Skopje - Wikipedia

11/23/2017 Skopje - Wikipedia
Coordinates: 420N 2126E
Skopje
Skopje[Note 1] (Macedonian: , [skpj] ( listen)) is the capital and largest
city of the Republic of Macedonia. It is the country's political, cultural, economic,
Skopje

and academic center. It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi.
City
The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC; remains of
City of Skopje
Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale Fortress that overlooks

the modern city centre. On the eve of the 1st century AD, the settlement was seized
by the Romans and became a military camp.[3][4] When the Roman Empire was
divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine
rule from Constantinople. During much of the early medieval period, the town was
contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire, whose capital it was
between 972 and 992. From 1282, the town was part of the Serbian Empire and
acted as its capital city from 1346 to 1371. In 1392, the city was conquered by the
Ottoman Turks who called the town skp. The town stayed under Turkish
control for over 500 years, serving as the capital of pashasanjak of skb and later
the Vilayet of Kosovo. At that time the city was famous for its oriental architecture.
In 1912, it was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars[5] and
after the First World War the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia). In the Second World War the
city was conquered by the Bulgarian Army, which was part of the Axis powers. In
1944, it became the capital city of Democratic Macedonia (later Socialist Republic
of Macedonia), which was a federal state, part of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
(later Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). The city developed rapidly after
World War II, but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a
disastrous earthquake. In 1991, it became the capital city of an independent
Macedonia.
Skopje is located on the upper course of the Vardar River, and is located on a
major north-south Balkan route between Belgrade and Athens. It is a center for From top to bottom, left to right:
metal-processing, chemical, timber, textile, leather, and printing industries. Stone Bridge
Industrial development of the city has been accompanied by development of the Macedonian National Theatre Suli An in the Old
trade, logistics, and banking sectors, as well as an emphasis on the fields of
Bazaar
MRT Center Porta Macedonia Warrior on a
transportation, culture and sport. According to the last official count from 2002, Horse statue
Skopje has a population of 506,926 inhabitants; according to more recent Skopje Fortress
unofficial estimates, the city has a population of 502,700 inhabitants.[6]
Contents
1 Geography
1.1 Topography
1.2 Hydrography
Coat of arms
1.3 Geology
1.4 Climate
1.5 Nature and environment Flag
2 Urbanism
2.1 Urban morphology
2.2 Localities and villages
2.3 Urban sociology Skopje
3 Toponymy
4 History
4.1 Origins
4.2 Roman Scupi
4.3 Middle Ages
4.4 Ottoman period
4.5 From the Balkan Wars to present day
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skopje 1/29
5 Emblems Location of the city of Skopje in Macedonia
6 Administration Coordinates: 420N 2126E
6.1 Status
Country Macedonia
6.2 City Council
Municipality Greater Skopje
6.3 Mayor
Region Skopje Statistical Region
6.4 Municipalities
Government
7 Economy
7.1 Economic weight
Type Special unit of local self-
government
7.2 Firms and activities
Body Skopje City Council
7.3 Employment
Mayor Petre ilegov (SDSM)
8 Population
8.1 Demography
Area
8.2 Ethnic groups City 571.46 km2 (220.64 sq mi)
8.3 Religion Urban 337.80 km2 (130.43 sq mi)
8.4 Health Metro 1,854.00 km2 (715.83 sq mi)
8.5 Education Elevation 240 m (790 ft)
9 Media Population (2002)[1]
10 Sports City 506,926
11 Transport Density 890/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
11.1 Main connections Time zone CET (UTC+1)
11.2 Rail and coach stations
Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
11.3 Public transport
11.4 Airport Postal codes 1000
Area code(s) +389 02
12 Culture
ISO 3166 code MK-85
12.1 Cultural institutions
12.2 Museums Car plates SK
12.3 Architecture Climate Cfa
12.4 Festivals
Website www.skopje.gov.mk (http://w
12.5 Nightlife
ww.skopje.gov.mk/)
13 People from Skopje
14 International relations
14.1 Twin towns Sister cities
14.2 Partnerships
15 See also
16 Notes
17 References
18 Sources
19 Further reading
20 External links
Geography
Topography
Skopje is located in the north of the Republic of Macedonia, in the center of the Balkan peninsula, and halfway between Belgrade and Athens.
The city is built in the Skopje valley, oriented on a west-east axis, along the course of the Vardar river, which flows into the Aegean Sea in
Greece. The valley is approximately 20 kilometres (12 miles) wide[7] and it is limited by several mountain ranges to the North and South. These
ranges limit the urban expansion of Skopje, which spreads along the Vardar and the Serava, a small river which comes from the North. In its
administrative boundaries, the City of Skopje stretches for more than 33 kilometres (21 miles),[8] but it is only 10 kilometres (6.2 miles) wide.[9]
Skopje is approximately 245 m above sea level and covers 571.46 km2.[10] The urbanised area only covers 337 km2, with a density of 65
inhabitants per hectare.[11] Skopje, in its administrative limits, encompasses many villages and other settlements, including Draevo, Gorno
Nerezi and Bardovci. According to the 2002 census, the City of Skopje comprised 506,926 inhabitants.[1]
The City of Skopje reaches the Kosovo border to the North-East. Clockwise, it is also bordered by the Macedonian municipalities of uer-
Sandevo, Lipkovo, Arainovo, Ilinden, Studeniani, Sopite, elino and Jegunovce.
Landscape of the Skopje valley,

