2.1 si 2.

1.Arch-)Romantic poetics predilect genre and typical literary (sub)species

2. The discussion and the actual use of spontaneity in Romantic poetry

I will start with a quote .Wordsworth refers to all good poetry as a spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings which by that I thing he wants to highlight that poetrys source of inspiration comes from
inner experience ,personal experience ,powerful feelings and emotions (a romantic poet it s not ) and
not the ideas of the intellect .

the conjunction of contemplation

and personal emotional responsiveness. The former led to the doctrine of spontaneity in producing
poetry,1 the latter to that of introspective expressivity

associationism in stimulating awareness of the internal wealth of our minds. Their focus on spontaneity
and psychological depth reoriented rhetoric in the direction of the melancholy discourse of art, the
object of which is, according to Campbells Philosophy of Rhetoric, by the use of language, to operate
on the soul of the hearer through the principles of the imagination.2 For Adam Smith, a speaker
(poetic or otherwise) intends, by sympathy, to communicate to his hearer more than by any other
means, and natural speech is rhetorically most efficient,3 just as Keats believed [t]hat if Poetry comes

1 Wordsworths spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, Shelleys cautioning that [p]oetry is not like reasoning

a power to be exerted according to the determination of the will, and the host of metaphors representing the poetic genius a s a
sudden burst ( Preda 149-155).
2 (Bialostosky 220). Engell contends that The New Rhetoricians established a critical theory which was not only the

spine of Romantic poetics and criticism (222), but also has shaped European and American literature of the last two hundred
years (220).
3 Engell in Bialostosky 225.
not as naturally as the Leaves to a tree it had better not come at all (Letter to John Taylor, 27 February
1818).

Frye stresses the fact that metaphors (and

3b of (Arch-)Romanticism

4. The poetic faculty in Wordsworths view

5. The symbol of the aeolian/wind harp and the boat/journey in Coleridge

6. The mechanism of the imagination in Coleridges writing

7. The rhetoric of (Arch-)Romanticism

8. Empath(et)ic vision and discourse in Romantic poetry

9. The Romantics poetics of metaphor and symbol

10. The ideology of (Arch-)Romanticism

11. Social criticism and revolt in Romantic poetry

12. The Romantic social behaviour between seclusion and communion

13. (Arch-)Romantic metaphysics

14. Self and the universe in Romantic poetry

15. Nature in Wordsworths poetry

16. The metaphysical implications of childhood in theImmortality Ode

17. The definition of beauty in Shelleys poetry

18. Revolutionary themes in Shelleys poetry

19. The sensual and the imaginary in Keats poetry

20. Elusiveness and ambiguity in Keats poems

21. Frankenstein and the myth of creation

22. (Arch-)Realist poetics predilect genre and typical literary (sub)species

23. The psychological profile of (Arch-)Realism

24. The rhetoric of (Arch-)Realism

25. The ideology of (Arch-) Realism

26. Elements of satire in English neo-classical and romantic poetry

27. The status of the woman in Moll Flanders

28. (Arch-)Realist metaphysics

29. Realist elements in English Romanticism

30. The realism of Defoes prose

In Defoes prose we see the society as a continuous conflct between classes ,trying to portray the reality
in a genuine way .realism emphasis on the concrete reality and describe the particular in detail. His
prose values individuals and has highly developed characters.we find in his novels a moral/ethical ideal
which make us emphasis with the characters struggle against society and its norms.

31. The use of the point of view in modern British fiction

The use of point of view in modern British fiction Modern British literature presents certain
characterisctics which makes them modern. The written account of connected events or the narrative
simply put can be broken into three main varieties. They are the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person point of view.
In Defoe's Moll Flanders the first person point of view is used,for example.the first point of view gives a
more credible note and makes you emphatise with characters struggle .

32. (Arch-)Classical poetics predilect genre and typical literary (sub)species

Arch-Classical writes for the benefit of the community and they are guided by the maxim utile cum dulci
(never the other way round).Its purpose is to instruct the reader.Arch-Classical aesthetic is conceived in
the didactic mode (teaching useful truths about man in the world )in order to ensure the traditional
prevalence of docere over both movere and delectare.It promotes knowledge about concrete aspects of
life ,it gives us principles,norms and models.
 The structure of the Arch Classic work can be an essay, a fable ,educational anecdotes ,allegories or a
comedy and the stress it is put on the ending , compiling the meaning of the whole text in the form of a
maxim or a proverb.

