Page 1 of 34

Chapter 6 Functions

Try these 6.1

(a) This relation is a function.

(b) This relation is not a function since e does not map onto any values in the range.
(c) 1 7 and 1 8, Since 1 maps onto two different values, this relation is not a function.

Try these 6.2

(a) x 4 must be positive in order to find a real solution for (x 4)

x 4 0, x 4
Hence, domain is x: x , x 4
Range is y
(b) x + 1 > 0, x > -1
Hence, domain is x: x , x > -1
Range is y
(c) Domain is x
As x , ex , y
As x , ex 0, y 1
Range is y: y , y > 1

Exercise 6A

1 (a) This is not a function since 7 8 and 7 9

i.e. the value in the domain maps onto two different values in the range.
(b) This relation is a function and the mapping is:
12
12
38
38
(c) Not a function since c maps onto two different values.
(d) This relation is a function and the mapping is:
12
24
36
48
2 (a) This is a function {(a,1), (b,1), (c,2), (d,3)}
(b) This is not a function since t maps onto two different values.
(c) This is a function since each value in the domain maps onto one value in the range.
{(2, a), (4, b), (6, c), (8, d), (10, c), (12, b)}
3 g(x) = 4x5
(a) x = 0, g(x) = 5
x = 1, g(x) = 4 5 = 1
x = 2, g(x) = 8 5 = 3

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x = 3, g(x) = 12 5 = 7
x = 4, g(x) = 16 5 = 11
Range of g is {5, 1, 3, 7, 11}
(b) {(0, 5), (1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 7) (4, 11)}
4 f (x) = x+2 if x 2
x1 if x 8
(x + 1)2 if 2 x 8
(a) f (4) = 4 + 2 = 2
(b) f (9) = 9 1 = 8
(c) f (2) = (2 + 1)2 = 9
(d) f (8) = (8 + 1)2 = 81
5 f(x) = 5x 2, x

(a) Any line y = c drawn parallel to the x-axis will cut the graph only once.
f (x) is one-to-one.
(b) Any line drawn parallel to the x-axis cuts the graph at least once (exactly once in this case):
for every y there is a corresponding x mapping onto it. Hence f(x) is an onto function.
1
6 f (x) =
x4
1
f (a) =
a4
1
f (b) =
b 4
f (a) = f (b)
1 1
=
a4 b4
a4=b4
a= b
Since f (a) = f (b) a = b
f (x) is one-to-one or injective
7 g:
Let us draw the graph of g (x) and use the graph to answer both (a) and (b)
g (x) = x + 2, x 0
g (x) = x, x < 0

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(a) g (x) is injective since every x maps onto one and only one y
(b) g (x) is not surjective since there are no x-values mapping onto the y-values from 0 to 2
8 g(x) = (x 2)2

Any line drawn parallel to the x-axis will cut the graph at least once for y +
Hence every y has a corresponding x mapping onto. Therefore g (x) is surjective.
9 (a) f(x) = x2 + 2, x 0
x + 2, x < 0

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Any line drawn parallel to the x-axis cuts the graph once.
Hence f(x) is one-to-one and onto
f (x) is bijective
(b) Let y = x2 + 2
To find the inverse, let
x = y2 + 2
y2 = x 2
y=x2
Since the range of f(x) 0,
f-1 (x) = x 2 for x 2
Let y = x + 2
x=y+2
y=x2

f1 (x) = x 2, x 2

x - 2, x 2
10

(a) Since a line drawn parallel to the x-axis cuts the graph at most once g(x) is one-to-one.
(b) When y = 0, there is no x-value mapping onto it

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Hence y is not surjective.