near Bardovci.
The City of Skopje, its administrative limits are in red.
Hydrography
The Vardar river, which flows through Skopje, is at approximately 60 kilometres (37 miles) from its
source near Gostivar. In Skopje, its average discharge is 51 m3/s, with a wide amplitude depending
on seasons, between 99.6 m3/s in May and 18.7 m3/s in July. The water temperature is comprised
between 4.6 C in January and 18.1 C in July.[12]
Several rivers meet the Vardar within the city

boundaries. The largest is the Treska, which is 130
kilometres (81 miles) long. It crosses the Matka Canyon
before reaching the Vardar on the western extremity of The Vardar and the Stone Bridge,
symbol of the city.
the City of Skopje. The Lepenec, coming from Kosovo,
flows into the Vardar on the northwestern end of the
urban area. The Serava, also coming from the North, had flowed through the Old Bazaar until the
1960s, when it was diverted towards the West because its waters were very polluted. Originally, it
met the Vardar close to the seat of the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Nowadays, it
The main river running through the
center of Skopje c. 1950 flows into the Vardar near the ruins of Scupi.[13] Finally, the Markova Reka, the source of which is
on Mount Vodno, meets the Vardar at the eastern extremity of the city. These three rivers are less
than 70 kilometres (43 miles) long.[9]
The city of Skopje comprises two artificial lakes, located on the Treska. The lake Matka is the result
of the construction of a dam in the Matka Canyon in the 1930s, and the Treska lake was dug for
leisure purpose in 1978.[9] Three small natural lakes can be found near Smiljkovci, on the
northeastern edge of the urban area.
The river Vardar historically caused many floods, such as in 1962, when its outflow reached 1110
m3/s1.[12] Several works have been carried since Byzantine times to limit the risks, and since the
construction of the Kozjak dam on the Treska in 1994, the flood risk is close to zero.[14]
The subsoil contains a large water table which is alimented by the Vardar river and functions as an The Matka Canyon and the Treska,
underground river. Under the table lies an aquifer contained in marl. The water table is 4 to 12 m on the western edge of the City of
under the ground and 4 to 144 m deep. Several wells collect its waters but most of the drinking Skopje.
water used in Skopje comes from a karstic spring in Rae, located west of the city.[11]
The Treska leaving the The Treska The Serava north of the
canyon. lake. city.
Geology
The Skopje valley is bordered on the West by the ar Mountains, on the South by the Jakupica
range, on the East by hills belonging to the Osogovo range, and on the North by the Skopska Crna
Gora. Mount Vodno, the highest point inside the city limits, is 1066 m high and is part of the
Jakupica range.[9]
Although Skopje is built on the foot of Mount Vodno, the urban area is mostly flat. It comprises
several minor hills, generally covered with woods and parks, such as Gazi Baba hill (325 m), Zajev
Rid (327 m), the foothills of Mount Vodno (the smallest are between 350 and 400 m high) and the
promontory on which Skopje Fortress is built.[15] Mount Vodno as seen from the
Stone Bridge.
The Skopje valley is located near a seismic fault between
the African and Eurasian tectonic plates and
experiences regular seismic activity.[16] This activity in enhanced by the porous structure of the
subsoil.[17] Large earthquakes occurred in Skopje in 518, 1505 and 1963.[16]
The Skopje valley belongs to the Vardar geotectonic region, the subsoil of which is formed of
Neogene and Quaternary deposits. The substratum is made of Pliocene deposits including
sandstone, marl and various conglomerates. It is covered by a first layer of Quaternary sands and
A cave near the Matka Canyon. silt, which is between 70 and 90 m deep. The layer is topped by a much smaller layer of clay, sand,
silt and gravel, carried by the Vardar river. It is between 1.5 and 5.2 m deep.[18]
In some areas, the subsoil is karstic. It led to the formation of canyons, such as the Matka Canyon, which is surrounded by ten caves. They are
between 20 and 176 m deep.[19]
Climate
The climate of Skopje is usually classified as continental sub-Mediterranean,[20][21] (Cfa under the Kppen climate classification) with a mean
annual temperature of 13.5 C (56 F).[22] Precipitation is relatively low due to the pronounced rain shadow of the Prokletije mountains to the
northwest, being only a quarter of what is received on the Adriatic Sea coast at the same latitude. The summers are long, hot and humid.
Skopje's average July high is 31 C (88 F). On average Skopje will see 88 days above 30 C (86 F) each year, and 10.2 days above 35.0 C
(95 F) every year. Winters are short, relatively cold, and wet. Snowfalls are common in the winter period, but heavy snow accumulation is rare
and the snowcover lasts only for a few hours or a few days if heavy. In summer, temperatures are usually above 31 C (88 F) and sometimes
above 40 C (104 F). In spring and autumn, the temperatures range from 15 to 24 C (59 to 75 F). In winter, the day temperatures are
roughly 6 C (43 F), but at nights they often fall below 0 C (32 F) and sometimes below 10 C (14 F). Typically, temperatures throughout
one year range from 13 C to 39 C. Occurrences of precipitation are evenly distributed throughout the year, being heaviest from October to
December and from April to June.
Climate data for Skopje