33. The psychological profile of (Arch-)Classicism

Arch-Classical mind has an agentive-cognitive(sanguine),down-to-earth attitude and it consists in a

pursuit of social acknowledgement. Arch-classicists search for universal values and attempts to make
good sense of the world by means and practical inttelect .Their chase consists in reason and order. They
are also firmly rooted into textual reality but they appreciate homogeneity and the similarities between
people and things.

34. The rhetoric of (Arch-)Classicism

The rhetoric for an arch-classicist has an appeal for logos and makes use of similes(synecdoche and
metonymy ) ,syllogisms and enthymemes (the figures of similarity or analogy) supported by examples or
topoi in order to create human models of behavior.By their texts ,Arch-Classicists aim for intelligible
meaning and ample suitability..

35. Elements of symmetry and regularity in neo-classical poetry

Neo-classicists employed in their work concepts like symmetry,proportion,unity, harmony which would
facilitate the process of delighting ,educating and correcting the social animal which they believed man to be.
Neo classical poetry appropriates the ordered symmetry of Greek pediments , Roman rotundas and Palladian
windows. We see this in Popes An Essay on Criticism when he compares an effective work of literature
with a well proportioned Dome .Neo-classical adopted the heroic-couplet in their poetry (an important
feauture of neoclassical poetry)consisted of a couplet of end-stopped lines which formed a short stanza and
substituted for the Greek and Latin heroic hexameter.

36. The critical sense in neo-classical writings.

-Sets the rules and laws for some human activity .

-Antological limits cannot be transcended

-explains the virtue that critics must acquire and analyses the role of criticism in civilization

- mock-epic form trivial matters are expressed in grand style and treated as heroic events.

Ex: Rape of the Lock pope suggests that prosperity has produce moral decline
An Essay on Man- attempts like Miltons Paradise Lost to vindicate the ways of God to man but unlike
Milton retells no biblical stories.

37. The ideology of (Arch-) Classicism

At the ideological level, Arch-Classicism is a Liberal concern to preserve the continuity and
homogeneity of society.This ideology imposes rules in life as well and aims to bring order into society.
Liberalims looks for mechanistic order through rational laws and relies on institutions (goverments
,courts of law) ,legislations in order to ensure individual rights .Neo classicist see equality in terms of
opportunities in the pursuit of happiness .

38. (Arch-)Classical metaphysics

The metaphysics/philosophy which defines Arch-Classicism is Humanism (objective- materialism ).

Humanism functions as a Liberal code towards regularized forms of culture. It has an anthropocentric
world view and cherish the idea that universal laws and rules of human behavior represents the road
to the emancipation of the human being.The Humanist does not act outside and against social standards
but participates in governments through representation of shared interests.

39. Popes neo-classical aesthetics

40. Elements of form supporting the critical argument in Popes Essays

An Essay on Man, philosophical essay written in heroic couplets of iambic pentameter

An Essay on Man- explains our place in the Universe through reason and without recourse to the
scriptures

1.episle(our relationship with God _

2.epistle (the psychologically of virtue and vice)

3.epistle (the individuals relationship to society

4 epistle-the way to happiness

An essay on man attepmts like Milton s paradise lost to vindicate the ways of God to man but unlike
Milton retells no biblical stories.

41. Congreves depiction of manners

(The gay life of king Charles the second)

Restoration comedy have generally emphasized on the relationship of the comedies to society, The
immorality,amorality .focus on the predominance of love or sexual affairs , the game of courtship,the
mocking marriage (rake- mistress ; husband- wife) marriage move in the center of interest. Congreve s
comedy s stress on representing not things as they wehere but standards as they ought to be (virtue
is always triumphant and vice defeated ) A strong interest in wit in all its manifestation . emphasise on
morality . the happiness of the characters depends upon wheter the final authority which is imapsed on
the family members is creative or destructive . lady wishffort= the puritan , the totally artificial women ;
mirabell- the reform rake millamant the carefree women,the witty woman ; witwoud false witt ;
relies for comic effect in large part on the wit

42. The battle of the sexes in The Way of the World

43. (Arch-)Mannerist poetics predilect genre and typical literary (sub)species

44. The psychological profile of (Arch-)Mannerism

45. The rhetoric of (Arch-)Mannerism

46. The ideology of (Arch-) Mannerism

47. Irony in Tristram Shandy There are various forms of irony used in Laurence Sternes Tristam
Shandy. The most common are verbal, situational, structural, and historical irony. An example of irony
from the book is the description of Uncle Toby, who is a professional soldier yet he refuses to kill even
a fly. Another is Tristrams promise to tell the reader about his entire life, but only relates to
circumstances of his conception, birth, and accidental circumsition.