11 f (x) = 2x + 1, x 0
x 1, x 0

From the graph there are no x-values mapping onto y from 1 to 1 Hence f (x) is not surjective.
For f (x) to be bijective , f (x) must be both injective and surjective.
f (x) is not bijective.
12 (a)

(b) Any line drawn parallel to the x-axis for y > 4 will cut the graph twice.
Hence f (x) is not injective.
Any line drawn parallel to the x-axis for y < 4 will not cut the graph, hence f (x) is not
surjective.
(c) g: x x2 + 4, x 0, f (x) 4
(d) y = x2 + 4
x = y2 + 4
y2 = x 4
y= x4

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 6 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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Hence g1(x) = x4,x4

13 (a) 1 and 4, since the same x-value maps onto two different y-values, g is not a
function. Also has no value assigned to it.
(b) Removing the mapping 4, and assigning 3
we have f: {(, 1), (, 2), (, 3), (, 4), (, 2), (, 3)}

Try these 6.2

(a) This relation is a function.

(b) This relation is not a function since e does not map onto any values in the range.
(c) 1 7 and 1 8, Since 1 maps onto two different values, this relation is not a function.

Exercise 6B

1 f(x) = 4x 2
g(x) = 6x +1
gf = g(4x 2) gf: x 24x11
= 6 (4x 2) + 1
= 24x 11
fg = f (6x + 1) fg: x 24x + 2
= 4 (6x + 1) 2
= 24x + 2
2 f(x) = 3x + 5
g(x) = 2x2 + x + 1
gf = g (3x + 5) gf: x 18x2 63x + 56
= 2(3x + 5)2 + 3x + 5 + 1
= 2 [9x2 + 30x +25] + 3x + 6
= 18x2 + 63x + 56
fg = f (2x2 + x + 1) fg : x 6x2 + 3x + 8
= 3(2x2 + x + 1) + 5
= 6x2 + 3x + 8
3 f(x) = x + 4
2
g(x) =
x
2
gf = g (x + 4) =
x+ 4
2 2
fg = f = +4
x x

2
gf: x ,x4
x+ 4
2
fg: x + 4, x 0
x
4 f(x) = 1 + 5x

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x1
g(x) =
x -1
gf = g(1 + 5x)
1 5x 1

1 5x -1
5x + 2
=
5x
x + 1
fg = f
x -1
x + 1
=1+5
x -1
x 1 5x + 5
=
x -1
6x + 4
=
x -1
5x + 2
gf: x ,x 0
5x
6x+4
fg: x ,x 1
x-1
5 g(x) = 2x 1
g2 = g (2x1) = 2(2x1) 1 = 4x 3
g3 = gg2 = g (4x 3) = 2(4x 3) 1 = 8x 7
x
6 g(x) =
2x+1
x
x
g2 = g 2x + 1

2x + 1 2x
1
2x + 1
x
2x + 1
=
2x + 2x + 1
2x + 1
x 1 1
= ,x ,x
4x + 1 2 4
x x x x 1 1 1
4x 1 4x + 1 , x ,x ,x

g3 = g

4x + 1

2x 2x + 4x + 1 6x + 1

2 4 6

1
4x 1 4x + 1
2x + 1
7 g(x) =
x +1
2x + 1
g2 = g
x +1
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2x + 1
2 1
x +1
=
2x + 1
1
x +1
4x+ 2 + x + 1
x +1
=
2x +1 + x +1
x +1
5x + 3 x 1
=
x + 1 3x+ 2
5x + 3 2
= , x 1, x
3x + 2 3
5x 3
g3 = g
3x 2
5x + 3
1
2 3x + 2
=
5x + 3
1
3x + 2
10x + 6 + 3x + 2
3x + 2
=
5x + 3 + 3x + 2
3x + 2
13x + 8 2 5
= ,x 1,x ,x .
8x + 5 3 8
3
8 g(x) =
4x 2
3
g2 = g
4x 2
3
=
12
2
4x 2
3
12 8x + 4
=
4x 2
3(4x 2)
=
16 8x
6(2x 1)
=
x
3(2x 1)
=
4(2 x)

