chı’ ha.n chê´ xét tru.ò.ng ho..p khi (14.61) có các nghiê.m khác
nhau k1 , k2 và k3 .
Dôí vó.i mô˜ i nghiê.m vù.a thu du.o..c ta thay vào (14.60) và xác di.nh
du.o..c
α1 , β1, γ1 ; α2, β2, γ2 ; α3 , β3, γ3 .
Nêú ký hiê.u các nghiê.m riêng cu’a hê. tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i các nghiê.m
cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng là:
i) dôí vó.i k1 : x1, y1 , z1;
ii) dôí vó.i k2 : x2 , y2, z2;
iii) dôí vó.i k3 : x3 , y3, z3

thı̀ nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a hê. (14.58) có thê’ viê´t du.ó.i da.ng
x(t) = C1 x1 + C2 x2 + C3x3 ,
y(t) = C1 y1 + C2 y2 + C3y3 ,
z(t) = C1 z1 + C2 z2 + C3 z3,
hay là
x(t) = C1α1 ek1 t + C2 α2 ek2 t + C3α3 ek3 t ,

y(t) = C1β1 ek1 t + C2β2 ek2 t + C3β3 ek3 t , (14.62)
k1 t k2 t k3 t
z(t) = C1γ1 e + C2 γ2 e + C3 γ3 e .
Ta xét mô.t vı́ du. minh ho.a.

Vı́ du. 1. Tı̀m nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a hê.
dx
= −2x − 3y,
dt
dy
= −x.
dt

−2 − k −3

=0
−1 0 − k
hk1 = −3,
⇔k 2 + 2k − 3 = 0 ⇔
k2 = 1.
Nghiê.m riêng cu’a hê. du.o..c tı̀m du.ó.i da.ng
x1 = α1ek1 t,
y1 = β1ek1 t ,
x2 = α2ek2 t,
y2 = β2ek2 t .
Lâ.p hê. (14.60)
[−2 − (−3)]α1 − 3β1 = 0,

−α1 + [0 − (−3)]β1 = 0,
hay là
α1 − 3β1 = 0,
−α1 + 3β1 = 0.
Hê. này có vô sô´ nghiê.m. Chă’ng ha.n ta cho β1 = 1. Khi dó α1 = 3.
Nhu. vâ.y vó.i nghiê.m k1 = −3 cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng ta có
các nghiê.m riêng
x1 = 3e−3t ,
y1 = e−3t.
Dôí vó.i nghiê.m k = 1 cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dă.c tru.ng ta có
−3α2 − 3β2 = 0,
−α2 − β2 = 0.
Ta có thê’ lâý α2 = 1, β2 = −1. Khi dó tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i k = 1 ta có
x2 = et ,
y2 = −et.
Nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a hê. dã cho (theo (14.62)) có da.ng
x(t) = 3C1 e−3t + C2 et,

y(t) = C1e−3t − C2et . N
Ta sẽ minh ho.a nô.i dung phu.o.ng pháp Lagrange (phu.o.ng pháp
biêń thiên hă`ng sô´) trên vı́ du. hê. ba phu.o.ng trı̀nh không thuâ
` n nhâ´t.
Gia’ su’. cho hê.
x0 + a11x + a12y + a13z = f1 (t),

y 0 + a21x + a22y + a23z = f2 (t), (14.63)
z 0 + a31x + a32y + a33z = f3 (t).
` n nhâ´t tu.o.ng ú.ng dã

Ta gia’ thiê´t ră`ng nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a hê. thuâ
du.o..c tı̀m du.ó.i da.ng
x = C1 x1 + C2x2 + C3x3 ,
y = C1 y1 + C2y2 + C3y3 , (14.64)
z = C1 z1 + C2z2 + C3z3 .
` n nhâ´t (14.63) du.ó.i da.ng

Ta tı̀m nghiê.m cu’a hê. thuâ
x = C1 (t)x1 + C2(t)x2 + C3(t)x3,

y = C1 (t)y1 + C2 (t)y2 + C3(t)y3, (14.65)
z = C1 (t)z1 + C2(t)z2 + C2 (t)z3,
trong dó C1(t), C2(t), C3(t) là nhũ.ng hàm còn chu.a biê´t.
Thê´ (14.65) vào (14.63). Khi dó phu.o.ng trı̀nh thú. nhâ´t cu’a hê.
(14.63) có da.ng
C10 x1 + C20 x2 + C30 x3

+ C1(x01 + a11x1 + a12y1 + a13z1)
+ C2(x02 + a11x2 + a12y2 + a13z2)
+ C3(x03 + a11x3 + a12y3 + a13z3) = f1 (t). (14.66)
Các tô’ng trong các dâú ngoă.c do.n dê ` u = 0 vı̀ (14.64) là nghiê.m cu’a
` n nhâ´t tu.o.ng ú.ng. Tù. dó và (14.66) ta có
hê. thuâ
C10 x1 + C20 x2 + C30 x3 = f1 (t). (14.67)

Tu.o.ng tu.. nhu. vâ.y sau khi thê´ (14.65) vào (14.63) tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh
thú. hai và thú. ba cu’a hê. ta có
C10 y1 + C20 y20 + C30 y30 = f2 (t),

(14.68)
C10 z1 + C20 z2 + C30 z3 = f3 (t).
Hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh gô ` m (14.67) và (14.68) là hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh tuyêń
tı́nh dôí vó.i C10 , C20 và C30 . Hê. này có nghiê.m vı̀ di.nh thú.c

x1 x2 x3

y1 y2 y3 6= 0

z1 z2 z3
(do tı́nh dô.c lâ.p tuyêń tı́nh cu’a các nghiê.m riêng cu’a hê. thuâ
` n nhâ´t
. . .
tu o ng ú ng).
Sau khi tı̀m du.o..c C10 (t), C20 (t), C30 (t) ta sẽ tı̀m du.o..c C1(t), C2(t)
và C3(t) bă`ng phép tı́ch phân và do dó thu du.o..c (14.65).
Vı́ du. 2. Gia’i hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh
dx
+ 2x + 4y = 1 + 4t,
dt
dy 3
+ x − y = t2 .
dt 2
` u tiên ta gia’i hê. thuâ
Gia’i. Dâ
x0 + 2x + 4y = 0,
(14.69)
y 0 + x − y = 0.
Tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh thú. hai cu’a (14.69) ta có x = y − y 0 và do dó
x0 = y 0 − y 00.
Thay biê’u thú.c dôí vó.i x và x0 vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh thú. nhâ´t cu’a (14.69)
ta thu du.o..c
d2 y dy
+ − 6y = 0. (14.70)
dt2 dt
Nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a (14.70)có da.ng
y = C1 e2t + C2 e−3t.
dy
Vı̀ x = y − ⇒ x = −C1 e2t + 4C2 e−3t.
dt
Nhu. vâ.y, nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a hê. (14.69) là
x = −C1e2t + 4C2 e−3t ,

y = C1e2t + C2 e−3t .
Ta sẽ tı̀m nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho du.ó.i da.ng
x = −C1(t)e2t + 4C2 (t)e−3t,

(14.71)
y = C1(t)e2t + C2 (t)e−3t.
Sau khi thê´ (14.71) vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho ta thu du.o..c
−C10 (t)e2t + 4C20 (t)e−3t = 1 + 4t,

