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Indexing terms: Lightning and lightning protection, Cables and overhead lines
A= 1% - uo] dt (2)
u0 = E,d (3)
E, is the mean electrical field along the air gap at 50%
flashover probability level, d is the air gap length, u(t) is
the transient voltage across the air gap, to is the time
instant when u(t) exceeds the reference voltage and t , is
the moment of flashover when the computed area A
becomes greater than A,, ,
The flashover criterion can be written in the following
form :
A > Acr (4)
Fig. 1 Equivalent circuit to explain procedure of current crest
The critical area A , can be calculated from the following computation
relation: d , = utg; d - utF
U = propag:tsn speed
A , = Cd (5) uF = line insulation flashover voltage
ug I transformer BIL
where C is the empirical constant deduced from experi-
mental data. The constants C and E, are computed to owing to the corona effect. The applied empirical formula
obtain the 50% flashover voltage from a standard labor- is
atory test on the completely equipped insulator string
with the standard 1.2/50ps lightning wave. The com-
puted constants from the test results described in Refer-
ence 7 are C = 677 kV ps/mm and E, = 5.067 kV/mm. In
this way all possible air insulation weak points (line or where d is the propagation distance (m). U is the propaga-
busbar insulators) are modelled. tion speed (300 m/& B is the empirical coefficient
It is supposed that the solid dielectric breakdown dependent on the conductor radius given in Fig. 2 (l/kV).
voltage in such high-voltage equipment as power trans-
formers, current or voltage transformers, high-voltage
cables or other equipment can be modelled by constant 10
voltage-time characteristics equal to the BIL. Any light-
k g overvoltage exceeding the BIL is considered an
hulation failure. If the method of limiting parameters is
applied, whenever a computed surge for a certain current
gradient at a inspected part of the equipment becomes
greater than the BIL, the transient process computation
is stopped for this current gradient and the current mag-
nitude sufficient to produce this voltage is computed as
1, = I(tB + t,) (6)
where t, is the time interval from the moment of
occurrence of the voltage surge at the observed part of
the substation equipment to the moment of insulation 10 20
breakdown. t , is the time interval from the moment of R,mm
the lightning strike (to the top of the tower or earth wire) Fig. 2 Dependence of coefficient of corona on conductor radius
to the moment of back-flashover on the tower in front of
the substation. I is the linearised wavefront current gra- U is the instantaneous value of the voltage (kV) and U,, is
dient. the corona inception voltage (kV).
In Fig. 1 the computation of the current magnitude
sufficient to cause insulation failure is explained. The time 2.2 Computationof risk of substation insulation
interval t, sufficient to cause back-flashover on the tower, failure due to back-flashover on incoming line
together with the time interval t, from the appearance of In the statistical estimation method of the substation
the voltage wave on the inspected part of the insulation lightning performance due to direct strikes to the earth
to the moment of reaching the BIL, gives the total linear- wire or tower and back-flashover, the place of the dis-
ised front time duration of the current wave, sufficient to charge is varied along the first few spans, as presented in
produce insulation failure at the inspected place. Fig. 3. Usually two spans are enough.
IEE PROCEEDINGS, Vol. 136, Pt. C , No. 4, JULY 1989 223
Instead of a continuous variation of the point of dis- flashovers, is
charge along the span only a few (usually 5 ) equidistant
points of discharges at every span are analysed. The N = 1jR (1 1)
the overvoltage wave gradient from the given value U ; at be computed as the sum of the risks of failure due to
the point to the value UJ at the substation entrance, both strikes to certain parts of line Adj ( j= 1,2, . . . , n).
belonging to the sets of limiting values of the curve of
limiting parameters computed for the case of discharge at R=CRj
the substation entrance. The wave front is prolonged This method is pessimistic because wave distortion due
owing to corona distortion for the time increment A t j . to other effects is neglected.
