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Advanced numerical analysis of steel, concrete

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DOI: 10.1002/cepa.333

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EUROSTEEL 2017, September 1315, 2017, Copenhagen, Denmark

Advanced numerical analysis of steel, concrete and

composite structures under fire conditions
Dalilah Piresa,b, Rafael Cesrio Barrosb, gor Jos Mendes Lemesb, Paulo Anderson Santana
Rochab, Ricardo Azoubel da Mota Silveira*,b
a
Federal University of So Joo del-Rei, DTECH, Campus Alto do Paraopeba, Ouro Branco, MG, Brazil
dalilah@ufsj.edu.br
b
Federal University of Ouro Preto, School of Mines, Department of Civil Engineering, Ouro Preto, MG,
Brazil rafaelcesario@hotmail.com, igorjml@hotmail.com, paulorocha@em.ufop.br, ricardo@em.ufop.br

ABSTRACT
High temperature in common fire causes changes in physical characteristics and mechanical strength
of the materials used in the structures. In both steel and concrete, such characteristics deteriorate
during the exposure to fire, and the structure load capacity and stiffness are reduced significantly with
the increasing temperature. This work is on advanced analysis context of structures under fire, and it
aims to develop a computational system for analysis of steel, concrete and composite structures in
fire situation, based on the finite element method. The use of advanced analysis as a methodology of
analysis/design of structures has various advantages. Among these advantages, there is the capture of
strength limit and stability of a structural system and its members directly, without the need for
separate verification of each member capacity. This provides a more realistic analysis and determine
adequately the performance of a structure in a real fire. To achieve the objective, the CS-ASA
(Computational System for Advanced Structural Analysis) is used and expanded to advanced analysis
of structures in fire situation, taking advantage of existing features and adding new ones. Two new
modules were created: CS-ASA/FA (Fire Analysis) and CS-ASA/FSA (Fire Structural Analysis). The
first aims to determine the temperature field in the cross section of the structural elements by FE
thermal analysis in permanent and transient regimes. The second was created to perform the inelastic
second-order analysis of structures under fire considering the refined plastic hinge method coupled
to strain compatibility method. The adopted numerical methodology is described and, for a more
comprehensive validation of the implemented modules, various structural systems under fire are
analyzed.

Keywords: Fire analysis, steel, Advanced analysis, CS-ASA/FA, CS-ASA/FSA

1 INTRODUCTION
The loss of human life and material caused by out-of-control fires has emphasized the importance of
considering fire security as part of civil engineering design. The building integrity in fire situation
involves the knowledge of the consequences of the structure material temperature elevation. This
knowledge can be achieved through the usage of ever more sophisticated numerical models that
permit increase knowledge of structure behavior when exposed to fire. For example, it is known that
the high temperatures during a fire provoke an alteration in the physical and mechanical behaviors of
the building materials. For both steel and concrete, these characteristics deteriorate when exposed to
fire and the strength, as well as the stiffness, of the structural elements are considerably reduced as
the temperature rises.
Regarding thermal analysis, Landesmann [1] presented an inelastic non-linear model for the analysis
of reticulated steel structures under fire conditions. This author implemented a unidimensional
thermic model using the Finite Element Method (FEM) for the transient analysis of heat transfer.
More recently, the same author performed a transient non-linear analysis of the heat transfer for steel
and concrete composite structures through a discretization in fibers, where each fiber is defined by
the coordinate of its centroid and area [2]. Therefore, it is assumed that the temperature, stress and
strain associated with each fiber is uniform, permitting that the action and deformation be calculated