3
C10 (t)e2t + C20 (t)e−3t = t2 .
2
Tù. dó suy ra
(6t2 − 4t − 1)e−2t
C10 (t) = ,
5
(3t2 + 8t + 2)e3t
C20 (t) = ·
10
Bă`ng phép tı́ch phân ta thu du.o..c
1
C1 (t) = − (t + 3t2 )e−2t + C1 ,
5
(14.72)
1
C2 (t) = (2t + t2)e3t + C2 ,
10
trong dó C1 và C2 là nhũ.ng hă`ng sô´ tùy ý. Thê´ (14.72) vào (14.71)
ta thu du.o..c nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho
x = −C1e2t + 4C2 e−3t + t2 + t,

1
y = C1 e2t + C2e−3t − t2. N
2
Vı́ du. 3. Gia’i các hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp tô’ ho..p kha’
tı́ch
 
dx y

 =− ,  dx = x2y,

1) dt t 2) dt
 dy x  dy y
 = − , t > 0.  = − xy 2.
dt t dt t
Gia’i. 1) Cô.ng vê´ vó.i vê´ hai phu.o.ng trı̀nh cu’a hê., ta du.o..c
d(x + y) 1
= − (x + y).
dt t
C1
Tù. dó x + y = . Trù. vê´ vó.i vê´ hai phu.o.ng trı̀nh cu’a hê., ta có
t
d(x − y) 1
= (x − y).
dt t
Tù. dó x − y = C2 t. Tù. hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh
C1
x+y = ,
t
x − y = C2t,
ta thu du.o..c
1 C1
x= + C2 t ,
2 t

1 C1
y= − C2 t .
2 t
2) Nhân hai vê´ cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh thú. nhâ´t vó.i y, cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh
thú. hai vó.i x, rô
` i cô.ng các phu.o.ng trı̀nh thu du.o..c, ta có
dx dy xy d xy
y +x = ⇒ (xy) = ·
dt dt t dt t
Tù. dó
xy = C1 t (14.73)
Thê´ biê’u thú.c xy = C1t vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh thú. nhâ´t, ta du.o..c
dx
= C1 tx.
dt
2
Tù. dó x = C2 eC1 2 .
t
Tù. (14.73) vó.i C2 6= 0 ta có

C1 t C1 −C1 t2
y= = te 2 .
x C2
Ngoài ra nêú x = 0 thı̀ tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh thú. hai ta du.o..c y = Ct

và nêú y = 0 thı̀ tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh thú. nhâ´t ta có x = C. N
BÀI TÂ
.P
Gia’i các hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân sau bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp khu’. â’n
hàm:

 dx (
 = −9y, x = 3C1 cos t − 3C2 sin 3t,
1. dt (DS. )

 dy = x. y = C2 cos 3t + C1 sin 3t.
dt

 dx (
 = y + t, x = C1 et − C2 e−t + t − 1,
2. dt (DS. )

 dy = x − t. y = C1et + C2e−t − t + 1.
dt

 dx dy
4 − + 3x = sin t,
3. dt dt (DS.

 dy + y = cos t.
( dt
x = C1e−t + C2 e−3t,
)
y = C1e−t + 3C2 e−3t + cos t.

 dx

 = −y + z, 

 dt 
 x = (C1 − C2 ) cos t + (C1 + C2 ) sin t,
dy
4. −z, (DS. y = C1 sin t − C2 cos t + C3et , )

 dt 


 z = C1 cos t + C2 sin t + C3 et.

 dz = −x + z.
 dt

 dx

 + 3x + 4y = 0, (
 dt x = −2e−t + 3e−7t ,
5. dy (DS. )

 + 2x + 5y = 0, y = e−t
+ 3e −7t
.
 dt

x(0) = 1, y(0) = 4.

 dx (
 = x sin t, x = C1e− cos t ,
6. dt (DS. )

 dy = xecos t . y = C1t + C2.
dt

 dx (
 = ax + y, x = eat (C1 cos t + C2 sin t),
7. dt (DS. )

 dy = −x + ay. y = eat (−C1 sin t + C2 cos t).
dt
 
 dx
t = −x + yt, x = C1 + C2t,
8. dt (DS. )
C

t2 dy = −2x + yt. y = 1 + 2C2 , t 6= 0.
dt t
Gia’i các hê. sau bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp tô’ ho..p kha’ tı́ch
 
dx  1

 = x2 + y 2 , 
 + t = C1,
dt x+y
9. (DS. )

 dy = 2xy. 
 1
 + t = C2 .
dt x−y
 

 dx 1  − t
 = − , x = C2 e C1 ,
dt y
10. (DS. C1 Ct )

 dy 1 
 y = e 1.
 = · C2
dt x

 dx x 

 = , 1 − 1 = C ,
dt y 1
11. (DS. x y )

 dy y 1 + C x = C eC1 t .
 = · 1 2
dt x

 dx y (

 = ,
dt x−y x2 − y 2 = C1 ,
12. (DS. )

 dy x x − y + t = C 2.
 = ·
dt x−y


 dx 1 (
et = ,
y = C1x,
dt y
13. (DS. )

 dy 1 C1x2 = C2 − 2e−t .
e t
= ·
dt x
 
 dx  x+y
 = sin x cos y, tg = C1 et,
14. dt (DS. 2 )

 dy = cos x sin y. tg x − y = C2 et.

dt 2

 dx

 = y − z,

 dt

dy
15. = x2 + y,

 dt



 dz = x2 + z.
dt 
 t
x = C2e + C1,
(DS. y = −C12 + (2C1 C2t + C3 )et + C22e2t, )

 t t 2 2t 2
z = −C2e + (2C1 C2 t + C3)e + C2 e − C1 .
Gia’i các hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân sau bă`ng phu.o.ng pháp Euler:

 dx (
 = 8y − x, x = 2C1 e3t − 4C2 e−3t ,
16. dt (DS. )

 dy = x + y. y = C1e3t + C2 e−3t.
dt

 dx (
 = x − y, x = C1 + C2et ,
17. dt (DS. )

 dy = y − x. y = C1 .
dt


 dx

 = 2x + y, (
 dt x ≡ 0,
18. dy (DS. )

 = x − 3y, y ≡ 0.

 dt
x(0) = y(0) = 0.


 dx

 = x + y, (
 dt x = e2t − e3t,
19. dy (DS. )

 = 4y − 2x, y = e2t
− 2e 3t
.
 dt

x(0) = 0, y(0) = −1.


 dx

 = −x − 2y, (
 dt x = et − 2e2t ,
20. dy (DS. )

 = 3x + 4y, y = −e t
+ 3e 2t
.

 dt
x(0) = −1, y(0) = 2.
Gia’i các hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân không thuâ ` n nhâ´t sau bă`ng
. .
phu o ng pháp biêń phân hàm sô´.
 
dx

 + 2x − y = −e , 2t x = 8 e2t + 2C1 et + C2 e−t ,

21. dt (DS. 3 )
 dy  29
 + 3x − 2y = 6e2t . y = e2t + 3C1 et + C2e−t .
dt 3


 dx

 = x + y − cos t,
 dt
22. dy (DS.