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3(2x )
g3 = g
4(2 x)
3
=
6x 3
2
2x
3(2 x)
=
6x 3 4 + 2x
3(2 x)
=
8x 7
9 g(x) = x2 + 2x + 3
h(x) = x 2
gh = g (x 2)
= (x 2)2 + 2(x 2) + 3
= x2 4x + 4 + 2x 4 + 3
= x2 2x + 3
hg = h (x2 + 2x + 3)
= x2 + 2x + 3 2
= x2 + 2x + 1
Now gh = hg
x2 2x + 3 = x2 + 2x + 1
2 = 4x
1
x=
2
10 f(x) = 3x 4
x
g(x) =
x +2

fg = f x 3x
= 4

x +2 x +2
3x 4x
=
x +2
x 8
=
x +2
gf = g (3x 4)
3x 4 3x 4
=
3x 4 + 2 3x 2
fg = gf
x 3x 4

x 3x 2
(x 8) (3x 2) = (3x 4) (x + 2)
x2 + 2x 24x + 16 = 3x2 + 6x 4x 8
6x2 + 24x 24 = 0
x2 + 4x 4 = 0
(x2)2 = 0, x = 2

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11 (a) y = 4x 3
x = 4y 3
x3
y
4
x3
f1: x
4
5
(b) y=
x2
5
x=
y2
xy 2x = 5
5 2x
y=
x
5 2x
f :x
1
,x0
x
3x 1
(c) y=
x
3y 1
x=
y
xy + 2x = 3y 1
xy 3y = 1 2x
y(x 3) = 1 2x
1 2x
y=
x3
2x + 1
=
3x
2x + 1
f 1: x ,x3
3x
12 (a) 4x2 + 12x + 3 = a(x + b)2 + c
= ax2 + 2abx + ab2 + c.
Equating coefficients:
a=4
12 3
2ab = 12 8b = 12, b = =
8 2
2
3
ab2 + c = 3 4 + c = 3, c = 6
2
Hence 2
3
4x2 + 12x + 3 = 4
x+ 6
2
The range of the function is y 6
(b)

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A line y = c drawn parallel to the x-axis cuts the graph more than once hence the function is
not one-to-one and therefore has no inverse.
4x 1
13 (a) f(x) =
3x + 2
4x 1
Let y =
3x + 2
4y 1
x=
3y + 2
x (3y + 2) = 4y 1
3xy + 2x = 4y 1
3xy 4y = 2x 1
y(3x 4) = 2x 1
2x 1
y=
3x 4
1 2x
=
4 3x
1 2x 4
f1 (x) = ,x
4 3x 3
1 12
f (1) = =3
43
12 1
f1 (1) =
43 7
1
(b) f (x) = x
1 2x
=x
4 3x
1 + 2x = x(4 3x)
1 + 2x = 4x 3x2
3x2 2x + 1 = 0
2 4 12
x=
6
2 8
=
6

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Since 8 is not real

there is no real x for which
f1 (x) = x
4x
14 f (x) = , g(x) = x + 4
x +1
(a) k = 1
(b) fg = f(x + 4)
4(x 4)
=
x41
4x 16
=
x5
fg is not defined when x = 5
4x
(c) Let y =
x +1
4y
x=
y +1
xy + x = 4y
xy 4y = x
y(x 4) = x
x x
y=
x4 4x
x
1
f (x) = ,x 4
4x
a
(d) f1 (a) = , g(1) 3
4a
a
3 a = 12 3a, 4a = 12, a = 3
4a

Try these 6.3

x 1
(a) y=
x 2
1
x2x1
x2
3
3
y=1+
x2
1
f(x) =
x

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1
f(x 2) =
x2
3
3 f(x 2) =
x2
3
1 + 3 f(x 2) = 1 +
x2
1
is shifted to the right by 2 units and stretched along the y-axis by factor 3. This graph is then
x
moved upwards by 1 unit.
2x 1
(b) y=
x 1
2
x 1 2x 1
2x 2
1
1
y=2
x1
1 1 1
f(x) = f (x + 1) f (x + 1) =
x x1 x1
1
2 f(x + 1) = 2
x1
1
is shifted to the left by 1 unit, then reflected in the x-axis and moved upwards by 2 units.
x

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 6 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

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Exercise 6c

2
y = 2 f(x)

y = f(x) 4

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4 2x2 4x + 6
= 2(x2 2x) + 6
= 2 (x 1)2 + 6 2
= 2(x 1)2 + 4
y = 2(x 1)2 + 4
Starting with y = x2, shift to the right by 1 unit, then stretch along the y-axis by factor 2 and up the
y-axis by 4 units.

