Risk Assessment

Risk Assessment And
Management
1
Learning Objectives
To define what is hazard, risk and danger
To explain the risk assessment process
To describe the method of identifying

hazard
To use the risk assessment matrix
To explain the hierarchy of control

2
Scope
Overview of risk and risk

assessment
Planning for risk assessment
Risk control
Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 3
Overview Of Risk And
Risk Assessment
Definitions
Hazard: A source or a situation with a
potential for harm in terms of human
injury or ill health, damage to property,
damage to the environment or a
combination of these.
Danger: Relative exposure to hazard
Definitions
Risk: A combination of the likelihood of

an occurrence of a hazardous event with
specified period or in specified
circumstances and the severity of injury
or damage to the health of people,
property, environment or any combination
of these caused by the event.
Risk Assessment
What is Risk assessment: The process

of evaluating the risks to safety and
health arising from hazards at work.
Risk assessment results is documented
and used for:
1. Risk control in OSH management
2. Future reference and review
Basic Principles Of
Risk Management
1. Integrate Risk Management as part
of planning at all levels of business
2. Accept all risks
3. Make risk decisions appropriately
(depending on level of risk)
4. Manage the risk
Why Carry Out
Risk Assessment?
Gives organisations a more effective way
of managing hazards
Requirement of the law e.g.
OSHA 1994, CIMAH Regulations 1996 &
USECHH Regulations 2000
Requirement of OSH management
system standards:
MS 1722:2003,
OHSAS 18001 and
ISO 14001, etc.
Effects of accident
Medical
Repairing
Compensation
Bad record/image
Losing customer
Moral down
Premium/insurance
many more..
Risk Assessment Should Be
Carried Out For:
Routine and non-routine activities
including emergencies;
Activities of all personnel having access to

the workplace (including subcontractors
and visitors);
Facilities at the workplace, whether

provided-by the organization or others.
When To Carry Out
Risk Assessment
Before Operation
During Operation
After Operation
When To Review
Risk Assessment
Types of review:
initial review, and
periodic review.
When To Review
Risk Assessment
Review whenever there are changes:
internal
Before modification, changes or introduction of
new
Materials, machinery or processes, working
procedures,
external
Amendments of national laws and regulations
Developments in OSH knowledge and technology
Who Will Carry Out
Risk Assessment
Person or persons trained to identify hazard and
risk assessment
In some cases legally competent person,
example : Chemical Health Risk Assessor
Consultation with and involvement of

workers
Safety and health committee OR workers and
their representatives
Involvement of supervisors
Basic Components Of
Risk Management
Hazard Identification
Risk Assessment
Risk Control
Review
The Process of
Risk Management
Start
Classify Activities
(Work, Product, Services, Activities)
Identify Hazards
Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood
Decide if Risk is Tolerable
Risk Control Action Plan
Review Adequacy of Risk Control

Hazard Identification
SOURCES OF HAZARDS
Man Unsafe acts
Machinery Installation, layout and design of
equipment
Materials Substances such as chemicals and
gases use in the workplace
Method The way people carry out their
work
Media Workplace condition i.e. air quality,
ventilation, lighting, noise, vibration
etc.
Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification Example of Potential Sources of
of Hazards Hazards
Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges,

overload or force a tool beyond its
capabilities and grinding wheel without
guard
Electrical Electrical cord insulation damaged,
electrical face plate or cover broken or
missing and fan cord insulation pulled
loose
Biological Exposed to airborne and blood borne
viruses, bacteria and fungus
Classification and
Potential Sources of Hazards
Classification Example of Potential Sources of
of Hazards Hazards
Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,

sensitizers and corrosive chemicals.
Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnatural

postures and unnatural movement,
wrong design of workstation, tools and
task.
Psychological Stress, sexual harassment and violent at
work.
Pre-Assessment
Information Gathering
Information on the facilities, processes and
activities of the organization, including:
Area Map
Site plan(s); own and neighbor
Process flow-charts
Inventory of materials (raw materials,
chemicals, wastes, products, sub-products)
Toxicology and other health and safety data
Monitoring data
Pre-Assessment
Classifying Work Activities
Geographical areas within/outside the
premises;
Stages in a production process, or in the
provision of a service;
Defined the tasks (e.g. driving, window
cleaning);
Identify the working groups;
Land use; previous property use, future use.
Methods Of
Identifying Hazards
Review of documents and publications
Inspection and observation at the

workplace
Measurement of the atmosphere,

monitoring the environment or medical
surveillance of workers
Hazard Analysis
Document Review
Reports of accidents, accident

investigation and audits
Information from publications

Acts, Regulations and Codes of Practice
Statistics
Handbooks
Chemical Safety Data Sheet (CSDS)
Inspection and Observation
Types of inspections: statutory
inspection, periodic inspection, formal
and informal inspection
Documentation - Checklist and inspection

worksheet (standard approach and
record)
TYPE OF INSPECTION
WORKPLACE
INSPECTION
Statutory Scheduled
External Supervisor
Enforcement planned in-
Insurance
agency - house
Company/
legislative inspections -
Consultant
requirements formal
Executive
Introductory Senior Continuous
Check on new or management Employees/
reconditioned tours supervisors -
equipment formal or
informal
Inspection and Observation
Activities - to involve supervisors,
managers and employees
Inspection outcome - to include actions

and timeframes
Ensure follow up on action - to ensure

effectiveness
Exposure Monitoring
Types of monitoring: area and personal
monitoring.
Monitoring of:
Noise
Heat
Radiation
Air contaminants
Chemicals etc.
Hazards Analysis
Method use: (example)
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)
Fault Tree Analysis etc.
Job described in between 5 to 15

steps
Action verb used to describe job
List things that can go wrong
Note:
The term JSA includes the formulation
of safe work procedures using written
instructions for workers
May still require other risk controls
Supervisor and workers assist
Ideally all jobs should have a JSA