 = −y − 2x + cos t + sin t,

 dt
x(0) = 1, y(0) = 2.
(
x = (1 − t) cos t − sin t,
)
y = (t − 2) cos t + t sin t.

 dx (
 = y + tg2 t − 1, x = C1 cos t + C2 sin t + tgt,
23. dt (DS. )

 dy = −x + tgt. y = −C1 sin t + C2 cos t + 2.
dt

 dx (
 = 3x + 2y + 3e2t , x = C1et + 2C2 e4t − e2t,
24. dt (DS. )

 dy = x + 2y + e2t. y = −C1et + C2e4t − e2t.
 dt

 dx (
 = −2x + y − e2t,
dt x = 2e2t + C1 et + C2 e−t ,
25. (DS. )

 dy y = 9e 2t
+ 3C t −t
1 e + C2 e .
 = −3x + 2y + 6e , 2x
dt
 
dx

 = x − y + 1, x = C1e−t + C2 e3t + 1 + t ,

26. dt (DS. 9 3
 dy  7 t )
 = y − 4x + t.  y = 2C1 e−t − 2C2 e3t + + ·
dt 9 3

 dx
 = x − y + et,
27. dt

 dy
= x − 4y + e3t.
dt 
x = C1e−t + C2 e3t + 1 − 4t e3t,

(DS. 16 )
 1
 y = 2C1 e − 2C2 e + et + (1 + 4t)e3t.
−t 3t
8
Chu.o.ng 15
` phu.o.ng trı̀nh
Khái niê.m vê
vi phân da.o hàm riêng
15.1 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1 tuyêń tı́nh

dôí vó.i các da.o hàm riêng . . . . . . . . . . 306
15.2 Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh d a.o hàm riêng câ´p 2
d o.n gia’n nhâ´t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
15.3 Các phu.o.ng trı̀nh vâ.t lý toán co. ba’n . . . 313
15.3.1 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh truyê
` n sóng . . . . . . . . . . 314
` n nhiê.t . . . . . . . . . 317
15.3.3 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh Laplace . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
Tài liê.u tham kha’o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Dă’ng thú.c chú.a â’n hàm (cu’a nhiê

` u biêń dô.c lâ.p), chú.a các biêń
dô.c lâ.p và các da.o hàm riêng cu’a â’n hàm theo các biêń dô.c lâ.p dó
du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân da.o hàm riêng.
305
Câ´p cao nhâ´t cu’a da.o hàm riêng hiê.n diê.n trong phu.o.ng trı̀nh
du.o..c go.i là câ´p cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh. Mô.t phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân da.o
hàm riêng bao giò. cũng pha’i chú.a ı́t nhâ´t mô.t trong các da.o hàm
riêng cu’a â’n hàm.
Mô.t hàm có các da.o hàm riêng tu.o.ng ú.ng (vó.i gia’ thiê´t chúng liên
tu.c) mà khi thê´ vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.o hàm riêng thı̀ phu.o.ng trı̀nh dó
tro’. thành dô ` ng nhâ´t thú.c du.o..c go.i là nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dó.
Quá trı̀nh tı̀m nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.o hàm riêng du.o..c go.i là
phép tı́ch phân phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.o hàm riêng. Thông thu.ò.ng viê.c tı́ch
phân mô.t phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.o hàm riêng sẽ cho phép thu du.o..c mô.t ho.
nghiê.m phu. thuô.c vào các hàm tùy ý chú. không pha’i các hă`ng sô´ tùy
ý nhu. trong tru.ò.ng ho..p phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân thu.ò.ng.
Nêú phu.o.ng trı̀nh chú.a â’n hàm z chı’ phu. thuô.c hai biêń dô.c lâ.p
x và y thı̀ nghiê.m z = z(x, y) cu’a nó tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i mô.t mă.t nào
dó trong không gian (x, y, z). Mă.t này du.o..c go.i là mă.t tı́ch phân cu’a
phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho.
Dôí vó.i tru.ò.ng ho..p khi â’n hàm phu. thuô.c hai biêń dô.c lâ.p các
phu.o.ng trı̀nh sau dây du.o..c xem là nhũ.ng phu.o.ng trı̀nh co. ba’n:
1+ Phu.o.ng trı̀nh truyê ` n sóng
∂ 2u 2
2∂ u
= a ,
∂t2 ∂x2
(dây là phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.ng hypecbolic).
2+ Phu.o.ng trı̀nh truyê ` n nhiê.t
∂u ∂ 2u
= a2 2 ,
∂t ∂x
(phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.ng parabolic)
3+ Phu.o.ng trı̀nh Laplace
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ =0
∂x2 ∂y 2
(phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.ng eliptic).
306 Chu.o.ng 15. Khái niê.m vê
` phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân d a.o hàm riêng
Phu.o.ng pháp thu.ò.ng dùng dê’ gia’i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh trên dây là
phu.o.ng pháp Fourier.
` u tiên, tı̀m các nghiê.m riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho du.ó.i da.ng
Dâ
tı́ch các hàm mà mô˜ i hàm chı’ phu. thuô.c mô.t dôí sô´. Sau dó xuâ´t phát
tù. các diê ` u kiê.n biên ngu.ò.i ta xác di.nh các giá tri. cu’a
` u kiê.n go.i là diê
các hă`ng sô´ tùy ý chú.a trong các nghiê.m riêng dó. Sau cùng nghiê.m
` n tı̀m (tho’a mãn phu.o.ng trı̀nh và các diê
câ ` u kiê.n biên) thu du.o..c du.ó.i
da.ng chuô˜ i lâ.p nên tù. các nghiê.m riêng dó.
15.1 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1 tuyêń

tı́nh dôí vó.i các da.o hàm riêng
Gia’ su’. xét phu.o.ng trı̀nh
∂z ∂z
X1 + X2 = R, (15.1)
∂x ∂y
trong dó X1 , X2 , R là các hàm cu’a x, y, z. Nêú biêń z không tham
gia trong X1 , X2 và R ≡ 0 thı̀ (15.1) du.o..c go.i là phu.o.ng trı̀nh thuâ `n
. . . . . . .
nhâ´t. Trong tru ò ng ho. p ngu o. c la.i (15.1) go.i là phu o ng trı̀nh không
` n nhâ´t.
thuâ
Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p thuâ
` n nhâ´t
∂z ∂z
X1 + X2 =0 (15.2)
∂x ∂y
thı̀ (15.2) luôn luôn có nghiê.m z = C là hă`ng sô´ bâ´t kỳ. Nghiê.m này
du.o..c go.i là nghiê.m hiê’n nhiên.
` u tiên ta gia’i so. bô. phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân thu.ò.ng
Dê’ gia’i (15.1) dâ
dx dy dz
= = (15.3)
X1 X2 R
Gia’ su’. nghiê.m cu’a hê. dó du.o..c xác di.nh bo’.i các dă’ng thú.c
ω1 (x, y, z) = C1, ω2 (x, y, z) = C2.

15.1. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1 tuyêń tı́nh dôí vó.i các da.o hàm riêng 307
Khi dó nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a (15.1) có da.ng
Φ[ω1 (x, y, z), ω2(x, y, z)] = 0.
trong dó Φ(ω1 , ω2 ) là hàm kha’ vi liên tu.c tùy ý.
Nêú trong phu.o.ng trı̀nh vó.i hai biêń dô.c lâ.p
∂z ∂y
P (x, y) + Q(x, y) =0 (15.4)
∂x ∂y
thı̀ hê. (15.3) có da.ng
dx dy
= ·
P (x, y) Q(x, y)
Nêú ψ(x, y) là tı́ch phân cu’a nó thı̀ nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a (15.4) là
z = F (ψ(x, y))
trong dó F là hàm kha’ vi liên tu.c tùy ý. Trong tru.ò.ng ho..p phu.o.ng
trı̀nh (15.4) vó.i hai biêń dô.c lâ.p bài toán Cauchy có nô.i dung nhu.
sau: Tı̀m nghiê.m z = f(x, y) sao cho z(x0 ) = ϕ(y).
CÁC VÍ DU .
∂z ∂z
(x2 + y 2) + 2xy = 0.
∂x ∂y
Gia’i. Ta lâ.p hê.
dx dy
= ·
x2 +y 2 2xy
Su’. du.ng tı́nh châ´t cu’a ty’ lê. thú.c ta có
dx + dy dx − dy d(x + y) d(x − y)
= 2 ⇒ =
x2 2
+ y + 2xy 2
x + y − 2xy (x + y) 2 (x − y)2
1 1 1 1
⇒− =− +C ⇒ − =C
(x + y) x−y x−y x+y
2y y
⇒ 2 2
=C ⇒ 2 = C1.
x −y x − y2
Mă.t khác dz = 0 ⇒ z = C2 . Nhu. vâ.y nghiê.m tô’ng quát có da.ng