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high 18.7 24.2 28.8 32.4 35.2 41.1 42.8 43.2 37.0 33.9 28.2 22.1 43.2
C (F) (65.7) (75.6) (83.8) (90.3) (95.4) (106) (109) (109.8) (98.6) (93) (82.8) (71.8) (109.8)
Average 4.5 8.3 14.0 19.1 24.4 28.8 31.4 31.5 26.5 19.8 11.5 5.5 18.8
high C (F) (40.1) (46.9) (57.2) (66.4) (75.9) (83.8) (88.5) (88.7) (79.7) (67.6) (52.7) (41.9) (65.8)
Daily mean 0.1 2.6 7.6 12.1 17.3 21.5 23.8 23.8 18.8 13.1 6.5 1.7 12.4
C (F) (32.2) (36.7) (45.7) (53.8) (63.1) (70.7) (74.8) (74.8) (65.8) (55.6) (43.7) (35.1) (54.3)
Average low 3.8 2.3 1.6 5.4 10.0 13.7 15.8 15.7 11.6 7.2 1.8 1.8 6.2
C (F) (25.2) (27.9) (34.9) (41.7) (50) (56.7) (60.4) (60.3) (52.9) (45) (35.2) (28.8) (43.2)
Record low 25.6 21.8 10.8 5.8 1.0 3.0 7.0 7.0 2.0 6.4 12.2 22.9 25.6
C (F) (14.1) (7.2) (12.6) (21.6) (30.2) (37.4) (44.6) (44.6) (28.4) (20.5) (10) (9.2) (14.1)
Average
30 29 38 40 43 54 38 36 34 49 45 48 483
precipitation
(1.18) (1.14) (1.5) (1.57) (1.69) (2.13) (1.5) (1.42) (1.34) (1.93) (1.77) (1.89) (19.02)
mm (inches)
Average
precipitation 10 9 10 10 11 10 7 6 6 7 9 11 106
days
Average
5 5 3 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 2 5 20
snowy days
Average
relative 83 75 68 66 66 61 56 56 63 74 82 85 70
humidity (%)
Mean
monthly
86.9 112.5 161.1 198.4 245.2 276.3 323.0 305.4 247.5 188.2 114.8 79.6 2,338.9
sunshine
hours
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net,[23] World Meteorological Organization (precipitation days)[24]
Source #2: NOAA (sun, 19611990)[25]
Nature and environment

The city of Skopje encompasses various natural environments and its fauna and flora are rich.
However, it is threatened by the intensification of agriculture and the urban extension. The largest
protected area within the city limits is Mount Vodno, which is a popular leisure destination. A cable
car connects its peak to the downtown, and many pedestrian paths run through its woods. Other
large natural spots include the Matka Canyon.[11]
The city itself comprises several parks and gardens amounting to 4,361 hectares. Among these are
the City Park (Gradski Park), built by the Ottoman Turks at the beginning of the 20th century; ena
Borec Park, located in front of the Parliament; the University arboretum; and Gazi Baba forest.
Skopje as seen from Mount Vodno.
Many streets and boulevards are planted with trees.[26]
The cable car cables are also
Skopje experiences many environmental issues which are often overshadowed by the economic visible.
poverty of the country. However, alignment of Macedonian law on European law has brought
progress in some fields, such as water and waste treatment, and industrial emissions.[27]
Steel processing, which a crucial activity for the local economy, is responsible for soil pollution with heavy metals such as lead, zinc and
cadmium, and air pollution with nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide.[11] Vehicle traffic and district heating plants are also responsible for air
pollution. The highest pollution levels usually occur in autumn and winter.[27]
Water treatment plants are being built, but much polluted water is still discharged untreated into the Vardar.[11] Waste is disposed of in the
open-air municipal landfill site, located 15 kilometres (9.3 miles) north of the city. Every day, it receives 1,500 m3 of domestic waste and 400
m3 of industrial waste. Health levels are better in Skopje than in the rest of the Republic of Macedonia, and no link has been found between the
low environmental quality and the health of the residents.[28]
Urbanism
Urban morphology
The urban morphology of Skopje was deeply impacted by the 26th of July 1963 earthquake which
destroyed 80% of the city and by the reconstruction that followed.[16] For instance, neighbourhoods
were rebuilt in such a way that the demographic density remains low to limit the impact of
potential future earthquakes.[29]
Reconstruction following the 1963 earthquake was mainly conducted by the Polish architect Adolf
Ciborowski, who had already planned the reconstruction of Warsaw after World War II. Ciborowski
divided the city in blocks dedicated to specific activities. The banks of the Vardar river became
natural areas and parks, areas located between the main boulevards were built with highrise
housing and shopping malls, and the suburbs were left to individual housing and industry.[30] Skopje urban plan for 20022020 :
Reconstruction had to be quick in order to relocate families and to relaunch the local economy. To City centre
stimulate economic development, the number of thoroughfares was increased and future urban Collective housing
extension was anticipated.[31] Individual housing
Industrial areas
The south bank of the Vardar river generally comprises
highrise tower blocks, including the vast Karpo
neighbourhood which was built in the 1970s west of the
centre. Towards the East, the new municipality of Aerodrom was planned in the 1980s to house
80,000 inhabitants on the site of the old airport. Between Karpo and Aerodrom lies the city
centre, rebuilt according to plans by Japanese architect Kenzo Tange. The centre is surrounded by a
row of long buildings suggesting a wall ("Gradski Zid").[29]
On the north bank, where the most ancient parts of the city lie, the Old Bazaar was restored and its
surroundings were rebuilt with low-rise buildings, so as not to spoil views of the Skopje Fortress.
Several institutions, including the university and the Macedonian academy, were also relocated on
the north bank in order to reduce borders between the ethnic communities. Indeed, the north bank
Skopje as seen by the SPOT
is mostly inhabited by Muslim Albanians, Turks and Roma, whereas Christian ethnic Macedonians
satellite. Mount Vodno is visible on
the bottom left of the picture. predominantly reside on the south bank.[30]
The earthquake left the city with few historical monuments, apart from the Ottoman Old Bazaar,
and the reconstruction, conducted between the 1960s and 1980s, turned Skopje into a modernist but grey city. At the end of the 2000s, the city
center experienced profound changes. A highly controversial[32] urban project, "Skopje 2014", was adopted by the municipal authorities in
order to give the city a more monumental and historical aspect, and thus to transform it into a proper national capital. Several neoclassical
buildings destroyed in the 1963 earthquake were rebuilt, including the national theatre, and streets and squares were refurbished. Many other
elements were also built, including fountains, statues, hotels, government buildings and bridges. The project has been criticised because of its
cost and its historicist aesthetics.[33] The large Albanian minority felt it was not represented in the new monuments,[34] and launched side
projects, including a new square over the boulevard that separate the city centre from the Old Bazaar.[35]
Some areas of Skopje suffer from a certain anarchy because many houses and buildings were built without consent from the local
authorities.[36]
Vapcarov Street, in the city A street in the Old Bazaar. Highrise housing in Karpo.
centre.
The archeological museum, one

