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TreSina E. Steger-Smith
Capella University
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER 2
Introduction
endeavors, and substance abuse (Kessler and Walters, 1998). Additionally, the condition
represents more than 66% of the 30,000 reported suicides every year (Beautrais et al., 1996).
Given this gigantic result at individual and societal levels, there is a reasonable need to create
and communicate viable medications for this issue. MDD is a disorder that has become a rather
prevalent disorder in United States. This disorder can cause drastic impairments to the patients
diagnosed with it due to the cognitive impairments related with MDD. The cognitive
impairments, particularly cognitive dysfunction, can lead to suicidal thoughts that make MDD a
disorder that needs to be taken seriously (Philip, Gregory, & Ronald, 2003). Many people
experience depressive episodes that differ in severity. Some experience depressive episodes that
cause impairment in their daily functions. These impairments are linked with symptoms of major
depressive disorder (MDD) which will be discussed later. The essay will provide a case report of
the adolescent at various stages of development and include a theoretic analysis of intervention
line around her neck. The issue was accompanied by holding a blade to her arm that afternoon.
Mary has a background marked by suicide ideation and has endeavored to cut herself before, yet
reported that the blade would not puncture her skin. She was concerned that she would not have
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER 3
the capacity to stop herself once more. She reported depression for as far back as three years and
Mary is obese and seemed dismal, desolate, looking and exhibiting poor social abilities.
Her affection and love was unconcerned. Mary reported diminished vitality, trouble resting, issue
with her craving, and fractious state of mind. She likewise reported huge sentiments of misery,
uselessness, and weakness. Notwithstanding the above side effects, Mary talked about her
nonexistent companions that she has had since seven years old. The characters are from motion
pictures and TV, and she showcases their voices and contends with them. She distinguishes that
they are not genuine, but rather she will maintain a strategic distance from her companions to
invest energy with her fanciful ones. She reported one sound-related (auditory) fantasy, five days
before her confirmation, as a voice addressing her advising her to get up to rest easy.
incongruent or consistent visualizations in the mind. The symptoms maybe teenage in nature
depression more often than not have more extreme depression, a family history of psychotic and
Ecological variables are likewise connected with to MDD. Mary narrated that her depressive
habit had compounded in the previous 2 weeks since her sister inhabited home once more. Her
sister is harsh towards her (she began gagging Mary for utilizing her computer, television and
other personal property), and Mary trusts her mom does not rebuff her sister legitimately.
Symptoms
Depressed mood
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER 4
symptomatology present and past scenes of psychopathology in youths as per the DSM-IV
criteria (Kaufman et al., 1997). One of the principle indications of MDD displayed by Mary is
depression as shown by her moods. This can be portrayed as feeling miserable and tragic. She
complains of irritability in addition to depression. It is critical to assess the impact of the patient,
giving careful consideration to outward appearances, stance, and manner of speaking. This is
especially critical if the individual is trying to claim ignorance about his/her emotions.
Using the K-SADS-PL Mary was no longer intrigued by things already appreciated.
Mary depicts it as not anticipating anything, or being not able experience happiness.
Weight changes
Using the K-SADS-PL, hunger changes bringing about noteworthy, inadvertent weight
Sleep changes
Using the K-SADS-PL, Insomnia was evident in MDD. Mary found herself awakening
amidst the night and was not able fall back sleeping. She additionally lay alert, and restless.
Fatigue
Using the K-SADS-PL, excessive fatigue was a noticeable symptom that greatly
impacted Mary. She did not have the vitality to play out the day by daily assignments. Tiredness
is regular.
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER 5
Feelings of worthlessness
Using the (K-SADS-PL, Mary had serious sentiments of blame as well as worthlessness.
She felt undeserving of the things throughout their life. She is obsessed and experienced
extraordinary blame over present or past occasions. She additionally contrarily confounded
things said or done by others. This propagates the blame and sentiments of unworthiness.
Mary equally experienced trouble focusing on errands. This was a change from ordinary
working.
The fundamental worry with MDD is that of suicide. Mary showed considerations of
death. These contemplations may fluctuate contingent upon the seriousness of the misery. It was
more genuine since she has made an arrangement of how she would submit to suicide.
Intervention Measures
There are various treatments for MDD that have empirical support showing that the
Pharmacological Treatment
A few classes of drugs are utilized to treat depression. Three primary sorts of stimulant
meds incorporate SSRIs and MAOIs. There are some current stimulant medications that do not
fit conveniently into these classes since they have diverse instruments of activity (e.g.,
nefazedone and venlafaxine). The viability rates for these energizer medicines are like the
Pharmacological Treatment
There is adequate confirmation that IPT is a powerful treatment for sorrow. It is normally
suggested as an intense treatment for MDD by various rules and boards (e.g., Depression
Guideline Panel, 1993). IPT has been ended up being similarly powerful as intense stimulant
treatment with amitriptyline for the lessening of misery indications (Weissman 1979).