y
F 2 , z =0
x − y2
hay là
y
z=G 2 . N
x − y2
Vı́ du. 2. Tı̀m mă.t tho’a mãn phu.o.ng trı̀nh
∂z ∂z
x + (y + x2 ) = z; z = y − 4 khi x = 2.
∂x ∂y
Gia’i. Lâ.p hê. phu.o.ng trı̀nh tu.o.ng ú.ng
dx dy dz
= 2
= ·
x y+x z
15.1. Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân câ´p 1 tuyêń tı́nh dôí vó.i các da.o hàm riêng 309
dx dy
Tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh = suy ra
x y + x2
y − x2 y − x2
y = x(C1 + x) ⇒ = C1 ⇒ ψ1 = ·
x x
dx dz
Tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh = suy ra
x z
z z
= C2 ⇒ ψ2 = ·
x x
Do dó nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho là
y − x2 z
F , =0
x x
hay là
y − x2
z = xf . (15.5)
x
Dê’ tı̀m nghiê.m (mă.t !) tho’a mãn diê` u kiê.n dã cho ta thê´ x = 2
vào ψ1 và ψ2 ta có
y − x2 y−4
ψ̃1 = = ⇒ y = 2ψ̃1 + 4;
x x=2 2
z z
ψ̃2 = = ⇒ z = 2ψ̃2 .
x x=2 2
` u kiê.n z = y − 4 và thê´ ψ̃1 , ψ̃2 bo’.i ψ1 và ψ2 ta có
Thê´ y, z vào diê
z y − x2
2ψ̃2 = 2ψ̃1 + 4 − 4 ⇒ ψ2 = ψ1 ⇒ =
x x
hay là z = y − x2. Nghiê.m này thu du.o..c tù. (15.5) khi f(t) ≡ t. N
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı́ch phân các phu.o.ng trı̀nh sau 1
1
Trong các dáp sô´ ta bo’ qua cu.m tù.“. . . trong dó ψ, ϕ, . . . là nhũ.ng hàm kha’
vi liên tu.c tùy ý.”
∂z ∂z y
1. x +y = z. (DS. z = xψ )
∂x ∂y x
∂z ∂z
2. yz + xz = xy. (DS. z 2 = x2 + ψ(y 2 − x2 ))
∂x ∂y
3. Tı̀m mă.t tho’a mãn phu.o.ng trı̀nh
1 ∂z 1 ∂z
+ =4
x ∂x y ∂y
và di qua parabon y 2 = z, x = 0.

(DS. Paraboloid tròn xoay z = x2 + y 2)
∂z ∂z
4. (1 + x2) + xy = 0, z(0) = y 2.
∂x ∂y
y2 y2
(DS. z = ψ ; z= )
1 + x2 1 + x2
∂z ∂z
5. yz + xz = −2xy.
∂x ∂y
z2
(DS. x + = ψ(x2 − y 2))
2
∂z ∂z y
6. x −z = 0, x > 0. (DS. F (z, ln x + ) = 0)
∂x ∂y z
. .
˜ n. Dây không là phu o ng trı̀nh thuâ
Chı’ dâ ` n nhâ´t vı̀ hê. sô´ cu’a zy0
có chú.a z. Dâ ` n gia’i dz = 0 ⇒ z = C1 sau thê´ z = C1 vào hê.
` u tiên câ
dx dy dy
= = ·
x −z −C1
15.2 Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.o hàm riêng

câ´p 2 do.n gia’n nhâ´t
15.2. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh d a.o hàm riêng câ´p 2 d o.n gia’n nhâ´t 311
Vı́ du. 1. Tı̀m nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh da.o hàm riêng
(ptdhr)
∂ 2z(x, y)
=0
∂x2
trong dó z(x, y) là â’n hàm cu’a biêń dô.c lâ.p.
Gia’i. Ta có
∂ 2z ∂ ∂z
= = 0.
∂x2 ∂x ∂x
∂z
Tù. dó suy ra không phu. thuô.c x. Do dó
∂x
∂z
= C1(y),
∂x
trong dó C1(y) là hàm tùy ý cu’a y. Tù. phu.o.ng trı̀nh này thu du.o..c
Z
z(x, y) = C1 (y)dx = xC1(y) + C2 (y)
trong dó C1(y), C2(y) là nhũ.ng hàm tùy ý cu’a y. Nêú hàm thu du.o..c
∂ 2z
` n kha’ vi theo x thı̀
hai lâ = 0, do vâ.y hàm thu du.o..c là nghiê.m
∂x2
` n tı̀m. N
câ
Vı́ du. 2.
∂ 2z(x, y)
= x2 − y.
∂x∂y
Gia’i. Viê´t phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho du.ó.i da.ng

Z
∂ ∂z 2 ∂z y2
=x −y ⇒ = (x2 − y)dy = x2y − + C1(x).
∂y ∂x ∂x 2
Tù. dó lâý tı́ch phân biê’u thú.c thu du.o..c theo x ta có
Z h i
y2 x3 y y 2 x
z(x, y) = x2 y − + C1 (x) dx = − + C1∗(x) + C2(y),
2 3 2
R
trong dó C1∗(x) = C1(x)dx. Nhu. vâ.y nghiê.m tô’ng quát cu’a phu.o.ng
trı̀nh dã cho là
x3y y 2x
z(x, y) = − + C1∗(x) + C2(y)
3 2
trong dó C1∗(x) và C2 (y) là nhũ.ng hàm tùy ý và C1∗(x) là hàm kha’ vi.
N
∂ 2z ∂z
=2 · (15.6)
∂x∂y ∂x
Gia’i. Ta viê´t phu.o.ng trı̀nh (15.6) du.ó.i da.ng

∂ ∂z
− 2z = 0.
∂x ∂y
Tı́ch phân dă’ng thú.c này ta có

∂z
− 2z = C1(y).
∂y
∂z
Trong phu.o.ng trı̀nh này da.o hàm riêng có thê’ xem nhu. da.o hàm
∂y
thông thu.ò.ng theo y, còn x du.o..c xem là tham sô´
R h Z R i
dz 2dy
− 2z = C1(y) ⇒ z(x, y) = e C2 (x) + C1(y)e− 2dy dy
dy
= C2 (x)e2y + C1∗ (y).
Nhu. vâ.y
z(x, y) = C2(x)e2y + C1∗(y)
trong dó C2(x) và C1∗ (y) là nhũ.ng hàm tùy ý. N
BÀI TÂ
.P
15.3. Các phu.o.ng trı̀nh vâ.t lý toán co. ba’n 313
Gia’i các phu.o.ng trı̀nh sau.

