Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
By:
GROUP 1
CLASS III D
FATMAWATI
Reg. No. 12091607832
JONI ISKANDAR
Reg. No. 12091607837
VIVI WULANDARI
Reg. No. 12091607853
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
If you are a really ambitious learner of English, the sentence that you probably
most dread to hear from a stranger is "Your English is very good!" This may sound
like a compliment, but in fact it means that the person you are talking to has realized
that English is not your first language. It is possible that your grammar, pronunciation
and intonation are perfect, but you still don't sound like a native speaker. This may be
because you don't use the many of the idioms and phrasal verbs that are so prevalent
in spoken English, or because you don't know how to use dependent clauses.
A dependent clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb. It does not express
a complete thought so it is not a sentence and cant stand alone. These clauses
include adverb clauses, adjective clauses and noun clauses.
B. Formulation of Problems
1. What are definitions of dependent clause?
2. What are noun clauses?
3. What are adjective clauses?
4. What are adverbial clauses?
5. What are the differentiations among those three clauses?
C. Objective of Problem
1. To understand definition of dependent clause.
2. To know what noun clauses are.
3. To know what adjective clauses are.
4. To know what adverbial clauses are.
5. To know the differentiations among those three clauses
1
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition
A clause is any structure that contains its own verb. A clause that cand stand on its
own is called an independent clause. A dependent clause or subordinate clause is one
that can not stand alone as gramaticcally entity. 1 It does not express a complete
thought so it is not a sentence and cant stand alone. These clauses include Noun
clauses, adjective clause and adverbial clause. A dependent clause at the beginning of
a sentence is usually followed by a comma. However, when a dependent clause
appears at the end of a sentence, it's not usually set off with a comma.2
1
Lynn M. Berk, English Syntax (From Word Discourse ), (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999) , p.217
2
Richard Nordquist, Dependent Clause Definition and Examples from https://www.thoughtco.com/dependent-clause-
grammar-1690437 retrieved September 21, 2017
3
Betty Schramfer Azar, Understanding and Using English Grammar (Second Edition), (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1989) ,
p. 263
2
a. Noun clauses which begin with a question word
Examples:
Question Noun Clause
1) Where does she live? 1) I dont know where she lives.
2) What did he say? 2) I couldnt hear what he said.
3) When do they arrive? 3) Do you know when they arrive?
4) Who lives there? 1) I dont know who lives there.
5) What happened? 2) Please tell me what happened.
6) What did she say? 1) What she said surprised me.
7) What should they do? 2) What they should do is
obvious.4
2. Adjective Clause
An adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes,
identifies, or gives further information about a noun.7
4
Ibid p.264
5
Ibid p.268
6
Ibid p.270
7
Ibid p.238
3
a. Using Subject Pronouns: who, which, that
examples:
1) I thanked the woman who helped me.
2) I thanked woman that helped me.
3) The book which is on the table is mine.
4) The book that is on the table is mine.
In 1): I thanked the woman = an independent clause
Who helped me = an adjective clause
Note: (1) and (2) have the same meaning
(3) and (4) have the same meaning8
c. Using Whose
Whose is used to show possesion. It carries the same meaning as other
possesive pronouns use as adjectives.10
Examples:
1) I know the man whose bycycle was stolen..
2) The students whose composition I read writes well.
d. Using where
Where is used in adjective clause to modfy a place (city, country, room, house,
etc.)11
Examples:
1) The building where he lives is very old
2) The city where we spent our vacation was beautiful
8
Ibid
9
Ibid p.239
10
Ibid p.240
11
Ibid p.243
4
e. Using when
When is uses in an adjective clause to modify a noun of time (year, day, time,
country, etc.)12
Examples:
1) Ill never forget the day when I met you.
2) 1960 is the year when the revolution took place.