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using the centroid of the element. During the past few years, intense development and advances have
been observed along this line of research [3-7].
Iu [8], in his thesis, presented a formulation for the analysis of steel structures under fire conditions
via FEM and the Plastic Hinge Method (PHM). The effects of geometric and physical non-linearity
were considered in his analyses, as well as the steel hardness. Other researches based on the PHM
methodology have been developed for structures submitted to high temperatures and can be observed
in [9-10].
The objective of this article is to present two new functions for the CS-ASA (Computational System
for Advanced Structural Analysis) program [11]. The first is denominated CS-ASA/FA (Fire
analysis) [7,12], which is a FEM thermal analysis for permanent and transient regimes. The second
one, CS-ASA/FSA (Fire Structural Analysis) [13], was developed for the inelastic second order
analysis of structures submitted to high temperatures. In this scenario, it is proposed an approach
based on the Strain Compatibility Method (SCM) [14-16] to evaluate the cross section strength level,
axial and bending stiffness of the steel structures under high temperatures [13]. The construction of
the moment-curvature relationship becomes essential for this evaluation. Once considered the tangent
of the moment-curvature relationship, the stiffness depends only on the elasticity model of the
materials, taken from their respective constituted relationships. As such, this methodology is coupled
with the Refined Plastic Hinge Method (RPHM), in which the plasticity is evaluated in nodal terms
using generalized stiffness parameters.
The CS-ASA program has been developed along the years for the study of various non-linear issues,
both in the static and dynamic analysis of steel structures. More recently, the system was expanded
by Lemes [17] for the advanced analysis of concrete and composite structures (steel and concrete).
As such, this program provides the ideal computational base for the development of the models to be
presented. Figure 1 shows the current structure of the CS-ASA program.

Analysis
Geometrical nonlinear*
Physical nonlinear*

Connection flexibility

Interaction
Structural Thermal Thermo-structural
Room temperature CS-ASA/FA CS-ASA/FSA
diagrams
CS-ASA/FSA

Statics* Dynamics* Steady Transient Statics* Room High

Steel Steel state Steel Steel Temperature Temperature
Concrete Steel Concrete Concrete Steel Steel
Composite Concrete Composite Composite Concrete Concrete
Composite Composite Composite

Fig. 1. Type of analysis that can be performed with the CS-ASA

2 THERMAL ANALYSIS
The thermal analysis of a structural element under fire conditions involves determining the
temperature variation or the range of temperatures within the element from the boundary conditions
of the fire model adopted. For this study, we considered the temperature distribution along each
structural element to be uniform and equal to that which was estimated for the cross-section.
Therefore, the thermal analysis is performed exclusively on the cross-sections plane using heat
transfer numerical models that enable the determination of the temperature distribution along
different points of the section.

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The Galerkin method is applied to the FEM context, whereby the equilibrium equation of the transient
heat conduction problem can be written as:
T
C K T R (1)
t

where:
cN Nd define the capacitance matrix (thermal capacity);
T
C

K B DBd h N Nd is the thermal conductivity matrix; and

T T

R Q N d hT N d q N d is the nodal heat flux vector,

T

T
0
T

From these matrices and vectors, is the materials specific mass, c is the specific heat, N is the
interpolation functions matrix, B is the matrix containing the derivatives of the interpolating
functions, D is the thermal conductivity matrix, h is the heat transfer coefficient either by convection
and/or by radiation, q0 is the heat flow registered at a given moment t, and Q is the source of heat.
In order to obtain the solution of Eq. (1) for any finite elements mesh, a time integration numerical
model, based on the Finite Difference Method (Newmark solution) was adopted, as presented in [4,
18-19]. Two procedures for solving the system of equations were adopted: simple incremental and
incremental-iterative. For the latter, the iteration can be performed using the Picard algorithms, also
known as the successive approximation method, and Newton-Raphson [20].
The algorithms solution based on a simple incremental procedure for a transient heat transfer
problem is shown in Table 1. The other procedures for this solution can be seen in Pires [12].

Table 1. Incremental algorithm adopted

1. SOLUTION OF THE HEAT TRANSFER TRANSIENT PROBLEM:
1a. Sets input data, initial and boundary conditions
1b. Do: n = 0; tn = t0 = 0; T = T0
2. INCREMENTAL PROCESS: inc = 1, 2, 3,..., nmax
T
2a. Calculate the capacitance matrix: C = cN N d

T
2b. Calculate the thermal conductivity matrix: K = B DB d h N T N d

2c. Calculate the heat flux vector: R = Q N T d hT N T d q0 N T d


= C tK
2d. Get: K
= C 1 tK T t R
2e. Get: R n n 1 1 Rn
1 R
2f. Solve the system of equations: T n 1 = K
3. GIVE A NEW TIME INCREMENT AND GO TO STEP 2