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5
1
x2x1
x2
1
1
y=1
x2
1
f(x) =
x
1
f(x + 2) =
x +2
1
f(x + 2) =
x +2
1
1 f(x + 2) = 1
x +2

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1
Transformations are: shift to the left by 2 units followed by a reflection in the x-axis and a
x
translation upwards by 1 unit.
6 (a)

(b)

(a)

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(b)

(c)

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9
3
x 2 3x 1
3x 6

5
y=3
x +2
1
Shift to the left by 2 units, reflect in the x-axis and stretch by factor 5 units along the y-axis
x
finally 2move upwards by 3 units.
2x 8x 9
y 2

10

x 4x + 4
2
x2 4x + 4 2x2 8x 9
2x2 8x + 8
1
1
y=2+
x 4x + 4
2

2 1
(x 2)2
1
Shift to the right by 2 units move upwards by 2 units
x

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4x 2
11 (a) y=
x4
4
x 4 4x 2
4x 16
14
14
y=4+
x4

4x2 4x 2
(b) y=
4x2 4x + 1
1
4x2 + 4x 1 4x2 + 4x 2
4x2 + 4x 1
1
1
y=1+
4x2 4x 1

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1 1
= 1+ 1 2
(2x + 1)2 1
4 x +
2

Review Exercise 6

1 (a) Function
(b) Not a function, since a maps onto two different values and d has no correspondence
(c) Function
(d) Function
(e) Not a function since has no corresponding mapping.
(f) Function
2 (a) Function
(b) Function
(c) Not a function since 6 7 and 6 8. Every value in the domain must map onto one value
in the range.
(d) Not a function since c d and c e
3 f(x) = 4x 3
f(4) = 16 3 = 13
f(3) = 12 3 = 15
1

f =23=1
2

1 7
f
1 = 3=

2 2

7
Images are 13, 15, 1,
2

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3
4 f(x) = 4 x
4
3 13
(a) f(1) = 4 =
4 4
3 5
(b) f(2) = 4 =
2 2
3
(c) f (0) = 4 (0) = 4
4
3
(d) f (4) = 4 (4) = 1
4
5 f (x) = 3x 7
g(x) = 4x + 2
(a) f(0) + g(2) = 3(0) 7 + 4(2) + 2
=3
(b) 2 f(3) + g(1)
= 2[3(3) 7] + 4(1) + 2
= 4 + 4 + 2 = 10
(c) 2 f(1) 3 g (2)
= 2 [3 7] 3[8 + 2]
= 8 30
= 38
(d) 4 f(1) + 3g ( 2)
= 4 [3 7] + 3[ 8 + 2]
= 40 18
= 58
1 3
6 (a) f(x) = x +
2 4
5 2
g(x) = x +
6 3
f(x) = g(x)
1 x+ 3 = 5 x+ 2
2 4 6 3
3 2 = 2 x
4 3 6
1 2
= x
12 6
1
x=
4
1
(b) f(x) = x
4
1 3 1
x+ = x
2 4 4
1 3
x=
4 4
x=3

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(c) f(2x) = 3g (x)

1
(2x) +
3 5 2
= 3 x+
2 4 6 3
3 5
x = x+2
4 2
3 3
2= x
4 2
5 3
x
4 2
5
x=
1 6
(d) f x 1

=g
x
2 4
1 1 3 51 2
x + = x

2 2 4 6 4 3

1 3
x+ 5 x+ 2
4 4 24 3
1 5 x=23
x
4 24 3 4
1 1
x=
24 12
x=2
7 (a) f(x) = 4x + 1, 2 x 2
x = 2, f(x) = 8 + 1 = 9
x = 2, f(x) = 8 + 1 = 7
Range : 7 y 9