Marital therapy
Despite the fact that there is adequate proof that marital treatment can be utilized to
viably treat conjugal friction (Beach et al., 2009), there is developing proof that marital treatment
can treat depression successfully. Behavioral therapy is similarly compelling for treating
Family-Based-Treatment
This is another sort of intercession that is by all accounts powerful for treating
depression. For instance, extremely discouraged patients that got family treatment will probably
enhance and report less self-destructive ideation than patients that did not have family treatment
(Miller et al., 2005). This treatment adopts a frameworks strategy to comprehension brokenness
inside the family. It expect that: (a) the family is interrelated; (b) one relative can't be totally
comprehended in disconnection from whatever is left of the family; and (c) family association,
Behavioral Treatment
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER 7
Behavioral treatment attributes MDD as a disorder that happens due to learned and
unlearned responses in which treatment is specific to the behavior. The clients report of MDD
episodes and symptoms are valid and the treatment goal is to change the maladaptive behavior
and replace it with adaptive behavior. Behavioral treatment studies relationship of contingencies
and cues and reinforcement or lack of reinforcement, focused on changing contingencies and to
change behavior. Behavioral therapy has been confirmed to endogenously increase the
production of 5-HT, that is shown through the comparison of behavioral treatment paired with
feelings and judgments of the person diagnosed with MDD to treat the behavioral symptoms of
MDD. CBT focuses on irrational thoughts of people with MDD in which the individual produces
a negative blame-scheme and identifies events to be extremely negative. The main goal of CBT
is to substitute rational thoughts for irrational thoughts (Beck et.al, 1985). Regarding one of the
main symptoms anhedonia, CBT works to launch a stronger reward system by disrupting the
cognitive irrational thought process that take place with learned helplessness and lack of purpose.
CBT focuses on changing the dysfunctional attitude in individuals diagnosed with MDD and
solving problems that were established previous in life. Its main assumption is that the disorder is
caused by unconscious conflicts and childhood problems. The therapist acts abstinent,
anonymous, and ambivalent when engaged with client that is diagnosed with MDD, to enable the
client to resolve the conflict internally on his/ her own (Friedman, et.al, 2004).
Aaron T. Beck built up a subjective hypothesis that at first centered on depression and
dissatisfied with his psychodynamic training since he felt it did not sufficiently account for
clinical and research phenomena he was seeing. Becks (1972) theory characterized depression
in psychological terms. He saw the pivotal components of the turmoil as the "psychological
triad": (an) a negative perspective of the world, (b) a negative perspective of the self, and (c) a
negative perspective without bounds. The discouraged individual perspectives the world through
a sorted out arrangement of depressive schemata that distort understanding about the world, self,
As indicated by Dr. Aaron Beck, negative musings, created by broken convictions are
between the sum and seriousness of the individual's negative considerations and the seriousness
of their depressive manifestations (Beck et.al, 1979). Consequently, the more negative musings
the patient encounters, the more discouraged he/she will get to be. The hypothesis can be utilized
to comprehend Mary's issue her behavioral attributes were portrayed by the sentiment being
insufficient or flawed, every last bit of her encounters result in disappointments or annihilations,
and her future is sad. Together, these three subjects are depicted as the Negative Cognitive Triad
for Mary's situation. At the point when these convictions are available Mary's discernment,
There are several reasons behind adolescents behavior that can lend itself to develop
habits that MDD can present itself. Some of these reasons are rapid brain development, peer
pressure, lack of physical development, and educational environment. Melnyk & Lusk (2013)
state that young people are susceptible to lagging behind in school and lack of energy and do not
participate in social and school activities. Other symptoms that contribute to the symptoms and
behaviors that exclude in MDD in teenagers could be genetic or situational at home such as
marital. The links that adolescents who have parents or closely related family members who
suffer from other mental illnesses or conditions are more likely to show signs of symptoms.
Adolescents who are in unstable home environments such as such as parents who are going
through turmoil or marital problems (Blodgett, Schaefer, & Haugen, 2014) is a breeding ground
for unhealthy conflict and can contribute to MDD. The strength and bonds of the parent-child
relationship and limit setting can prevent delinquent behavior that occurs from MDD (Lecompte
There are results that confirm substance abuse and identity exploration in which
commitment to identity was a buffer of identity exploration and substance abuse with similar
groups with similar ages and status. Other groups that have different status, less risky behavior
and low identity-commitment (Dumas, Ellis, & Wolfe, 2012) factor into which each adolescent
tolerates stress and other daily life functions. However, since adolescence is the time for rapid
growth, he or she can lose out on major activities that can prepare him or her for a productive life
and career.
Conclusion
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
10
This paper aimed to provide a case report of the adolescent at various stages of
administered to the patient with MDD. It observed that many people experience depressive
episodes that differ in severity. Some experience depressive episodes that cause impairment in
their daily functions. These impairments are linked with symptoms of major depressive disorder
(MDD).
MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER
11
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