The newly developed
of the elements of "Skopje
neighbourhood of Novo Lisie,
2014".
in Aerodrom.
Localities and villages

Outside of the urban area, the City of Skopje encompasses many small settlements. Some of them
are becoming outer suburbs, such as Singelik, located on the road to Belgrade, which has more
than 23,000 inhabitants, and Draevo, which has almost 20,000 inhabitants.[37] Other large
settlements are located north of the city, such as Radiani, with 9,000 inhabitants,[37] whereas
smaller villages can be found on Mount Vodno or in Saraj municipality, which is the most rural of
the ten municipalities that form the City of Skopje.[38]
Some localities located outside the city limits are also becoming outer suburbs, particularly in
Ilinden and Petrovec municipality. They benefit from the presence of major roads, railways and the Gorno Nerezi, a village located on
the northern side of Mount Vodno.
airport, located in Petrovec.[38]
Urban sociology
Skopje is an ethnically diverse city, and its urban sociology primarily depends on ethnic and
religious belonging. Macedonians form 66% of the city population, while Albanians and Roma
account respectively for 20% and 6%.[1] Each ethnic group generally restrict itself to certain areas
of the city. Macedonians live south of the Vardar, in areas massively rebuilt after 1963, and
Muslims live on the northern side, in the oldest neighbourhoods of the city. These neighbourhoods
are considered more traditional, whereas the south side evokes to Macedonians modernity and
rupture from rural life.[39]
The northern areas are the poorest. This is especially true for Topaana, in air municipality, and
Kapitec neighbourhood, developed
for uto Orizari municipality, which are the two main Roma neighbourhoods. They are made of
during the 1970s. Some post-
many illegal constructions not connected to electricity and water supply, which are passed from a
earthquake prefabricated houses
generation to the other. Topaana, located close to the Old Bazaar, is a very old area: it was first can be seen in the foreground.
mentioned as a Roma neighbourhood in the beginning of the 14th century. It has between 3,000
and 5,000 inhabitants. uto Orizari, located on the northern edge of the city, is a municipality of its
own, with Romani as its local official language. It was developed after the 1963 earthquake to accommodate Roma who had lost their house.[40]
The population density varies greatly from an area to the other. So does the size of the living area per person. The city average was at 19.41
square metres (208.93 square feet) per person as of 2002, but at 24 square metres (258 square feet) in Centar on the south bank, and only 14
square metres (151 square feet) in air on the north bank. In uto Orizari, the average was at 13 square metres (140 square feet).[1]
Toponymy
The current name of the city comes from "Scupi", which was the name of a Roman colony located nearby. However, before the colony was
created, the site had already been settled by Illyrians and "Scupi" is probably of Illyrian origin. The meaning of that name is unknown.[41]
After Antiquity, Scupi was occupied by various people and consequently its name was translated several times in several languages. Thus Scupi
became "Skopie" (Bulgarian: ) for Bulgarians,[42] and later "skb" (Ottoman Turkish: )for the Turks. This name was adapted in
Western languages in "Uskub" or "Uskup", and these two appellations were used in the Western world until 1912. Some Western sources also
cite "Scopia" and "Skopia".[43]
When Vardar Macedonia was annexed by the Kingdom of Serbia in 1912, the city officially became
"Skoplje" and this name was adopted by many languages. The city eventually became "Skopje"
(Macedonian: ) after the Second World War, when standard Macedonian became the official
language of the Socialist Republic of Macedonia. The Albanian minority calls the city "Shkup" and
"Shkupi", the latter being the definite form, and Roma call it "Skopiye".[44]
History
Serbian troops overseeing the city's
renaming from "skb" to "Skoplje"
Historical affiliations
First Bulgarian Empire c. 8301004
Origins following Serbia's annexation of
Macedonia in 1912
Byzantine Empire 10041081 The rocky promontory on which
Normans 10811088 stands the Fortress was the first site
Grand Principality of Serbia 10931097 settled by man in Skopje. The earliest vestiges of human occupation found on
Second Bulgarian Empire 12031214 this site date from the Chalcolithic (4th millennium BC).[45]
Despotate of Epirus 12141230
Although the Chalcolithic settlement must have been of some significance, it
Second Bulgarian Empire 12301246
declined during the Bronze Age. Archeological research suggest that the
Empire of Nicaea 12461255
settlement always belonged to a same culture, which progressively evolved
Second Bulgarian Empire 12551256
thanks to contacts with Balkan and Danube cultures, and later with the
Empire of Nicaea 12561282
Aegean. The locality eventually disappeared during the Iron Age[46] when Scupi
Byzantine Empire 12611282
emerged. It was located on Zajev Rid hill, some 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) west of
Kingdom of Serbia 12821346
the fortress promontory. Located at the centre of the Balkan peninsula and on
Serbian Empire 13461392
the road between Danube and Aegean Sea,[47] it was a prosperous locality,
Ottoman Empire 13921912
although its history is not well known.[47]
Kingdom of Serbia 19121915
Kingdom of Bulgaria 19151918 The earliest people in Skopje Valley were probably the Triballi. Later the area
Kingdom of Serbia 1918 was populated by the Paionians. Scupi was originally a Paionian settlement,
Kingdom of Yugoslavia[Note 2] 19181941 but it became afterwards Dardanian town.[42][48] Dardanians, who lived in
Kingdom of Bulgaria 19411944 present-day Kosovo, invaded the region around Skopje during the 3rd century
SFR Yugoslavia[Note 3] 19441992 BC. Scupi, the ancient name for Skopje, became the capital of Dardania, which
extended from Naissus to Bylazora in the second century BC.[49] The
Republic of Macedonia 1992
Dardanians had remained independent after the Roman conquest of Macedon,
and it seems most likely that Dardania lost independence in 28 BC.[50]
Roman Scupi
Roman expansion east brought Scupi under Roman rule as a colony of legionnaires, mainly veterans of the Legio IIV Claudia in the time of
Domitian (8196 AD). However, several legions from the Roman province of Macedonia of Crassus' army may already have been stationed in
there around 2928 BC, before the official imperial command was instituted.[51][52] The first mention of the city was made at that period by
Livy, who died in 17 AD.[42] Scupi first served as a military base to maintain peace in the region[47] and was officially named "Colonia Flavia
Scupinorum", Flavia being the name of the emperor's dynasty.[53] Shortly afterwards it became part of the province of Moesia during
Augustus's rule.[54] After the division of the province by Domitian in 86 AD, Scupi was elevated to colonial status, and became a seat of
government within the new province of Moesia Superior. The district called Dardania (within Moesia Superior) was formed into a special
province by Diocletian, with the capital at Naissus.
The city population was very diverse. Engravings on tombstones suggest that only a minority of the population came from Italy, while many
veterans were from Dalmatia, South Gaul and Syria. Because of the ethnic diversity of the population, Latin maintained itself as the main
language in the city at the expense of Greek, which was spoken in most of the Moesian and Macedonian cities.[55] During the following
centuries, Scupi experienced prosperity. The period from the end of the 3rd century to the end of the 4th century was particularly
flourishing.[53] A first church was founded under the reign of Constantine the Great and Scupi became the seat of a diocese. In 395, following
the division of the Roman Empire in two, Scupi became part of the Eastern Roman Empire.[42]
In its heyday, Scupi covered 40 hectares and was closed by a 3.5-metre (11 ft) wide wall.[56] It had many monuments, including four
necropoles, a theatre, thermae,[53] and a large Christian basilica.[57]
Middle Ages
In 518, Scupi was destroyed by a violent earthquake,[16]
possibly the most devastating one Macedonia has ever
experienced.[58] At that time, the region was threatened
by the Barbarian invasions, and the city inhabitants had
already fled in forests and mountains before the
disaster occurred.[59] Scupi was eventually rebuilt by
Justinian I. During his reign, many Byzantine towns
were relocated on hills and other easily defendable
Skopje Fortress. places to face invasions. Scupi was thus transferred on