Pg. 252 - Irony also comes with the intertextual echoings in the prose style of Coleridge, Lamb, and
Hazlitt, where quotation verges on mannerism in a fashion reminiscent of Sterne. But Bryon is the
absolute master of parodic inter-textuality which he carries on consistently especially in Don Juan. The
English Romantics occasionally tap into a tradition of literary (self-)irony and metaliterature that runs
from the late Renaissance to the most recent post-modern productions

48. Sternes deconstruction of the novel

The best example of how Sterne deconstructs the novel is through his work of Tristram Shandy. Sterne
combines true humor with questionable wit in this novel which embodies all the laws of prose fiction.
Sterne uses different elements to capture the readers attention. A few examples of the different forms
used are his use of the Retardation principles and Impeded Form which delays the what happens next.
Sterne also exaggerates the devices of literature rather than controlling them like other writers.

49. (Arch-) Mannerist metaphysics

50. Mannerist elements in English Romanticism - pg. 250 - 2.3.4. Arch Mannerist Elements : Blake
Taylors Platonism, Wordsworths Immortality Ode, Coleridges Dejection: an Ode or Keatss Ode on a
Grecian Urn, Shelley, Keate

51. Narrative and philosophical irony in Swifts work

52. The function of the theme of the stranger in Gullivers Travels The function of the theme of the
stranger in Gullivers Travels is to find out the reaction of the character in each world he enters. Each
encounter with the different people during his travels serves to pose the question of whether physical
power or moral righteousness should be the governing factor in social life. The character is a stranger in
each world thereby this question is answered differently in each world.

53. Irony in Don Juan Irony in Lord Byrons Don Juan is used to portray morality. The poem should be
viewed as the author intended: a satire on the abuses of the present state of society and not an eulogy
on vice... The morals present are shown in an ironic way. His ironic theme is based on what people think
and what they actually do. In effect it is the masks people wear in public view and carelessly toss away in
private. Hence he shows the immorality in society through their hypocrisy.

54. The function of pilgrimage in Childe Harold - The poem describes the travels and reflections of a
world-weary young man who, disillusioned with a life of pleasure and revelry, looks for distraction in
foreign lands. In a wider sense, it is an expression of the melancholy and disillusionment felt by a
generation weary of the wars of the post-Revolutionary and Napoleonic eras.

55. Blakes use of paradox and irony - Blake using irony as a tool to show his attitude towards religion:

As Tom was a-sleeping he had such a sight,

That thousands of sweepers - Dick, Joe, Ned and Jack -
Were all of them locked up in coffins of black.
And by came an Angel who had a bright key,
And he opened the coffins and set them all free.

The lines show that a lot of children are killed because of chimney sweeping and that the only way that
they are able to be free from chimney sweeping is through death. Blake was consumed by paradoxes
and dichotomies. He saw the world as a balance of light and dark, good and evil, innocence and
experience.
56. The relevance of childhood in Blakes poetry Childhood in his poetry signifies purity and
innocence. To Blake childhood is not an age it is a period of time. To Blake you are a child if you are pure
regardless of your age.

57. Formal features of Blakes poetry Repetition is the most striking formal feature of Blakes poetry.
Imagery is another vital element of many of Blakes poems. An example is The Sick Rose:

O Rose, thou art sick!

The invisible worm
That flies in the night,
In the howling storm,

Has found out thy bed

Of crimson joy,
And his dark secret love
Does thy life destroy.

Imagery, in particular metaphor and simile, is a vital element of many poems.

58. Elements of the fantastic and their function in Coleridges poems

59. Mary Shelley and the gothic fiction

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About Me
Bogdan Stefanescu

is Professor of English and Vice-Dean of the Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literatures at the
University of Bucharest, where he teaches British Literature, Literary Translations, Nationalism Studies,
Comparative Study of Postcommunism & Postcolonialism, and Critical Theory. He is editor-in-chief of
University of Bucharest Review (http://ubr.rev.unibuc.ro/). He was a Fulbright Lecturer at the
Pennsylvania State University in 1996-1997 and acted as deputy director of the Romanian Cultural
Institute in New York between 2005-2007. He is the recipient of fellowships and grants from the British
Council, New Europe College, the University of Stuttgart, the European Council. In May 2009, he was
awarded the "My Bologna Professor" prize by the Romanian National Association of Student
Organizations. (More at http://www.unibuc.ro/prof/stefanescu_b/)

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