Metrology lecture-2:

Angular
Measurement

IE 441: Metrology and Instrumentations

Dr. Belal Gharaibeh
Fall 2011
UOJ
October 27, 2011
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 Angles, minutes and seconds
Circles are divided into 360 equal parts,
each being a degree.
Each of these degrees can be evenly
divided into 60 equal parts. These parts are
called minutes.
These minutes can be evenly divided into
60 equal parts. These parts are called
minutes.

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 Relations for degree conversion

1 Circle = 360 Degrees ( 360 )

1 Degree ( 1 ) = 1/360th of a Circle

1 Degree ( 1) = 60 Minutes ( 60' )

1 Minute ( 1' ) = 1/60th of a Degree

1 Minute ( 1') = 60 Seconds ( 60" )

1 Second ( 1" ) = 1/60th of a Minute

Minutes and seconds can each be expressed as

decimal or fractional degrees.

1 Minute ( 1' ) = 1/60th of a Degree = 0.01667

1 Second ( 1" ) = 1/60th of a Minute = 0.01667'

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 Examples for decimal conversion

Change 625' to decimal degrees

Divide the minutes by 60

25 /60 = 0.4167

Add 0.4167 to 6 = 6.4167

Final answer:
625' = 6.4167
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 Conversion to decimal degrees

Change 2752'35" to decimal degrees:

1. Divide the seconds by 60, add to minutes
35 /60 = 0.5833
Add to the 52 minutes, it becomes 52.5833'
2. Divide the minutes by 60, add to degrees
52.5833 / 60 = .8764
Add to the 27 degrees, it becomes 27.8764

Final answer: 2752'35" = 27.8764

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Conversion from decimal to degree,
minutes and seconds
Change 47.75 to degrees, minutes,
and seconds
Multiply the decimal portion by 60
75 x 60 = 45
This decimal .75 becomes 45 minutes.
Add this to the degrees.
Since there isn't any decimal left after the
45, no further conversion is needed.

Final answer: 47.75 = 4745'

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Conversion from decimal to degrees, example 2
Change 82.3752 to Degrees, minutes, and seconds
Multiply the decimal portion by 60
0.3752 x 60 = 22.512 (the 22 becomes
the minutes) Now add this to the degrees
82.3752 = 8222.512'
Multiply the decimal minutes by 60
0.512 x 60 = 30.72 Now add this to the
degrees and minutes to become seconds.
Final answer 82.3752 = 8222'30.72
Note: no more conversion is necessary after the
seconds are obtained
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 Angular Measurement

Most common tools

Simple Protractor
Gage blocks
Sine bar
Sine plate

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Protractor

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 Protractor

Whole degree increments

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Multi-Use Gage

Pre-set positions for

45 and 90 degrees,
59 degree drill point
angle, and whole
degree increments.

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 Multi-Use Gage

Pre-set position for 90 degrees. 12

 Multi-Use Gage

Pre-set position for 45 degrees.

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 Multi-Use Gage

Measuring 59 degree drill point angle.

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15
Combination Set Protractor

Whole degree increments

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Protractor Head

Whole
degree
increments

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Protractor

Angular
Measure
with
Protract
or Head

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Transfer-type Protractors

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Universal Bevel Protractor
Precision
angles to within
5' (0.083)
Consist of base
Vernier scale
Protractor dial
Sliding blade
Dial clamp nut

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 Vernier Protractor

Acute-angle attachment fastened to

protractor to measure angles less than 90
Main scale divided into
two arcs of 180
Scale divided into 12
spaces on each side of 0
If zero on vernier scale
coincides with line on
main: reading in degrees

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 Reading a Vernier Protractor
Note number of whole degrees between zero on main scale and
zero on vernier scale

Proceeding in same direction, note which vernier line coincides

with main scale line
Multiply number by 5' and add to degrees on protractor dial

4 x 5'= 20'

Reading =
50 20'

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 Angular gage blocks
Similar to linear gage blocks but for setting a
needed angle.
The upper surface of the gage block has the
desired angle, example:
Gage block with 15 degrees looks like this:
15

This surface is inclined with 15 degrees

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 Example of angular gage blocks
The added blocks (+ sign indicated) means we are placing the blocks in the
opposite direction of the previous block such that the final surface is adjusted to
the desired dimension

12037 '13"

Added block is in opposite

direction to previous block, to
the left

Added block

Block angle inclined to the right

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 Sine Bars

Used when accuracy of angle must be checked to

less than 5 minutes
Consists of steel bar with two cylinders of equal
diameter fastened near ends
Centers of cylinders exactly 90 to edge
Distance between centers usually 5 or 10 inches
and 100 or 200 millimeters.
Made of stabilized tool hardened steel
When gage blocks are placed under one end, the
sine bar will tilt to a specific angle

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 h 1 h
sin( ) sin ( )
l l
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 Sine Bars
Used on surface plates and any angle by
raising one end of bar with gage blocks
Sensitivity of a sine bar is defined by the
ratio of change in angle to the change in
gage block height

output
sensitivity [degree/mm ]
input h

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 Applications of sine bar
The tapered part is machined to an angle of 24 degree and 57 minutes. Design a method to measure
the accuracy of this angle after machining by using a 5 inch sine bar and 81 set of gage blocks
Method:
1. calculate the elevation needed to construct and desired angle:
2. Choose the correct gage blocks to make the elevation (h=2.1091)
3. Install the gage blocks under one of the sine bar cylindrical wheels
4. Install the part on top of the sine bar surface
5. Use a stylus with dial gage, shown in figure, and pass it on the part top surface
6. take measurement from the dial
7. If the dial reading is positive it means the part is less tapered (less than desired angle value)
8. If the dial reading is negative it means the part is more tapped (more than desired angle value)

angle : 24057 '

57
convert to decimal angle : 0.95
60
angle 24.95 Scanning direction
h h
sin( ) sin(24.95) h 2.1091
l 5

Gage blocks
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