another site: the promontory on which stands the
fortress.[60] However, Scupi was sacked by Slavs at the
end of the 6th century and the city seems to have fallen under Slavic rule in 695.[61] The Slavic tribe
which settled in Scupi were probably the Berziti[42] who had invaded the entire Vardar valley.[62]
The city is not mentioned during the three following centuries[42] but along with the rest of Upper
Vardar it became part of the expanding First Bulgarian Empire in the 830s.[63][64]
Starting from the end of the 10th century Skopje experienced a period of wars and political
troubles. Bulgarian capital from 972 to 992, Samuil ruled it from 976[65] until 1004 when its
governor Roman surrendered it to Byzantine Emperor Basil the Bulgar Slayer in 1004 in exchange
of the titles of patrician and strategos.[66] Later, Skopje was briefly seized twice by Slavic insurgents
A "Venus Pudica" found in Scupi,
who wanted to restore a Bulgarian state. At first in 1040 under Peter Delyan's command,[67] and in
dated from the 2nd century AD.
1072 under the orders of Georgi Voyteh.[68] In 1081, Skopje was captured by Norman troops led by
Robert Guiscard and the city remained in their hands until 1088. Skopje was subsequently
conquered by the Serbian Grand Prince Vukan in 1093, and again by the Normans four years later.
However, because of epidemics and food shortage, Normans quickly surrendered to the
Byzantines.[69]
During the 12th and 13th centuries, Bulgarians and Serbs took advantage of Byzantine decline to
create large kingdoms stretching from Danube to the Aegean Sea. Kaloyan brought Skopje back
into reestablished Bulgaria in 1203[70][71] until his nephew Strez declared autonomy along the
Upper Vardar with Serbian help only five years later.[72] In 1209 Strez switched allegiances and
recognized Boril of Bulgaria with whom he led a successful joint campaign against Serbia's first
internationally recognized king Stefan Nemanji.[71] From 1214 to 1230 Skopje was a part of
The coronation of emperor Duan in
Byzantine successor state Epirus before recaptured by Ivan Asen II and held by Bulgaria until 1246
Skopje, Alfons Mucha, 1926.
when the Upper Vardar valley was incorporated once more into a Byzantine state the Empire of
Nicaea.[73] Byzantine conquest was briefly reversed in 1255 by the regents of the young Michael
Asen I of Bulgaria.[74] Meanwhile, in the parallel civil war for the Crown in Tarnovo Skopje bolyar and grandson to Stefan Nemanja
Constantine Tikh gained the upper hand and ruled until Europe's only successful peasant revolt the Uprising of Ivaylo deposed him. In 1282
Skopje was captured by Serbian king Milutin.[75] Under the political stability of the Nemanji rule, Skopje slowly spread outside the walls of
the fortress towards Gazi Baba hill.[65] Churches, monasteries and markets were built and tradesmen from Venice and Dubrovnik opened
shops. The town greatly benefited from its location on the roads between Europe, Middle-East and Africa. In the 14th century, Skopje became
such an important city that king Duan made it the capital of the Serbian kingdom. In 1346, he was crowned "Emperor of the Serbs and
Greeks" in Skopje.[42] After his death the Serbian Empire collapsed into many small principalities which were unable to defend themselves
against the Turks. Skopje was first inherited by the Lordship of Prilep and finally taken by Vuk Brankovi in the wake of the Battle of Maritsa
(1371)[76] before becoming part of the Ottoman Empire in 1392.[42]
Ottoman period
Skopje economic life greatly benefited from its position in the middle of Turkish Europe. Until the 17th century, Skopje experienced a long
golden age. Around 1650, the number of inhabitants in Skopje was between 30,000 and 60,000 and the city contained more than 10,000
houses. It was then one of the only big cities on the territory of future Yugoslavia, together with Belgrade and Sarajevo. At that time,
Dubrovnik, which was a busy harbour, had not even 7,000 inhabitants.[77] Following the Ottoman conquest, the city population changed.
Christians were forcibly converted to Islam or were replaced by Turks and Jews.[78] At that time, Christians of Skopje were mostly non
converted Slavs and Albanians, but also Ragusan and Armenian tradesmen.[79] Ottoman Turks drastically changed the appearance of the city.
They organised the Bazaar with its caravanserais, mosques and baths.[80]
The city severely suffered from the Great Turkish War at the end of the 17th century and consequently experienced recession until the 19th
century. In 1689, Austrians seized Skopje which was already weakened by a cholera epidemic.[81] The same day, general Silvio Piccolomini set
fire to the city to end the epidemic.[42] It is however possible that he wanted to avenge damages that Turks caused in Vienna in 1683.[82] Skopje
burned during two days.[83] The Austrian presence in Macedonia motivated Slav uprisings.
Nevertheless, Austrians left the country within the year and Hajduks, leaders of the uprisings, had
to follow them in their retreat north of the Balkans.[42] Some were arrested by the Turks, such as
Petar Karposh, who was impaled on Skopje Stone Bridge.[84]
After the war, Skopje was in ruins. Most of the official buildings were restored or rebuilt, but the
city experienced new plague and cholera epidemics and many inhabitants emigrated.[79] The
Ottoman Turkish Empire as a whole entered in recession and political decline. Many rebellions and
pillages occurred in Macedonia during the 18th century, either led by Turkish outlaws, Janissaries
or Hajduks.[85] An estimation conducted by French officers around 1836 revealed that at that time
Skopje only had around 10,000 inhabitants. It was largely overwhelmed by two towns of the
present-day Republic of Macedonia: Bitola (40,000) and tip (1520,000).[86]
Skopje began to recover from decades of decline after 1850. At that time, the city experienced a
slow but steady demographic growth, mainly due to the rural exodus of Slav Macedonians. It was
also fuelled by the exodus of Muslims from Serbia and Bulgaria, which were gaining autonomy and
independence from the Empire at that time.[42][79] During the Tanzimat reforms, nationalism arose
in the Empire and in 1870 a new Bulgarian Church was established and its separate diocese was The 15th-century Mustafa Pasha
Mosque.
created, based on ethnic identity, rather than religious principles.[87] The Slavic population of the
bishopric of Skopje voted in 1874 overwhelmingly, by
91% in favour of joining the Exarchate and became part
of the Bulgarian Millet.[88] Economic growth was
permitted by the construction of the Skopje-Salonica
railway in 1873.[42] The train station was built south of
the Vardar and this contributed to the relocation of
economic activities on this side of the river, which had
never been urbanised before.[30] Because of the rural Skopje after being captured by
Albanian revolutionaries in August,
The Church of the Nativity of the exodus, the share of Christians in the city population
1912 after defeating the Ottoman
Virgin Mary, built in the 19th century. arose. Some of the newcomers became part of the local
forces holding the city
elite and helped to spread nationalist ideas[79] Skopje
was one of the five main centres of the Internal
Macedonian Revolutionary Organization when it organised the 1903 Ilinden uprising. Its revolutionary network in Skopje region was not well-
developed and the lack of weapons was a serious problem. At the outbreak of the uprising the rebel forces derailed a military train.[89] On 3
and 5 August respectively, they attacked a Turkish unit guarding the bridge on the Vardar river and gave a battle in the "St. Jovan" monastery.
In the next few days the band was pursued by numerous Bashibozuks and moved to Bulgaria.
In 1877, Skopje was chosen as the capital city of the new Kosovo Vilayet, which encompassed
present-day Kosovo, northwestern Macedonia and the Sanjak of Novi Pazar. In 1905, the city had
32,000 inhabitants, making it the largest of the vilayet, although closely followed by Prizren with
its 30,000 inhabitants.[43] Of the Skopje Muslim population of the late Ottoman period German
linguist Gustav Weigand noted that though most were Albanians regarded as Turks or Ottomans
(Osmanli), they spoke Turkish in public and Albanian at home.[90] At the beginning of the 20th
century, local economy was focused on dyeing, weaving, tanning, ironworks and wine and flour
processing.[43]
Cutlers in the Old Bazaar around
Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Ottoman Turkish Empire experienced 1900.
democracy and several political parties were created.[42] However, some of the policies
implemented by the Young Turks, such as a tax rise and the interdiction of ethnic-based political
parties, discontented minorities. Albanians opposed the nationalist character of the movement and led local uprisings in 1910 and 1912.
During the latter they managed to seize most of Kosovo and took Skopje on 11 August.[91] On 18 August, the insurgents signed the skb
agreement which provided for the creation of an autonomous Albanian province[91] and they were amnestied the day later.[92]
From the Balkan Wars to present day