3 FI RE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
For the inelastic behavior of structures under fire conditions, the basic fundamentals in the RPHM
and SCM strategies have been used. These numerical strategies were adapted from the work
developed by Lemes et al. [16] and Lemes [17], in order to consider the thermal action effect on the
structure, meaning the degradation of the stiffness and strength parameters of the material, as well as
the thermal strain influence when analyzing the cross-section of the element for a determined period
during the fire. In the following sections, a succinct form of coupling RPHM and SCM is
demonstrated. Details for this solution strategy when considering the analysis of structures under fire
conditions can be found in Pires [12] and Barros [13].

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3.1 Finite element formulation via RPHM

The CS-ASA program utilized in the formulation was based on RPHM to simulate the concentrated
plasticity in the nodal points. For such, it was assumed that:
all of the elements are initially straight and prismatic, and that the cross-section remains plane
after deformation;
the local instability effects are neglected;
the structure is perfectly fixed at the orthogonal axis (2D problem);
large displacements and rigid body rotations are allowed; and
shear strain effects are neglected.
For the formulation adopted, we began with a co-rotational reference system, where the beam-column
finite element is delimited by the nodal points i and j (Fig. 2). In this same figure, the internal forces
denominated Mi, Mj and P are shown, as well as the respective degrees of freedom i, j and .

M i, i M j, j

i j P,
Fig. 2. Beam-column finite element

The equilibrium relationship of the finite element illustrated in Fig. 2 is presented in an

incremental form:
P k11 0 0
0
M i k 22 k 23 i (2)
M 0 k 32 k 33 j
j

in which P, Mi and Mj are the axial force and the bending moments increments, and , i and
j are the axial strain and nodal rotations increments, respectively.
The terms related to bending in the stiffness matrix depend on non-linear geometric formulation.
Herein, we adopted the linearized formulation presented by Yang and Kuo [21]. These terms
expressions were also developed taking into their linear variation along of the finite element length,
which can be seen in [12-13, 16].
3.2 Strain compatibility method
When the structural element is submitted to external forces, it deforms, generating internal forces to
balance the system [16]. This strain, at the cross-section level, is approached in the SCM strategy.
For the application of this method, it is supposed that the deformation area is linear and that the
section remains plane after deformation (Fig. 3).
This method seeks to couple the configuration of the deformed section with the composed constitutive
material. Therefore, a cross-section discretization should be defined that can capture the strains in the
most efficient form possible. For this study, was adopted a division of the cross-section area into
fibers, as in [12-13, 16].

Fiber i th
PC PC
i th ,a
Ai

yi
0

Initial Shape
Deformed
Shape

Fig. 3. Linear strain field

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3.3 Moment-curvature relationship

The Newton-Raphson iterative method is used in a localized application at cross-section level, in
order to obtain the moment-curvature relationship ( M ). For a fixed axial force, N, increments are
given at the solicited bending moment until the maximum bending moment is achieved. The
discretization of the cross-section into fibers has the objective of describing the deformation
distribution captured at the axial strain ( i ) in the plastic centroid (PC) of each fiber, and then, through
the constitutive relationships of the materials, obtain the respective stress ( i ).
Therefore, the axial strain in the i th fiber is given by:
i 0 ri y i th , a th yi (3)

where yi is the distance between the plastic centroids of the fiber analyzed and the cross-section; 0
is the axial strain at the PC of the section; ri is the strain due to residual stresses (when considered);
is the respective curvature; th ,a is the thermal axial strain; and th is the curvature from the thermal
strain. The thermal strain is determined according to that presented in Iu [8].
In matrix notation, the variables 0 and are components of the vector representing deformations
acquired using X 0 . Numerically, it can be said that the equilibrium of the cross-section is
T

obtained when the following equation, written in matrix form, is satisfied:

N ext N int
F X f ext f int 0 (4)
M ext M int
In (4), the external force vector fext is given by the axial force, Next, the bending moment by Mext and
the terms Nint and Mint are the components of the internal force vector, fint.
The internal forces are obtained from the deformed configuration of the cross-section through
the classic integrals, given by:
n fib , a