∂z
1. = 1. (DS. z = x + ϕ(y))
∂x
∂ 2z
2. = 6y. (DS. z = y 3 + yϕ(x) + ψ(x))
∂y 2
∂ 2z
3. = 0. (DS. z = ϕ(x) + ψ(y))
∂x∂y
∂ 2z
4. = 1. (DS. z = xy + ϕ(x) + ψ(y))
∂x∂y
∂ 2z x4 yx2
5. 2
= x2 + y. (DS. z = + + xC1(y) + C2(y))
∂x 12 2
∂ 2z x2y xy 2
6. = x + y. (DS. z = + + C1(x) + C2 (y))
∂x∂y 2 2
∂ 2z
7. = ex+y . (DS. z = ex+y + yC1(x) + C2 (y))
∂y 2
∂ 2z 1 ∂z 1
8. + = 0. (DS. z = C1 (x) + C2 (y))
∂x∂y x ∂x x
∂ 2z ∂z 2
9. = 2y · (DS. z = C1 (x)ey + C2 (y))
∂x∂y ∂x
∂ 2z
10. = 2x. (DS. z = x2 y + C1 (y) + C2(x))
∂x∂y
∂ 2z xy 2 y 3
11. = x + y. (DS. z = + + yC1(x) + C2(x))
∂x2 2 6
15.3 Các phu.o.ng trı̀nh vâ.t lý toán co. ba’n

Dôí vó.i tru.ò.ng ho..p khi â’n hàm phu. thuô.c hai biêń dô.c lâ.p các phu.o.ng
trı̀nh vâ.t lý toán sau dây du.o..c xem là nhũ.ng phu.o.ng trı̀nh co. ba’n.
1+ Phu.o.ng trı̀nh truyê ` n sóng
∂ 2u 2
2∂ u
= a · (15.7)
∂t2 ∂x2
2+ Phu.o.ng trı̀nh truyê

` n nhiê.t
∂u ∂ 2u
= a2 2 · (15.8)
∂t ∂x
+ . .
3 Phu o ng trı̀nh Laplace
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
+ = 0. (15.9)
∂x2 ∂y 2
Thông thu.ò.ng ngu.ò.i ta không tı̀m nghiê.m tô’ng quát mà là tı̀m
nghiê.m riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh tho’a mãn nhũ.ng diê
` u kiê.n nào dó go.i
` u kiê.n biên và diê
là diê ` u kiê.n ban dâ
` u.

` n sóng
Bài toán co. ba’n. Tı̀m nghiê.m riêng cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh (15.7) tho’a
` u kiê.n biên và diê
mãn các diê ` u kiê.n ban dâ
` u sau:
` u kiê.n biên: (1) u(0, t) = 0; (2) u(`, t) = 0.
i) Diê
∂u(x, 0)
ii) Diê ` u: (1) u(x, 0) = ϕ1 (x); (2) = ϕ2(x).
∂t
Gia’i. Áp du.ng phu.o.ng pháp Fourier dâ ` u tiên ta tı̀m nghiê.m riêng
cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho du.ó.i da.ng tı́ch hai hàm mà mô.t hàm chı’ phu.
thuô.c x, còn hàm kia chı’ phu. thuô.c t:
u(x, t) = X(t)T (t). (15.10)
Thay u(x, t) vào phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho ta thu du.o..c
00 2 00 X 00 T 00
XT − a T X = 0 → = 2 · (15.11)
X aT
Vê´ trái cu’a (15.11) không phu. thuô.c t, vê´ pha’i không phu. thuô.c x.
` u dó chı’ xâ’y ra khi ca’ hai vê´ cu’a (15.11) không phu. thuô.c ca’ x lâ˜ n
Diê
t tú.c là bă`ng mô.t hă`ng sô´. Ký hiê.u hă`ng sô´ dó là −λ2 . Ta thu du.o..c
X 00
= −λ2 ⇒ X 00 + λ2 X = 0 ⇒ X = A cos λx + B sin λx, (15.12)
X
T 00
= −λ2 ⇒ T 00 + a2λ2 T = 0 ⇒ T = C cos aλt + D sin aλt,
a2T
(15.13)
trong dó A, B, C, D là nhũ.ng hă`ng sô´ tùy ý. Tù. (15.12), (15.13) và
(15.10) suy ră`ng
u(x, t) = (A cos λx + B sin λx)(C cos aλt + D sin aλt). (15.14)
` u kiê.n biên
Áp du.ng diê
u(0, t) = 0, u(`, t) = 0
cho (15.14) và sau khi dã do.n gia’n cho T (t) 6≡ 0 ta có
0 = A cos 0 + B sin 0 ⇒ A = 0,
0 = A cos λ` + B sin λ` ⇒ sin λ` = 0 (vı̀ B 6= 0 khi A = 0).
nπ
Tù. dó ta xác di.nh du.o..c tham sô´ λ = , n = 1, 2, . . . là tham sô´ tùy
`
ý. Lu.u ý ră`ng nêú trong (15.12) và (15.13) thay cho −λ2 ta lâý +λ2
thı̀ X = Ae−λx + Beλx và dôí vó.i hàm X da.ng này các diê ` u kiê.n i) và
. .
ii) chı’ du o. c tho’a mãn khi X ≡ 0.
Nhu. vâ.y mô˜ i giá tri. λ (hay n) dê
` u tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i nghiê.m riêng
da.ng
anπt anπt nπx
un = Xn Tn = αn cos + βn sin sin
` ` `
trong dó αn = Bn Cn , βn = Bn Dn là các hă`ng sô´ tùy ý.

Vı̀ phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho là tuyêń tı́nh và thuâ
` n nhâ´t nên tô’ng các
nghiê.m cũng là nghiê.m. Do dó tô’ng cu’a chuô˜ i
X X anπt anπt nπx

u(x, t) = un = αn cos + βn sin sin
n>1 n>1
` ` `
(15.15)
cũng là nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho và nó tho’a mãn các diê
` u kiê.n
biên.
Dê’ xác di.nh αn và βn ta sẽ áp du.ng các diê

` u: khi
t = 0 thı̀ u(x, t) = ϕ1(x) nên
X
∞
nπx
ϕ1 (x) = αn sin (15.16)
n=1
`
Tù. (15.15) ta còn có
∂u X anπ anπt anπt nπx

= βn cos − αn sin sin
∂t n>1
` ` ` `
` u kiê.n u0t(x, 0) = ϕ2(x) nên

và do diê
X anπ nπx
ϕ2 (x) = βn sin · (15.17)
n>1
` `
Các dă’ng thú.c (15.16) và (15.17) là khai triê’n cu’a các hàm ϕ1 (x) và
ϕ2 (x) thành chuô˜ i Fourier trong khoa’ng (0, `). Các khai triê’n này chı’
chú.a hàm sin. Các hê. sô´ cu’a khai triê’n du.o..c tı́nh theo công thú.c
Z` Z`
2 nπx 2 nπx
αn = ϕ1 (x) sin dx; βn = ϕ2 (x) sin dx.
` ` naπ `
0 0
(15.18)
Nhu. vâ.y nghiê.m riêng tho’a mãn các diê ` u kiê.n dã nêu là hàm
(15.15) vó i các hê. sô´ αn và βn du o. c tı́nh theo công thú.c (15.18). N
. . .
BÀI TÂ
.P
Tı̀m nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh
∂ 2u 2
2∂ u
= a (15.19)
∂t2 ∂x2
tho’a mãn các diê ` u và diê
` u kiê.n biên