Following an alliance contracted in 1912, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Turkish Empire. Their goal was to
definitely expel Turks from Europe. The First Balkan War started on 8 October 1912 and lasted six weeks. Serbians reached Skopje on 26
October. The Turkish forces had left the city the day before.[42] The Serbian annexation led to the exodus of many Turks: 725 Turkish families
left the city on 27 January 1913. The same year, the city population was evaluated at 37,000 by the Serbian authorities.[79]
In 1915, during the First World War, Serbian Macedonia was invaded by Bulgaria, which captured
Skopje on 22 October 1915 . Serbia, allied to the Triple Entente, was helped by France, Britain,
Greece, and Italy, which formed the Macedonian Front. Following a great Allied offensive in 1918,
the Arme franaise d'Orient reached Skopje 29 September and took the city by surprise.[93] After
the end of the World War, Macedonia became part of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and
Slovenes, which became "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" in 1929.[42] A mostly foreign ethnic Serb ruling
class gained control, imposing a repression unknown under the previous Turkish rulers.[94] The
policies of de-Bulgarisation and assimilation were pursued.[95] At that time part of the young locals,
repressed by the Serbs, tried to find a separate way of ethnic Macedonian development.[96] In 1931, Peter I of Serbia visiting Skopje in
in a move to formally decentralize the country, Skopje was named the capital of the Vardar 1914
Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Until the Second World War, Skopje experienced strong
economic growth, and its population increased. The city had 41,066 inhabitants in 1921, 64,807 in
1931, and 80,000 in 1941.[79] Although located in an underdeveloped region, it attracted wealthy Serbs who opened businesses and contributed
to the modernisation of the city.[97] In 1941, Skopje had 45 factories, half of the industry in the whole of Macedonia.[98]
In 1941, during the Second World War, Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany. Germans seized
Skopje 8 April[42] and left it to their Bulgarian allies on 22 April 1941.[99] To ensure bulgarisation of
the society, authorities closed Serbian schools and churches and opened new schools and a higher
education institute, the King Boris University.[100] The 4,000 Jews of Skopje were all deported in
1943 to Treblinka where almost all of them died.[101] Local Partisan detachments started a
widespread guerrilla after the proclamation of the "Popular Republic of Macedonia" by the ASNOM
on 2 August 1944. Skopje was liberated on 13 November 1944 by Yugoslav Partisan units of the
The national theatre and the fortress Macedonian National Liberation Army, together with units of the newly allied Bulgarian People's
around 1920. Army (Bulgaria having switched sides in the war in September).[102][103][104][105]
After World War II, Skopje greatly benefited from Socialist Yugoslav policies which encouraged
industry and the development of Macedonian cultural institutions. Consequently, Skopje became home to a national library, a national
philharmonic orchestra, a university and the Macedonian Academy. However, its post-war development was altered by the 1963 earthquake
which occurred 26 July. Although relatively weak in magnitude, it caused enormous damage in the city and can be compared to the 1960
Agadir earthquake.[106] The disaster killed 1,070 people, injuring 3,300 others. 16,000 people were buried alive in ruins and 70% of the
population lost their home.[29] Many educational facilities, factories and historical buildings were destroyed.[30]
After the earthquake, reconstruction was quick. It had a deep psychological impact on the
population because neighbourhoods were split and people were relocated to new houses and
buildings they were not familiar with.[29] Reconstruction was finished by 1980, even if many
elements were never built because funds were exhausted.[30] Skopje cityscape was drastically
changed and the city became a true example of modernist architecture. Demographic growth was
very important after 1963, and Skopje had 408,100 inhabitants in 1981.[107] However, during the
1980s and the 1990s, the Republic of Macedonia experienced inflation and recession and the local
economy heavily suffered. The situation became better during the 2000s thanks to new
investments. Many landmarks were restored and the "Skopje 2014" project renewed the
American soldiers in Skopje after
appearance of the city centre.
the 1963 earthquake.
Emblems
The Flag of Skopje[108] is a red banner in proportions 1:2 with a gold-coloured coat of arms of the city positioned in
the upper-left corner. It is either vertical or horizontal, but the vertical version was the first to be used.[109]
The coat of arms of the city was adopted in the 1950s. It depicts the Stone Bridge with the Vardar river, the Kale
Fortress and the snow-capped peaks of the ar mountains.[110]
Administration The coat of arms