Risk Assessment
Types of Risk Assessment
Approach:
Qualitative Risk Assessment
Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment
Quantitative Risk Assessment X

Determining Severity
Severity in terms of:
Harm to health
Damage to property
Damage to environment
Or the combination of the above
Severity
Determine severity categories i.e.:
Fatality
Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or

damage to health)
Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or

damage to health requiring days off work)
Negligible injuries (first aid)

Determining Likelihood of
Occurrence of Hazard
Based on statistic & data, professional
judgement.
Determine likelihood categories i.e.:

highly likely,
likely,
highly unlikely.
Likelihood
Very likely - could happen frequently
Likely - could happen occasionally
Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely
Highly unlikely - could happen, but

probably never will
Qualitative Risk Table
Severity Likelihood
Very Likely Likely Unlikely Highly Unlikely
Fatality High High High Medium
Major Injuries High High Medium Medium
Minor Injuries High Medium Medium Low
Negligible Injuries Medium Medium Low Low
L = Likely
S = Major injuries
R=?
2
B
10
L= Likely
A S = Negligible
R=?
Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determine severity categories i.e. :
4: Fatality & Permanent Disability
3: More than 4 days MC
2: Less than or 4 days MC
1: First aid and near misses
Semi - Quantitative
Risk Assessment
Determining Likelihood of Occurrence of
Hazard
4: Daily
3: Weekly
2: Monthly
1: Yearly Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 43

Semi-Quantitative
Risk Assessment
LIKELIHOOD
Yearly Monthly Weekly Daily
SEVERITY
1 2 3 4
First Aid
and Near 1 1 2 3 4
Misses
Less than
or 4 days 2 2 4 6 8
MC
More than
4 days MC 3 3 6 9 12
Fatality &
Permanent 4 4 8 12 16
Disability
HIRARC
RISK = LIKELIHOOD X SEVERITY
HIRARC GUIDELINE
4 X 5 = 20
2
B
10
2 X 1 =2
A
AN EXAMPLE RISK MATRIX
TABLE
HIRARC GUIDELINE
HIRARC GUIDELINE
RISK RANGES
HIRARC FORM
OSHC
Risk Control
Principle of Control
Substitution Housekeeping Training and

Modify process General education
Enclosure ventilation Worker rotation
Local exhaust Continuous area Enclosure of
Fugitive monitoring worker
emission control Dilution Personal
Isolation ventilation monitoring
Automation or Personal
remote control protective devices
Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control
Review measures regularly; modify if
necessary
Comply with national laws and

regulations
Reflect good management practice; and
Consideration In Implementing
Risk Control
Consider the current state of knowledge
Include information or reports from

organizations such as:
DOSH, OSH services, and others.
Hierarchy Of Control
MOST EFFECTIVE
Elimination - remove the hazard.
FAIRLY EFFECTIVE
Substitution - use less hazardous one.
Isolation isolate the work area i.e. X-ray machine in
restricted room
Engineering Control design, isolation at source,
barricade, guarding,
LEAST EFFECTIVE
Administrative Control safe work procedure, isolation
i.e. reduce exposure time and limit, training, signage etc
PPE - last resort. Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 54
Summary
The basis of OSH management is the

identification of hazard, risk assessment and
control
Ways of identifying hazards varies from
inspection of the workplace to reviewing
legislation
Risk assessment allows an organisation to build
a sound basis for managing hazard
Hierarchy of hazard control starts by elimination;
use PPE as protection is the last resort

Risk Assessment

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Risk Assessment And

To explain the risk assessment process

To describe the method of identifying

To use the risk assessment matrix

To explain the hierarchy of control

Overview of risk and risk

Planning for risk assessment

Danger: Relative exposure to hazard

Risk: A combination of the likelihood of

What is Risk assessment: The process

Activities of all personnel having access to

Facilities at the workplace, whether

Consultation with and involvement of

Determine Risk Risk = Severity X Likelihood

Decide if Risk is Tolerable

Risk Control Action Plan

Review Adequacy of Risk Control

Mechanical Pinch points, sharp points and edges,

Chemical Exposed to carcinogens chemicals,

Ergonomics Repeated exposure to unnatural

Inspection and observation at the

Measurement of the atmosphere,

Reports of accidents, accident

Information from publications

Documentation - Checklist and inspection

Inspection outcome - to include actions

Ensure follow up on action - to ensure

Method use: (example)

Job Safety Analysis (JSA)

Hazards and Operability Studies (HAZOP)

Fault Tree Analysis etc.

Job described in between 5 to 15

Action verb used to describe job

List things that can go wrong

May still require other risk controls

Supervisor and workers assist

Ideally all jobs should have a JSA

Qualitative Risk Assessment

Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment

Quantitative Risk Assessment X

Severity in terms of:

Major injuries (normally irreversible injury or

Minor injuries (normally reversible injury or

Negligible injuries (first aid)

Determine likelihood categories i.e.:

Very likely - could happen frequently

Likely - could happen occasionally

Unlikely - could happen, but only rarely

Highly unlikely - could happen, but

3: More than 4 days MC

2: Less than or 4 days MC

1: First aid and near misses

1: Yearly Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 43

Substitution Housekeeping Training and

Comply with national laws and

Reflect good management practice; and

Consider the current state of knowledge

Include information or reports from

The basis of OSH management is the

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