1. (i) Các diê ù

x
 `
vó.i 0 6 x 6 ,
u(x, 0) = f(x) = 5 1 `
2

− (x − `) vó.i 6 x 6 `
5 2
∂u(x, 0)
= ϕ(x) = 0.
∂t
` u kiê.n biên u(0, t) = 0, u(`, t) = 0.
(ii) Các diê
4` X 1 πant πnx
(DS. u(x, t) = 2
(−1)n−1 2
cos sin )
5π n>1 (2n − 1) ` `
∂u(x, 0)
2. (i) u(x, 0) = 0, = 1;
∂t
(ii) u(0, t) = u(`, t) = 0.
2` X 1 2n − 1 (2n − 1)πx
(DS. u(x, t) = sin πat sin )
π 2 a n>1 (2n − 1)2 ` `
3. Cũng ho’i nhu. trên dôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= 4
∂t2 ∂x2
` u kiê.n:
và các diê
4πx
(i) u(x, 0) = sin , u0t(x, 0) = 0;
3
(ii) u(0, t) = 0, u(3, t) = 0.
8πt 4πx
(DS. u(x, t) = cos sin )
3 3

` n nhiê.t
Bài toán co. ba’n. Tı̀m nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh
∂u ∂ 2u
= a2 2
∂t ∂x
` u kiê.n
1) u(x, 0) = ϕ(x)
2) u(0, t) = u(`, t) = 0.
Gia’i. Áp du.ng phu.o.ng pháp Fourier, ta dă.t
u(x, t) = X(x)T (t)
và phu.o.ng trı̀nh dã cho tro’. thành
X 00 T0
= 2 = −λ2
X aT
và thu du.o..c hai phu.o.ng trı̀nh
X 00 + λ2 X = 0 ⇒ X = A cos λx + B sin λx,

2 λ2 t
T 0 + a2λ2 T = 0 ⇒ T = Ce−a .
Do dó
2 λ2 t
u(x, t) = e−a α cos λx + β sin λx
trong dó α = AC, β = BC là nhũ.ng hă`ng sô´ tùy ý.

` u kiê.n 2) ta có
Áp du.ng diê
0 = α cos 0 + β sin 0 nπ
⇒ α = 0, λ = , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
0 = α cos λ` + β sin λ` `
Cũng nhu. trong 1+ , mô˜ i giá tri. λ (hay n) tu.o.ng ú.ng vó.i nghiê.m riêng
a2 n2 π 2 t nπx
un = βn e− `2 sin
`
và tô’ng cu’a chúng cũng là nghiê.m cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh
X a2 n2 π 2 t πnx
u(x, t) = βn e− `2 sin · (15.20)
n>1
`
Bây giò. áp du.ng diê

` u kiê.n 1) ta có: u(x, 0) = ϕ(x):
X nπx
ϕ(x) = βn sin ·
n>1
`
Dó là khai triê’n Fourier cu’a hàm ϕ(x) trong khoa’ng (0, `). Do dó ta
có
Z`
2 nπx
βn = ϕ(x) sin dx. (15.21)
` `
0
Nhu. vâ.y tô’ng chuô˜ i (15.20) vó.i hê. sô´ tı́nh theo vông thú.c (15.21) là
nghiê.m riêng tho’a mãn các diê` u kiê.n dã cho. N
BÀI TÂ
.P
1. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh

∂u ∂ 2u
= a2 2 (15.22)
∂t  ∂x
 `
x vó.i 0 6 x 6 ,
u(x, 0) = 2
 . `
` − x vó i 6 x 6 `;
2
u(0, t) = u(`, t) = 0.
4` X n−1 1 −
π 2 a2 (2n−1)2
t π(2n−1)
(DS. u = 2
(−1) 2
e `2 sin ` x )
π n>1 (2n − 1)
2. Gia’i phu.o.ng trı̀nh (15.22) vó.i các diê

` u kiê.n
u(x, 0) = f(x); u(0, t) = A, u(`, t) = B; A, B − const.
˜ n. Du.a vào â’n hàm mó.i

Chı’ dâ
B−A
v(x, t) = u(x, t) − x − A.
`
2
. ∂v 2∂ v
’
Khi dó (15.22) tro thành =a vó.i các diê
` u kiê.n v(0, t) = 0,
∂t ∂x2
B−A B−A
v(`, t) = 0, v(x, 0) = u(x, 0) − x − A = f (x) − x−A =
` `
g(x). Dó là bài toán dã biê´t cách gia’i.
∂u ∂ 2 u
3. Tı̀m nghiê.m u(x, y) cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh = ù
∂y ∂x2
kiê.n biên u(0, y) = u(π, y) = 0 và diê ` u u(x, 0) = 3 sin 2x.
(DS. u(x, y) = 3e−4y sin 2x)
15.3.3 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh Laplace

Hàm u(x, y) du.o..c go.i là hàm diê` u hòa trong miê` n phă’ng D nêú nó
có các da.o hàm riêng liên tu.c câ´p 2 trên D và trên D nó tho’a mãn
phu.o.ng trı̀nh
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
∆u ≡ + = 0. (15.23)
∂x2 ∂y 2
Tâ.p ho..p các hàm diê ` u hòa - chı́nh là tâ.p ho..p mo.i nghiê.m cu’a
phu.o.ng trı̀nh Laplace. Cũng nhu. dôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân
thu.ò.ng, dê’ tách mô.t nghiê.m xác di.nh cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh Laplace ngu.ò.i
ta pha’i cho nhũ.ng diê ` u kiê.n bô’ sung. Dôí vó.i phu.o.ng trı̀nh Laplace
nhũ.ng diê` u kiê.n bô’ sung dó du.o..c phát biê’u du.ó.i da.ng diê
` u kiê.n biên,
. . .
tú c là cho nhũ ng hê. thú c mà nghiê.m câ` n tı̀m pha’i tho’a mãn trên biên.
Diê .
` u kiê.n do n gia’n nhâ´t trong sô´ dó là cho giá tri. cu’a hàm diê ` u hòa
` n tı̀m ta.i mô˜ i diê’m biên cu’a miê
câ ` n. Ngu.ò.i ta go.i bài toán này là bài
toán biên thú. nhâ´t hay bài toán Dirichlet.
Bài toán biên cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh Laplace du.o..c dă.t ra nhu. sau. Gia’
su’. miê` n D ⊂ R2 vó.i biên ∂D là du.ò.ng cong dóng. Hãy tı̀m hàm
u(x, y) liên tu.c trong D = D ∪ ∂D sao cho
a) Tho’a mãn phu.o.ng trı̀nh Laplace trong D.
b) Tho’a mãn diê ` u kiê.n biên

u(x, y)(x,y)∈∂D = f (x, y),
trong dó f(x, y) là hàm du.o..c cho trên biên ∂D.
Bài toán vù.a nêu còn du.o..c go.i là bài toán Dirichlet. Trong giáo
trı̀nh này ta chı’ xét bài toán Dirichlet dôí vó.i hı̀nh tròn.
` 1. Trong to.a dô. cu..c (r, ϕ) phu.o.ng trı̀nh Laplace (15.23) có
Bô’ dê
da.ng
∂ 2u 1 ∂ 2u 1 ∂u
+ + = 0. (15.24)
∂r2 r2 ∂ϕ2 r ∂r
Lò.i gia’i cu’a bài toán Dirichlet dôí vó.i hı̀nh tròn (cũng tú.c là lò.i
gia’i cu’a phu.o.ng trı̀nh Laplace (15.23) hay (15.24)) vó.i diê ` u kiê.n biên
. . . .
cho tru ó c du o. c mô ta’ trong di.nh lý sau dây.
- i.nh lý. Gia’ su’. S là hı̀nh tròn do.n vi. mo’. vó.i tâm ta.i gôć to.a dô. và
D
gia’ su’. trên biên ∂S cho hàm 2π-tuâ ` n hoàn liên tu.c f (θ), trong dó θ
.
là góc cu. c cu’a các diê’m biên cu’a ∂D.
Khi dó trong miê ` n S = S + ∂S tô ` n ta.i hàm duy nhâ´t u(x, y) liên

tu.c trên S và diê ` u hòa trên S sao cho u(x, y) = f (θ). Trong
(x,y)∈∂S
.
to.a dô. cu. c (r, θ) hàm u(r, θ) biê’u diê . . . .
˜ n du o. c du ó i da.ng chuô
˜i
a0 X n
u(r, θ) = + r (an cos nθ + bn sin nθ)
2 n>1
trong dó
Zπ
an o 1 ncos nθo
= f(θ) dθ, n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
bn π sin nθ
−π
là các hê. sô´ Fourier cu’a hàm f(θ).