Atj = ( U J U ; - U l f U ; ) (14)
3 Computation of lightning performances of
The value T = U , / U ; is a front time of the voltage wave 110 kV substation with cable entrance
at the point, and T + A t j = U j / U Jis a voltage wave front
time at the substation entrance after propagation along 3.1 System data
distance d j . It is supposed that the wave front remains The equivalent circuit of the analysed 110 kV system is
linear after corona distortion. presented in Fig. 5. The 110 kV cable is analysed in 5
The distance d j necessary to reduce voltage wave gra- uniformly distributed points to get the maximum voltage
dient from U', to U J can be calculated from eqn. 7 for the distribution along the cable due to the lightning strike.
front of wave time increase Atj owing to the corona. All system parameters taken from the substation
layout or estimated are given in Table 1. A lightning
strike to the earth wire on the first and second spans, and
to the phase conductor in front of the substation, owing
to shielding failure is analysed. In Fig. 5 and Table 1
The probability of occurrence of lightning parameters system data for a strike to the second span in front of the
causing substation insulationfailure for the case of a cable are presented. In the case of the element modelled
point struck at distance d j from the substation entrance, as an equivalent line, the surge impedance and the line
denoted P i , can be computed by the application of eqn. length are also presented in Table 1.
12 in the areas A D j , ADj+ 1, . .., AD,,. The system rated voltage is 110 kV. The BIL of all
Eqn. 12 is applied only to lightning current rate rise equipment is 550 kV. Classical Sic surge arresters of the
greater than ZJ or corresponding lightning overvoltage type HMM 108, rated voltage 108 kV, [14] are modelled
wave gradients U J at the point. Discharge with the with the voltageftime characteristic of the spark gap
lightning current gradient less than ZJ , causing corre- given in Table 2.
sponding overvoltage wave gradient to be less than U J ,is The current/voltage characteristics of the surge
reduced, owing to propagation at the station entrance, to arrester nonlinear resistor is given in Table 3. The char-
voltage wave gradient less than U ; . This voltage gradient acteristics are linearly extrapolated for smaller current
is - not enough to cause insulation failure in the sub- magnitudes.
station.
The risk of insulation failure due to a lightning strike 3.2 Lightning parameters
to the line length Adj = ( d j + - di) is The joint log-normal lightning current magnitude and
front of wave gradiefit distribution suggested in Reference
R j = 0.5(Pj+ + Pj)AdjSa,N , (16) 9 is in the following form :
1
where Pi and are the probabilities of occurrence of
overvoltages exceeding the BIL of some equipment in the
F(x, Y ) =
2 d G G exp (- +x2 2(1y 2--p2)
2pxy) d x
13
14
15
tower grounding
resistance
earth wire support
cross arm
air gap after
156
156
200
10
2
2
2
2ooii
0~
5 10 15
back-flash
16 phase conductor 370 134 t,P5
17 earth wire 400 30 Fig. 6 Transient voltage at place of cross arm
18 portal 125 16.6
19
20
tower grounding
resistance
horizontal part of
10
140 2
1000 -
portal
21 air gap after
back-flash
200 2
800 -
22 phase conductor 370 30
23 connection conductor 370 20
24 busbars 370 15.5 600 -
25 connection conductor 370 11 >
Y
34
phase conductor
lead to the surge
arrester
connection to the
370
370
370
21
10
4
2mt I
power transformer 0 a ' ' ' ' a 5 ' * ' ' ' ' ' ' ' * ' J
5 10 15
Capacitance, t, P S
nF Fig. 7 Transient voltage on phase conductor at place of backflash
35 power transformer 5
surge capacitance
36 voltage transformer 3 The presumed lightning strike parameters corresponding
surge capacitance to Berger's measuring results according to Reference 9
are
Table 2: Voltageltime characteristic of surge arrester
I = 30 k~
Front of wave spark-over t , = 0 . 3 2 4 ~ U,
~ = 292 kV
voltage at instant r" = 14 k A / p
Minimum 100% sparkover t , = 1.2 ps U, = 248 kV
voltage at instant Oln 1 = 0.68
Minimum switching spark-over t , = 250 ps U, = 259 kV
g l n r * = 0.55
voltage at instant
p = 0.38
Table 3: Current/voltage surge arrester characteristic
Current, kA 5 10 20
3.3 Classical approach to overvoltage computation
Residual voltage, kV 227 248 281 The classical approach to overvoltage computation of
choosing the representative current magnitude and mean
waveform gradient is used to investigate the voltage
where distribution along the cable, and to investigate the
x = In (IIQIOln r
,,
y = In (I'/I')/oln
voltage waveforms in different points of the equivalent
circuit.