(b) f (x) = 2 3x, 1 x 1

x = 1, f (x) = 2 3 = 1
x = 1, f (x) = 2 3( 1) = 5
Range : 1 y 5

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(-1,5)

(c) f(x) = 2 + x, x 1
Range : y 3

(d) f(x) = 3x + 6, x 0
x = 0, f(x) = 6
Range : y 6

8 (a) f(x) = x2 4
Domain: x
Range: y4
(b) f (x) = x2 + 2x + 3
= (x + 1)2 + 2
Min pt. at (1, 2)
Domain: x
Range: y2
(c) f(x) = 4x2 + x + 1

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1
= 4 x2 x + 1
4 2
1 17
= 4 x +
8 16
1 17
Max pt. at ,
8 16
Domain: x
17
Range: y
16
(d) f (x) = (x2 + 3x) + 5

2
3
= x 2 + 5 + 4
9


3 +29
2

= x
2 4

Max pt at 3 , 29

2 4
Domain: x
29
Range: y
4
9 (a) Minimum value = 1
When x = 2
(b)

2
10 (a) y=1
x
Rearrange to make x the subject
2 2
1y= ,x=
x 1 y
Domain: x , x 0
Range: y , y 1
4x + 2
(b) y=
x

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y(x 3) = 4x + 2
xy 4x = 2 + 3y
2 3y
x=
y4
Domain: x , x 3
Range: y , y 4
(c) y = x 4
y2 = x 4
x = y2 + 4
Domain: x , x 4
Range: y , y 0
11 f(x) = 6x + 2
g(x) = 7x 1
fg = f (7x 1)
= 6(7x 1) + 2
= 42x 4
gf= g (6x + 2)
= 7 (6x + 2) 1
= 42x + 13
fg(0) = 42(0) 4 = 4
fg(2) = 42( 2) 4 = 84 4 = 88
gf(0) = 42(0) + 13 = 13
gf ( 2) = 42( 2) + 13 = 84 + 13 = 71
12 g(x) = x + 3
gh = x2 + 3x 2
h = g1 (x2 + 3x 2)
Let y = x + 3
x=y+3
y=x3
g1 (x) = x 3
h(x) = x2 + 3x 2 3
= x2 + 3x 5
x1
13 fg =
x2
x 1
g = f 1
x 2
f(x) = 4x 2
y = 4x 2
x = 4y 2
x2
y=
4
1 x2
f (x) =
4

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x1
2
x2
g=
4
x 1 2x 4
=
4(x + 2)
3x + 5
=
4(x + 2)
3
14 f(x) = ,x1
x +1
g(x) = 4x 2
(a) (i) fg = f (4x 2)
3
=
4x
3 ,x1,x1
=
4x 4
3
(ii) gf = g
x 1
3
=4 2

x 1
12
= 2
x1
12 2x 2
=
x +1
10 2x
= ,x 1
x +1
(b) fg = gf
3 10 2x

4x 1 x +1
3(x + 1) = (10 2x) (4x 1)
3x + 3 = 40x 10 8x2 + 2x
8x2 39x + 13 = 0
b2 4a c = ( 39)2 4(8) (13)
= 1105
Since b2 4ac 0 there are two real and distinct solutions to fg = gf
6
15 f(x) = ,xk
x3
g(x) = 5x 3
(a) k = 3
6
(b) (i) gf = g
x 3

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30
= 3
x3
30
gf: x 3 , x , x 3
x3
6
(ii) y =
x3
6
x=
y3
xy 3x = 6
xy = 6 + 3x
6 3x
y=
x
6 3x
f (x) : x
1
,x0
x
(c) y = 5x 3
x = 5y 3
x3
y=
5
1 x3
g (x) =
5
1 7
g (4) =
5
7
fg 1 (4) = f