Hàm diê ` u hòa có tı́nh châ´t dă.c biê.t là tho’a mãn Di.nh lý vê
` giá tri.
trung bı̀nh
- i.nh lý. Nêú hàm u(x, y) liên tu.c trong hı̀nh tròn dóng tâm O(0, 0)
D
` u hòa trong hı̀nh tròn dó thı̀ giá tri. cu’a hàm
và bán kı́nh R và diê
`ng trung bı̀nh cô.ng các giá tri. cu’a nó trên
u(x, y) ta.i tâm hı̀nh tròn bă
. . .
du ò ng tròn, tú c là
Z
1
u(0, 0) = u(x, y)ds
2πR
x2 +y 2 =R2
Vı́ du. 1. Chú.ng to’ ră`ng hàm u(x, y) = a(x2 − y 2 ) + bxy trong dó a, b
là các hă`ng sô´ tùy ý, là hàm diê
` u hòa.
Gia’i. Ta có

∂u ∂ 2u 
= 2ax + by, = 2a; 

∂x ∂x2
⇒ ∆u = 0. N
∂u ∂ 2u 

= −2ay + bx, = −2a
∂y ∂y 2
Vı́ du. 2. Chú.ng minh Bô’ dê

` 1.
Gia’i. Xét u(x, y) = u(r cos ϕ, r sin ϕ). Ta có

∂u ∂u ∂u 
= cos ϕ + sin ϕ , 

∂r ∂x ∂y
⇒
∂u ∂u ∂u 

= −r sin ϕ + r cos ϕ 
∂ϕ ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u sin ϕ ∂u
= cos ϕ − ,
∂x ∂r r ∂ϕ
(15.25)
∂u ∂u cos ϕ ∂u
= sin ϕ + ·
∂y ∂r r ∂ϕ
∂ 2u ∂ 2u
Áp du.ng (15.25) dê’ tı́nh và . Ta có
∂x2 ∂y 2
∂ 2u ∂ ∂u sin ϕ ∂u sin ϕ ∂ ∂u sin ϕ ∂u
= cos ϕ cos ϕ − − cos ϕ −
∂x2 ∂r ∂r r ∂ϕ r ∂ϕ ∂r r ∂ϕ
2 2 2 2
∂ u sin ϕ cos ϕ ∂ u sin ϕ ∂ u
= cos2 ϕ 2 − 2 +
∂r r ∂r∂ϕ r2 ∂ϕ2
2
2 sin ϕ cos ϕ ∂u sin ϕ ∂u
+ +
r2 ∂ϕ r ∂r
2 2
∂ u 2 ∂ u 2 sin ϕ cos ϕ ∂ 2u cos2 ϕ ∂ 2u
= sin ϕ + +
∂y 2 ∂r2 r ∂r∂ϕ r2 ∂ϕ2
2 sin ϕ cos ϕ ∂u cos2 ϕ ∂u
− + ·
r2 ∂ϕ r ∂r
∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u 1 ∂u 1 ∂ 2u
∆u = + = + + · N
∂x2 ∂y 2 ∂r2 r ∂r r2 ∂ϕ2
` u hòa u(x, y) ta.i tâm hı̀nh tròn
Vı́ du. 3. Hãy tı̀m giá tri. cu’a hàm diê
2 2 2 ´
x + y 6 R nêu

u(x, y)x2 +y2 =R2 = xy + x − 1.
Gia’i. Áp du.ng di.nh lý trung bı̀nh dã phát biê’u o’. trên ta có
Z
1
u(0, 0) = u(x, y)ds.
2πR
x2 +y 2 =R2
Chuyê’n sang to.a dô. cu..c: x = R cos ϕ, y = R sin ϕ ta thu du.o..c

u = f(ϕ); ds = Rdϕ
2 2
x +y =R 2
và do dó
Z2π
1
u(0, 0) = f (ϕ)dϕ.
2π
0
Theo gia’ thiê´t

R2 sin 2ϕ
f (ϕ) = R cos ϕ · R sin ϕ + R cos ϕ − 1 = + R cos ϕ − 1
2
và do dó
Z2π
1 R2 sin 2ϕ
u(0, 0) = + R cos ϕ − 1 dϕ
2π 2
0
1 h R2 2π
= − cos 2ϕ + R sin ϕ − ϕ 0 = −1. N
2π 4
Vı́ du. 4. Tı̀m hàm u(x, y) diê ` u hòa trong hı̀nh tròn x2 + y 2 < R2 và
trên biên hı̀nh tròn nó nhâ.n các giá tri.
1
ux2 +y2 =R2 = x2 − y 2 + y.
2
Gia’i. Bài toán dă.t ra là bài toán Dirichlet dôí vó.i hı̀nh tròn.
Chuyê’n sang to.a dô. cu..c ta có
1
ux2 +y2 =R2 = u(R, ϕ) = R2 cos2 ϕ − R2 sin2 ϕ + R sin ϕ
2
R
= R2 cos 2ϕ + sin ϕ. (15.26)
2
Trong lý thuyê´t phu.o.ng trı̀nh Laplace ngu.ò.i ta dã chú.ng minh
` u hòa u(r, ϕ) trên du.ò.ng tròn bán kı́nh
ră`ng nêú giá tri. cu’a hàm diê
R có khai triê’n Fourier da.ng
X
u(R, ϕ) = f (ϕ) = Rn (An cos nϕ + Bn sin nϕ)
n>0
thı̀ trong hı̀nh tròn ta có

X
u(r, ϕ) = rn (An cos nϕ + Bn sin nϕ) (15.27)
n>0
Zπ Zπ
1 1
A0 = f(ϕ)dϕ, An = f (ϕ) cos nϕdϕ,
2π πRn
−π −π
Zπ
1
Bn = f (ϕ) sin nϕdϕ.
πRn
−π
Tù. diê
` u kiê.n biên (15.26) thu du.o..c
1
u(R, ϕ) = R2 cos 2ϕ + R sin ϕ
X 2
= (R An cos nϕ + Rn Bn sin nϕ)
n
n>0
1
So sánh các hê. sô´ cu’a cos 2ϕ và sin ϕ ta thu du.o..c R2 = R2 A2, R =
2
1
R · B1 . Do dó A2 = 1, B1 = ; tâ´t ca’ các sô´ còn la.i dê` u bă`ng 0. Thê´
. . 2 . .
các giá tri. tı̀m du o. c này vào (15.27) ta thu du o. c nghiê.m
1 1
u(r, ϕ) = r2 cos 2ϕ + r sin ϕ = r2 (cos2 ϕ − sin2 ϕ) + r sin ϕ
2 2
1 1
= x2 − y 2 + y ⇒ u(x, y) = x2 − y 2 + y. N
2 2
BÀI TÂ
.P
Chú.ng minh ră`ng các hàm dã cho là nhũ.ng hàm diê
` u hòa
1
1. u = ln . Chı’ dâ˜ n. Áp du.ng vı́ du. 2.
r
2. u = rn cos nϕ, v = rn sin nϕ.
3. u − x3 − 3y 2x.
q p p
˜ n. Dă.t t = x + x2 + y 2.
4. u = x + x2 + y 2. Chı’ dâ
5. u = arctg yx .
` u hòa u(x, y) ta.i tâm hı̀nh tròn x2 +y 2 6 R2
Tı̀m giá tri. cu’a hàm diê
nêú trên biên hı̀nh tròn nó nhâ.n các giá tri. chı’ ra:
y2 1
6. u(x, y) = 2
. (DS. u(0, 0) = )
R 2
7. u(x, y) = R + x. (DS. u(0, 0) = R)
4R
8. u(x, y) = |x| + |y|. (DS. u(0, 0) = )
π
9. u(x, y) = 2 + 3y. (DS. u(0, 0) = 2)