3. Adverbial Clause
In an adverbial clause, a special introductory word is added to a full subject-
predicate structure. This introductory word requires the clause to be attched to
another full predication, the main clause.13
Most type of adverbial clause are considered as the modifying the verb of the
main clause, some more loosely than others. A few types such as clause of time or
clause of place, are sometimes interpreted as modifiers of the entire sentence.14
a. Adverb clauses of condition
Adverb clauses of condition present posible conditions. The main
clause expresess results. 15
12
Ibid
13
Marcella Frank, Modern English ( a Practical Reference Guide). (New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 1972), p. 234
14 Ibid
15 Betty Schramfer Azar, op.cit p. 330
16
Ibid
5
a) Eventually. If, in the even (that), in case
Possibility
The realization of the condition is open to chance; the condition may or
may not be realized.
Examples:
Ill be at my uncles house in case you should need to reach me.
In the event that you should need to reach me, Ill be at my uncles
house.
Necessity
The use of such condition is common in mathematics and logic.
Examples:
If a figure is square, it has four right angles
If this creature is a man, he is mortal
If it rains, the streets get wet
b) Provisionality. If, provided (that), on condition that, only if, as long as
The condition is a stipulation, a requirement, or a demand that expect to
be met
You will have no trouble with these plants provided that you water
them regularly
The striker will go back to work only if they get the raise they are
asking for
As long as they are back in the domitory by midnight, students may
go wherever they like
c) Supposition. If, suppose (that), supposing (that).
Suppose that you are elected. What will you do for constituents?
Suppose that your house burns down, do you have enough insurance
to cover such a loss
d) Whether or not, even if
Whether or not and even if expresse the idea that neither this condition nor
that condition matters; the result will be the same.17
Im going to go swimming tomorrow whether or not it is cold
Even if the wheter is cold, Im going to go swimming
17
Betty Schramfer Azar, Op.cit, p. 331
6
2) Untrue (contrary to fact) in the present or future
Examples:
a) If I taught this class, I wouldnt give test
b) If he were here right now, he would help us
c) If I have enough apples, I will bake an apple pie this afternoon18
18
Ibid p.348
19
Ibid p.349
20
Fuad Masud, Essential of English Grammar (A Practical Guide), (Yogyakarta: BPEE, 1996 , p. 213
21
Betty Schramfer Azar, op.cit p. 298
7
d. Using adverb clauses to show cause and effect relationships
Examples:
1) Because he was sleepy, he went to bed
2) Since hes not interested in classical music, he decided not go to the
concert.
3) Now that the semester is finished, Im going to rest a few days and then
take a trip.22
22
Ibid p.303
23
Johanson , Daily Grammar from http://www.dailygrammar.com/lesson-276-clause-review.htm retrieved
September 21, 2017
8
CHAPTER III
CONCLUSSION
A dependent clause or subordinate clause is one that can not stand alone as
gramaticcally entity. It does not express a complete thought so it is not a sentence and
cant stand alone. These clauses include Noun clauses, adjective clause and adverbial
clause. A noun is used as a subject or an object. A noun clause is used as a subject or
an object. In other words, a noun clause is used in the same ways as a noun. An
adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun. It describes, identifies, or
gives further information about a noun. An adverb clause is a dependent clause that
modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb. It usually modifies the verb. Main
differences among those three clauses are The adjective clause is used to modify a
noun or a pronoun. It will begin with a relative pronoun. A noun clause can be defined
as a dependent clause that acts as a noun or pronoun. An adverb clause is a dependent
clause that modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb.
9
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Azar, Betty Schramfer. 1989. Understanding and Using English Grammar (Second
Edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
Berk, Lyn M. 1999. English Syntax (From Word Discourse). New York: Oxford
University Press
Frank, Marcella. 1972. Modern English ( a Practical Reference Guide). New Jersey:
Prentice Hall.
Johanson. 2004. Daily Grammar. From http://www.dailygrammar.com/lesson-276-
clause-review.htm retrieved September 21, 2017
10