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CHAPTER 12
77
April 16, 2010 10:12 9in x 6in b924-ch12 FA
16
Solution 12.5. For the reaction 8 O + 56
26 Fe, the Coulomb barrier is
1.2Zi ZT 1.2 8 26
V = 1/3 1/3
MeV = MeV = 39.33 MeV
Ai + AT 161/3 + 561/3
by WSPC on 01/31/13. For personal use only.
(a) Ai 16
KCBT = V 1+ = 39.33 1 + = 50.57 MeV
AT 56
(normal reaction)
(b) 56
KCBT = 39.33 1 + = 176.99 MeV
16
(inverse reaction)
Problem 12.7.
(a) A neutron with energy E0 collides with a static carbon nucleus. Show
that after N collisions, the neutron energy is approximately equal to
(0.72)N E0
(b) A thermal neutron can cause 235 U to ssion easily, but the energies of
the neutrons produced in the ssion are rather high (MeV). If graphite
is used as the moderator in the reactor, how many collisions are needed
for a fast neutron with energy 2.0 MeV to be slowed down to a thermal
neutron with an energy 0.025 eV?
April 16, 2010 10:12 9in x 6in b924-ch12 FA
Solution 12.7.
m1 v10 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 (1)
1 1 1
m1 v210 = m1 v21 + m2 v22 (2)
2 2 2
m1 m 2 A1 A2
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11
v1 = v10 = v10 = v10
m1 + m 2 A1 + A2 13
2
1 1 11
E1 = m1 v21 = m1 v10 = 0.72 E0 for one collision.
2 2 13
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19
224.4 F(p, ) 1.0
19
340.4 F(p, ) 4.5
19
873.5 F(p, ) 5.2
19
935.3 F(p, ) 8.0
19
1085.0 F(p, 4.0
Solution 12.8.
E = Ec + Sp
Ec = Ep ENe ,
where Ep and ENe are their kinetic energies and Sp is the proton
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Sp = mp + m19F m20Ne .
Since the momentum of the proton must equal the momentum of the
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20
Ne recoil
pp = 2mp Ep = pNe = 2mNe ENe
mp
ENe = Ep
mNe
mNe mp
and Ec = Ep
mNe
mNe mp
E = Ep + mp + mF mNe .
mNe
E = 0.95 Ep + 7.289 1.487 (7.047) MeV
E = 0.95 Ep + 12.849 MeV
= 13.062, 13,172, 13.679, 13.738, 13.880 MeV, respectively.
(b)
= by the uncertainty principle
2
6.6 1019 keV s
= =
2 2(keV)
widths: =1.0, 4.5, 5.2, 8.0 and 4.0 keV (rst edition), respectively.
= 3.3 1019 , 7.3 1020 , 6.3 1020 , 4.1 1020 , 8.3 1020 .
AP t
m= g
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17.6NA
3 g 109 (J/s) 365 24 60 60 s
=
17.6 106 eV 1.602 1019 (J/eV) 6.022 1023
= 55.7 103 g = 55.7 kg.
by WSPC on 01/31/13. For personal use only.
(b) The energy from coal is Pt = qm, q = 3.3 107 J/kg and t = 1y. Then
Problem 12.11. In the reaction 7 Li(p,d)6 Li, the binding energies are
known to be B(7 Li) = 39.246 MeV; B(6 Li) = 31.995 MeV; B(d) =
2.225 MeV. What is the Q value of the reaction? What is the threshold
energy Eth ? Explain why Eth is bigger than Q (absolute value).
(b)
Ml + MR 6+2
Eth = Q = (5.025) = 5.743 MeV
Ml + MR Mi 6+21
Eth is larger than Q in order to conserve momentum. The incoming
proton has a certain momentum, and the outgoing particles must have
momenta which add up to the initial momentum. The particles also
must have kinetic energy associated with their momenta.
April 16, 2010 10:12 9in x 6in b924-ch12 FA
Problem 12.13. If the total mass of the universe is of the order of 1054 g
and it is compressed to the density of nuclear matter (2 1014 g/cm3 ),
what is the radius of the universe at that time? Compare this value with
the radius of the Sun (7 108 m).
3 1054 cm3
r3 = = 0.1194 1040 cm3
4 2 1014
r = (1.194)1/3 1013 cm = 1.061 1013 cm
1.061 1013 cm
by WSPC on 01/31/13. For personal use only.
r
= = 0.151 103 = 151.5
Rsun 7 108 102 cm
r = 151.5Rsun .
Problem 12.15. If the relative abundance of 235 U and 238 U was 1:2 when
the Earth was formed, what is the age of the Earth based on their abun-
dance today and their lifetimes?
Problem 12.17. Calculate the Coulomb barrier for 60 Ni on l20 Sn. Could
these two nuclei fuse at energies below their barrier energy? What quantum-
mechanical phenomena can you use to justify your answer?
60 120
Solution 12.17. The Coulomb barrier for Ni on Sn is:.
1.2Zi ZT 1.2 28 50
V = 1/3 1/3
MeV = = 189.9 MeV
Ai + AT 601/3 + 1201/3
These two nuclei can fuse at an energy below their barrier energy by sub-
barrier fusion in which the two nuclei tunnel through the Coulomb barrier.
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60
Solution 12.19. Ni(d,p)61 Ni
Q1 > Q2
For the nuclei to touch or fuse is
1.2 1 28 2
K1CBT = 1/3 1+ = 6.709 MeV
60 + 21/3 60
1.2 1 50 2
K2CBT = 1 + = 9.851 MeV.
1201/3 + 21/3 120
However, the nuclei do not have to fuse for these stripping reactions to
occur.
Solution 12.21. It is because one can excite the quantized energy states
of one or both nuclei by their Coulomb eld. The Coulomb eld is particu-
larly suited to excite collective excited states which are connected by electric
quadrupole radiation. From Coulomb excitation, we can obtain information
on the energies of excited the states and the transition probabilities.
34
Solution 12.23. S + 154 Gd
1.2 16 64
V = 1/3 MeV = 142.9 MeV
34 + 1541/3
1/3 1/3 1/2
max = 0.32(AS + AGd )[(E V )]
by WSPC on 01/31/13. For personal use only.
1/2
154 34
= 0.32(341/3 + 1541/3 ) (200 142.9) .
154 + 34
max = 2.75 [39.9] = 109.8
max = 110.