of Skopje.
Status
Being the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje enjoys a particular status granted by law. The last revision of its status
was made in 2004. Since then, the City of Skopje has been divided into 10 municipalities which all have a council and a mayor, like all the
municipalities of the Republic of Macedonia. Municipalities only deal with matters specific of their territory, and the City of Skopje deals with
matters that concern all of them, or that cannot be divided between two or more municipalities.[111]
The City of Skopje is part of Skopje Statistical Region, which has no political or administrative power.[111]
City Council
The City Council consists of 45 members who serve a four-year term. It primarily deals with
budget, global orientations and relations between the City and the government. Several
commissions exist to treat more specific topics, such as urbanism, finances, environment of local
development.[112]
The President of the Council is elected by the Council Members. Since 2009 the president has been
Irena Mieva, member of the VMRO-DPMNE.[112]
Following the 2017 local elections, the City Council is constituted as follows:[112] Greater Skopje among the
municipalities of the Republic of
Note:Text is outdated Macedonia.
Party / List Seats Percentage
VMRO-DPMNE and allies 22 49%
SDSM and allies 14 31%
DUI 5 11%
DPA 3 7%
DOM 1 2%
Total 45
Mayor
The Mayor of Skopje is elected every four years. The mayor represents the City of Skopje and he can
submit ideas to the Council. He manages the administrative bodies and their officials.[113]
Municipalities
Skopje was first divided into administrative units in 1945, but the first municipalities were created
in 1976. They were five: Centar, air, Karpo, Gazi Baba and Kisela Voda. After the independence of
the Republic of Macedonia, power was centralised and municipalities lost much of their
Petre ilegov, Mayor of Skopje
competences. A 1996 law restored them and created two new municipalities: Gjore Petrov and
since 2017
uto Orizari. After the insurgency between Albanian rebels and Macedonian forces in 2001, a new
law was enacted in 2004 to incorporate Saraj municipality into the City of Skopje. Saraj is mostly
populated by Albanians and, since then, Albanians represent more than 20% of the city population. Thus Albanian became the second official
language of the city administration, something which was one of the claims of the Albanian rebels. The same year, Aerodrom Municipality
separated itself from Kisela Voda, and Butel municipality from air.[111]
Municipalities are administered by a council of 23 members elected every four years. They also have a mayor and several departments
(education, culture, finances...). The mayor primarily deals with these departments.[114]
Size Population Population est. 1. Centar