Gia’i bài toán Dirichlet dôí vó.i hı̀nh tròn x2 + y 2 6 R2 nêú cho các
` u kiê.n biên du.ó.i dây (10-11):
diê
3x 3 3x
10. ur=R = . (DS. u(r, ϕ) = r cos ϕ = )
R R R

11. ur=R = 3 − 5y. (DS. u = 3 − 5y = 3 − 5r sin ϕ)
Tài liê.u tham kha’o
[1] R. Ph. Apatenok. Co. so’. Da.i sô´ tuyêń tı́nh, Minsk, 1977 (tiêńg
Nga)
[2] Ia. S. Bugrov, S. M. Nikolski. Co. so’. Da.i sô´ tuyêń tı́nh và Hı̀nh
ho.c gia’i tı́ch, M. 1988 (tiêńg Nga)
[3] Ia. S. Bugrow, S, M. Nikolski. Bài tâ.p Toán cao câ´p, M. 1987
(tiêńg Nga)
[4] P. E. Danko và các tác gia’ khác. Bài tâ.p toán cao câ´p T1, 2. Hà
Nô.i 1983.
[5] Vũ Văn Khu.o.ng. Da.i sô´ tuyêń tı́nh, Hà Nô.i 2002.
[6] M. L. Krasnov và các tác gia’ khác. Bài tâ.p phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân
thu.ò.ng, M. 1978 (tiêńg Nga)
[7] L. D. Kudriasev và các tác gia’ khác. Bài tâ.p gia’i tı́ch. T1, 2, M.
1985 (tiêńg Nga)
[8] L. Ia. Okunev. Bài tâ.p da.i sô´ cao câ´p, M. 1964 (tiêńg Nga)
[9] L. B. Sneperman. Bài tâ.p da.i sô´ và lý thuyê´t sô´, Minsk 1982
(tiêńg Nga)
[10] V. S. Sipatchev. Bài tâ.p toán cao câ´p, M. 1997 (tiêńg Nga)
328 Tài liê.u tham kha’o
[11] I. Ia. Vilenkin và các tác gia’ khác. Bài tâ.p gia’i tı́ch, T1, 2, M.
1971 (tiêńg Nga)
[12] D. K. Phadeev, I. S. Sominski. Bài tâ.p da.i sô´ cao câ´p, M. 1977.
[13] Nguyê˜ n Thuy’ Thanh. Bài tâ.p gia’i tı́ch, NXBGD, Hà Nô.i 2002.
[14] Nguyê˜ n Thuy’ Thanh, Dô˜ Dú.c Giáo. Hu.ó.ng dâ

˜ n gia’i bài tâ.p gia’i
tı́ch toán ho.c. T1, 2, DHQG Hà Nô.i 1999.

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˜ N THUY

10 Tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh 4

11 Tı́ch phân xác di.nh Riemann 57

12 Tı́ch phân hàm nhiê ` u biê´n 117

13 Lý thuyê´t chuô ˜i 177

` su.. hô.i tu. cu’a chuô˜ i Fourier . . . 212

14 Phu.o.ng trı̀nh vi phân 224

Tı́ch phân bâ´t di.nh

10.1 Các phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân . . . . . . 4

10.1 Các phu.o.ng pháp tı́nh tı́ch phân

ta.i mô˜ i diê’m trong cu’a khoa’ng và F 0(x) = f(x).

lim ex = lim (−e−x + C)

Vı́ du. 4. Tı́nh các tı́ch phân sau dây:

Vı́ du. 5. Tı́nh các tı́ch phân sau dây:

= (sin x + cos x)sign(cos x − sin x) + C. N

`ng sô´ cô.ng C.

10.1.2 Phu.o.ng pháp dô’i biê´n

Ta nêu mô.t vài vı́ du. vê ` phép dô’i biê´n.

Tiê´p theo ta có

và tù. dó suy ra diê

Vı́ du. 5. Tı́nh

Vı́ du. 6. Tı́nh

Tı́nh các tı́ch phân:

10.1.3 Phu.o.ng pháp tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ

Thu..c tê´ cho thâ´y ră`ng phâ

Cuô´i cùng ta thu du.o..c

Thê´ I1 vào biê’u thú.c dô´i vó.i I ta thu du.o..c

Nhu. vâ.y sau hai lâ ` n tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ

Dê’ tı́nh I1 ta la.i dă.t u = cos(lnx), dv = dx. Khi dó du =

I = x(sin lnx − cos lnx) − I

và tù. dó

Vı́ du. 6. Tı́nh

2) Tı́ch phân In du.o..c biê’u diê˜ n du.ó.i da.ng

Tù. dó suy ră`ng

10.2 Các ló.p hàm kha’ tı́ch trong ló.p các

10.2.1 Tı́ch phân các hàm hũ.u ty’

Q(x) = (x − a)α · · · (x − b)β (x2 + px + q)γ · · · (x2 + rx + s)δ

trong dó a, . . . , b là các nghiê. m thu..c, x2 + px + q, . . . , x2 + rx + s là

Tù. dó suy ră`ng

x = A(x + 1)2 + B1(x − 1)(x + 1) + B2 (x − 1). (10.7)

x ≡ (A + B1 )x2 + (2A + B2)x + (A − B1 − B2 ).

Tù. dó suy ră`ng

Tı́nh các tı́ch phân (1-12)

có thê’ hũ.u ty’ hóa nhò. phép thê´ Euler:

trong dó a, b ∈ R, m, n, p ∈ Q và a 6= 0, b 6= 0, n 6= 0, p 6= 0; biê’u thú.c

trong dó M là mâ˜ u sô´ cu’a p.

trong dó M là mâ˜ u sô´ cu’a p.

2) Bă`ng phép biê´n dô’i so. câ´p ta có

Dó là tı́ch phân da.ng I. Ta dă.t

2) Dô´i vó.i tı́ch phân I2 (da.ng II) ta có

−x2 + 4x − 3 = −(x − 1)(x − 3)

và do dó ta su’. du.ng phép thê´ Euler (iii):

và thu du.o..c

Tı́nh các tı́ch phân (1-15)

10.2.3 Tı́ch phân các hàm lu.o..ng giác

và lúc dó

Bă`ng phép dô’i biê´n sin2 x = t ta thu du.o..c

Vı́ du. 3. Tı́nh

R(− sin x, − cos x) = R(sin x, cos x).

Gia’i. Áp du.ng công thú.c

Vı́ du. 5. Tı́nh

Gia’i. Dă.t z = sin2 x ta thu du.o..c

Thu..c hiê.n phép tı́ch phân tù.ng phâ

Tı́ch phân xác di.nh Riemann