N int a dA
i 1
ai Aai (5)
Aa
n fib ,a

M int a ydA
i 1
ai Aai yai (6)
Aa

with nfib,a being the number of fibers in the steel shape; Ai the area of fiber; yai the position of the fiber
in relation to the Neutral Plastic Line (NPL).
Although it is sufficient to start the process with X = 0, a convergence is only reached in the first
iteration if the external forces are zero. Therefore, for the following iteration, k+1, the strain vector is
calculated as [15]:

1
X k 1 X k F ' X k F Xk (7)

where F ' is the Jacobian matrix for the non-linear problems, i.e.:
N int N int

F 0 (8)
F'
x M int M int

0

Therefore, for a given axial force, the maximum moment of the relationship of the moment-curvature
is obtained, configuring the total plastification of the section. This pair of forces define a point on the
interaction diagram (N-M). Noteworthy is the fact that the interaction curves N-M are obtained in an
independent form in the structural analysis, in order to accelerate the execution of the numerical
simulations. More details on the construction of the N-M interactive curves, considering the structural

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system under fire conditions, as well as the thermal structural problem solution, can be seen in Pires
[12] and Barros [13].
4 NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
This example deals with a thermo-mechanical analysis performed with the use of CS-ASA/FSA for
a fixed-pinned column having a 4 m length. This column is formed by an IPE 360 steel profile and
exposed to fire in accordance with the standard fire curve [22]. The structural system is submitted to
an axial force having a compression that is 30%Py (yield force) and 20% Mp (plastic bending
moment), as illustrated in Fig. 4, where the physical properties and geometric characteristics are also
present.

1200

900
Incremental load P (kN)

0,3Py20 = 545 kN
600 P kN
2700 P y
Start
fire analysis 1800

900

300 0

-900

-1800 Mp
-2700

0 100 200 300

0 M (kNm)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Displacement u (mm)
a) b)
Fig. 4. Column IPE 360: a) Properties, loading and geometry; b) Equilibrium path and yield curve

Fig. 4b displays the columns equilibrium path at room temperature, where the start of the thermal
effect (fire) is highlighted in the structural system (P = 545kN). Notice the significant strength reserve
of the column when the thermo-structural analysis begin.
The thermo-structural analysis of the column is done by taking into consideration two conditions for
cross-sections faces exposed to fire: 3 and 4 faces. The first condition consider a column situated on
the border of a building and admits that the external closing elements partially protect the steel profile
from the fire action. Under the second condition, the whole cross-section of the profile is equally
engulfed by the fire, simulating a column localized in the interior of a building. Initially, a temperature
range is determined in the cross-section (Fig.5). The curves for temperature versus time for three
points in the cross-section are presented in Fig. 5. The results obtained with the CS-ASA/FA model
are compared with the results from the SAFIR software, version 2014.a.1 [23], developed at the
University of Liege.

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1100 1100
Franssen[23] Franssen[23]
1000 Present analysis 1000 Present analysis
900 (2)
900 (2)

800 800
(1)
Temperature (C)

Temperature (C)
(3)
700 700 (1) and (3)

600 600
500 500

400 400

300 300
200 200
100 100
0 0

0 15 30 45 60 0 15 30 45 60
Time (min) Time (min)
Ta) b) c)

Fig. 5. Temperature x time a) 3 faces exposed b) 4 faces exposed c) temperature field