[ = random current amplitude In the classical methodology of overvoltage computa-
Z = mean current amplitude tion the critical lightning parameters with the probability
r_' = random current gradient of exceeding the chosen values by 2% are determined.
I' = mean current gradient The computed critical values are
olnI = current magnitude logarithmic
standard deviation I , = 121 kA and r:, = 43.2 kA/p
226 IEE PROCEEDINGS, Vol. 136, Pt. C , No. 4, J U L Y 1989
Lightning channel surge impedance is presumed to be (a) A surge arrester is placed in front of the junction of
300 n. the cable and the overhead line.
It is supposed that the lightning strike happened at the (b) A surge arrester is placed at the other end of the
middle of the second span to the earth wire. Three differ- cable.
600 r
variant a
variant b
480
variant c
360
Fig. 8
t . p5
Transient voltage at different points on cable
2401
120
01
0
t
75 150 225
1
300
700 r d , rn
Fig. 10 Peak voltage distribution along cable for various overvoltage
protection variants
t . lJ5
Fig. 9 Transformer terminal overvoltage
Table 4: Overvoltages at different points
Nodeno. 11 24 25 26 27 28 31
Variant
(a1 976 425 489 550 557 528 659
(b1 976 595 579 493 485 449 417
(C) 975 333 339 354 359 352 404 0 50 100 150 200
struck point distance, rn
ent overvoltage protection variants are analysed. In the Fig. 11 Expected number of strikes causing overvoltages less than the
first variant the surge arrester was connected only in power transformer BIL as a function of position of strike
front of the overhead line-cable junction. In Fig. 6 the
transient response of the tower computed at the cross (c) A surge arrester is placed on each end of the cable.
arm is presented. The computed overvoltages of the three protection
In Fig. 7 the transient voltage on the phase conductor variants analysed are presented in Table 4.
at the place of back-flashover is presented; the infinitely The peak voltage distributions along the cable are pre-
steep wavefront after backflash can be seen. There is an sented in Fig. 10 for overvoltage protection variants (a),
overvoltage on the cross arm exceeding the BIL after (b) and (c).
back-flashover, owing to the large current wave magni-
tude. 3.4 Estimation of risk of power transformer insulation
In Fig. 8 the transient overvoltages at different places failure
along the cable are presented. The surge front gradient is
decreased owing to the cable capacitance charging effect 3.4.1 Risk of power transformer insulation failure due
and wave distortion owing to the corona. The trans- to the back-flashover: In the statistical approach to the
former terminal voltage is presented in Fig. 9. risk of occurrence of overvoltages exceeding the power
Three analysed overvoltage protection variants were transformer BIL the annual lightning density N, = 4.5 (1/
investigated : year x km2) is taken according to the meteorological
IEE PROCEEDINGS, Vol. 136, Pt. C , No. 4, JULY 1989 221
data [l2]. The analysis is performed for the same three system elements and the equivalent circuit selection is
variants of overvoltage protection. especially emphasised.
The point of discharge to the earth wire is varied The results of lightning performance studies show that
along the first two spans. In Fig. 11 the expected number strikes to the earth wire or tower in the vicinity of the
of strikes causing one overvoltage exceeding the trans-
former BIL as a function of the position of the strike is
presented. It can be seen that the most dangerous point
r-
of strike is the first tower just in front of the cable termi-
nation. The expected number of strikes causing one over-
voltage exceeding the BIL increases for strikes to the
earth wire in the middle of the span and decreases again
-
for strikes to the top of the second tower. Strikes to the
earth wire on the second span produce overvoltages
which are sufficiently damped owing to propagation that
dangerous overvoltages are extremely seldom.
Discharges to the top of the third tower or even m
further away cannot cause dangerous overvoltages at all. w
N
The total risk of occurrence of overvoltages exceeding
the power transformer BIL is presented in Table 5. The