4
6
= 7
3
5
15
=
4
4x + 1
16 y=
3x
4y + 1
x=
3y
3xy 2x = 4y + 1
3xy 4y = 2x + 1
y (3x 4) = 2x + 1
2x 1
y=
3x 4
2x 1 4
f :x
1
,x
3x 4 3
2(2) 1 5
(a) f 1 (2) =
3(2) 4 2

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(b)
1 4 12 1 3
f = 6
2
3 2
1 1
2 2
1 24 1 23

ff = f( 6) =
2 18 2 20

(c) ff 1 (4) = 4
2(4) 1 9
or f 1 (4) =
3(4) 4 8
9
4 1
9
1 (4) = f = 8
ff
8 9

3 2
8
11
2
11
8
=4
2
17 f(x) =
x1
g(x) = x2 1
2
(a) f(3) = 1
31
g(1) = 1
1
gf (3) =
5
1
1=
5
1
=1
5
(b) f2 (x) = ff (x)
2
= f
x
2
2
1
x1
2
2 x +1

x1
2x 2
,x 3
x
Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 6 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013
 Page 30 of 34

a = 2, b = 2
c=1,d=3
18 f(x) = 3x 2, x
2
g(x) = , x , x 2
x2
(a) y = 3x 2
x = 3y 2
x2
y=
3
1 x2
f (x) =
3
2
y=
x2
2
x=
y2
xy 2x = 2
2 2x
y=
x
2 2x
1
g (x) = ,x0
x
(b) fg (x) = x
2
f =x
x 2
6 2x

x2
6 2(x 2) = x (x 2)
6 2x + 4 = x2 2x
x2 = 10
x = 10
(c)

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 6 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 31 of 34

19 (a) k=3
(b) fg = f(2x + 1)
3
=
2x + 1 + 3
3
=
2x + 4
3
fg : x , x , x 2
2x + 4
fg is not defined at x = 2
3
(c) y=
x3
3
x=
y3
xy + 3x = 3
3 3x
y=
x
3 3x
1
f (x) = ,x0
x
(d) f 1 (a) = g(4)
3 3a
= 2(4) + 1
a
3 3a = 9a
12a = 3
1
a=
4
4x x+
20 (a) f(x) = , g(x) =
x x
4x
y=
x

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 6 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 32 of 34

4y
x=
y
xy x = 4y
xy 4y = x
x
y=
x
x
f 1 (x) =
x
x
f 1: x , x , x 4.
x
5
(b) f 1 (5) = = 5.
54
g(5) = 5.
5
=5
5
= 20.
21 (a) 3x2 + 12x + 5 = a (x + b)2 + c
= ax2 + 2abx + ab2 + c
Coefficient of x2 : a = 3
Coefficient of x: 2ab = 12
b=2
Constants: ab2 + c = 5
12 + c = 5
c=7
3x2 + 12x + 5 = 3 (x + 2)2 7
(i) y7
(ii) x = 0, f(0) = 3(2)2 7 = 5

The line y = c, c > -7, cuts the graph more than once f(x) is not one-to-one.
(b) g(x) = 3 (x + 2)2 7, x 2
(i) k=2
(ii) y = 3(x + 2)2 7

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 6 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 33 of 34

x = 3(y + 2)2 7
x7
(y + 2)2 =
3
x7
y+2=
3
x7
y=2
3
x7
g 1 (x) = 2 +
3
22 (a) f(1) = 4(1) 1 = 3
(b) f(35) = 2(35) + 5 = 12
(c) f(5) = 52 + 3 = 28
1
(d) ff 1 = f(1) = 4 1 = 3

= f 4

1
2 2
2
23 For x 0 ; Gradient = =1
2
Equation: y 2 = 1(x 0)
y=x+2
For x = 1, y = 2
40 4
For x 1 , Gradient =
4 1 3
4
y 4 = (x 4)
3
4 16
y= x +4
3 3
4 4
y= x
3 3

x + 2, x

f(x) = x =1
4 4
x ,x
3 3

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 6 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013

 Page 34 of 34

24

Unit 1 Answers: Chapter 6 Macmillan Publishers Limited 2013