With the temperature range established, a curve is constructed for each time increment which defines
a surface strength that expresses the interaction between the normal force and the bending moment
of the cross-section (N-M interaction curve). The variation of the plastic strength limits for the time
intervals of 0, 10, 20 and 30min, calculated according the recommendations stipulated in EC-3/Parte-
2 [24] and adopted by Landesmann [1], are used for comparison. The curves obtained with the CS-
ASA/FSA modulus are illustrated in Fig. 6.
In Fig. 6c, the curves for 3 and 4 faces are superimposed, where it is possible to observe the influence
of the thermal gradient (3 faces), leading to a variation in the Neutral Plastic Line (NPL) during the
analysis of the structural element under fire conditions. The asymmetry of the N-M curves for 3
exposed-to-fire faces is evidenced in this figure. In addition, it was verified that with the degradation
of the plastic limits of the section, brought upon by the decrease in the strength and stiffness reduction
factors of the material because of the elevation of the temperature, as well as the influence of the
thermal strains, the condition with 4 exposed faces presented slightly greater resistance reduction
levels. This fact can be explained due to the greater average heating of the section, which resulted in
a more accelerated degradation of the material, and consequently diminished the structure bearing
capacity. This behavior can also be verified through the displacement versus time curves illustrated
in Fig. 7. In this figure, notice that the critical time of the fixed-pinned column collapse for the
condition of 3 faces exposed to fire is 22.5 min, and for 4 exposed faces, 11.1 min.
Also in Fig. 7, one can see a distinct behavior between the two conditions (3 and 4 faces) regarding
the horizontal displacement in the center of the column with the increase of fire exposure time. The
thermal gradient that occurs when 3 faces are heated, promotes an accentuated increase in the
displacements until the time of collapse. The same behavior is not observed when 4 faces are exposed.
The results achieved in this study with the CS-ASA/FSA modulus are in good agreement with those
found in literature, especially the results of Franssen [23]. It is important to emphasize that the criteria
of structural collapse was adopted as the displacement reached L/20 (gap/20). This criteria is correctly
adopted in the definition of structural failure in structural tests [1].

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PyPy PyPy PyPy

1 0 a 7m in
1 0 a 7m in
1 0 a 7min
10m in
9m in Critical time
9m in 20m in
30m in
10m in
10m in
0,5 0,5 0,5
Critical time
Critical time
20m in
24m in 24m in
27m in 27m in
15m in 14min 20m in
14m in
0 030min 0
30min 15m in

-0,5 -0,5 -0,5

Landesmann [1] Landesmann [1] 4 faces

Present analysis Present analysis 3 faces
-1 -1 -1
0 0,5 1 0 0,5 1 0 0,5 1
MpMp20 MpMp20 MpMp20
a) b) c)

Fig. 6. Yield curve: a) 3 faces exposed; b) 4 faces exposed; c) both 3 and 4 faces exposed

70 70
65 Franssen [23] 65 Franssen [23]
Landesmann [1] Landesmann [1]
60 60
Present analysis Present analysis
55 55
50 50
Displacement u (mm)

Displacement u (mm)

45 45
40 40
35 35
30 Critical 30 Critical
time time
25 25
20 20
15 15
10 10
5 5
0 0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time (min) Time (min)
a) b)
Fig. 7. Displacement x time: a) 3 faces exposed; b) 4 faces exposed

5 CONCLUSIONS
The present study had as objective to present two new functions for the CS-ASA computational
program: the fire analysis modulo (CS-ASA/FA) and the fire-structural analysis modulo (CS-
ASA/FSA). For this, a fixed-pinned steel column was submitted to compression and bending, and
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exposed to fire on 3 and 4 faces. The performed thermal analysis proved to be efficient for obtaining
the temperature range, which is fundamental for performing the thermal-structural analysis. The
thermo-structural analysis, which is an inelastic second-order analysis under high temperatures, was
executed for both 3 and 4 faces fire exposure situations, and the results obtained were in good
agreement with those found in literature. The critical fire resistance time encountered for both
exposed faces was relatively close, which could be justified by the relatively thin plates of which the
IPE 360 profile is made, and by the high thermal conductivity of the steel which promotes temperature
homogenization.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the computational implementations performed on CS-ASA
program, allowing two more analysis possibilities, have been a success. Others applications using
these new CS-ASA moduli can be found in [7; 12-13]. In addition, this study emphasizes the
possibility of obtaining only the interaction diagrams (N-M) for steel cross-sections, which is
fundamental for engineering practice design. Applications for concrete and composite (steel-
concrete) structures are in tests and should appear in future authors publications.

6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank CAPES and CNPq (Federal Research Agencies), FAPEMIG (Minas
Gerais Research Agency), Fundao Gorceix and UFOP for their support during the preparation of
this research work. They also thank Harriet Reis for the review in the English text.

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