Name
(km2)[10] 2002[1] 2011[115][116] ()
2. Gazi
Aerodrom 20 72,009
Baba (
Butel 54.79 36,144 )
Centar 7.52 45,412 3.
air 3.52 64,773 Aerodrom
()
Gazi Baba 110.86 72,617 75,893
4. air
Gjore ()
66.93 41,634 41,915
Petrov
5. Kisela
Karpo 35.21 59,666 60,363
Voda
Kisela (
34.24 57,236 )
Voda
Saraj 229.06 35,408 38,884 6. Butel
()
Size Population Population est. 7. uto

Name
(km2)[10] 2002[1] 2011[115][116] Orizari
(
uto )
7.48 22,017
Orizari
8. Karpo
City of ()
571.46 506,926
Skopje
9. Gjore
Petrov
(
)
10. Saraj
()
Economy
Economic weight
Skopje is a medium city at European level. Being the capital and largest city in the Republic of
Macedonia, Skopje concentrates a large share of the national economy. The Skopje Statistical
Region, which encompasses the City of Skopje and some neighbouring municipalities, produces
45,5% of the Macedonian GDP.[117] In 2009, the regional GDP per capita amounted to USD 6,565,
or 155% of the Macedonian GDP per capita.[118] This figure is however smaller than the one of Sofia
(USD 10,106),[119] Sarajevo (USD 10,048)[120] or Belgrade (USD 7,983),[121] but higher than the
one of Tirana (USD 4,126).[122]
Because there are no other large cities in the Republic of Macedonia, and because of political and The small business district.
economical centralisation, a large number of Macedonians living outside of Skopje work in the
capital city. The dynamism of the city also encourages rural exodus, not only from Macedonia, but
also from Kosovo, Albania and Southern Serbia.[123]
Firms and activities

In 2009, Skopje had 26,056 firms but only 145 of them had a large size. The large majority of them are either small (12,017) or very small
(13,625).[124] A large share of the firms deal with trade of goods (9,758), 3,839 are specialised in business and real estate, and 2,849 are
manufacturers.[125] Although few in number, large firms account for 51% of the local production outside finance.[38]
The city industry is dominated by food processing, textile, printing and metal processing. In 2012,
it accounted for 30% of the city GDP.[38] Most of the industrial areas are located in Gazi Baba
municipality, on the major routes and rail lines to Belgrade and Thessaloniki.[126] Notably, the
ArcelorMittal and Makstil steel plants are located there, and also the Skopje Brewery. Other zones
are located between Aerodrom and Kisela Voda, along the railway to Greece. These zones comprise
Alkaloid Skopje (pharmaceuticals), Rade Konar (electrical supplies), Imperial Tobacco, and Ohis
(fertilisers). Two special economic zones also exist, around the airport and the Okta refinery. They
have attracted several foreign companies, such as Johnson Controls, Johnson Matthey and Van
The Imperial Tobacco plant.
Hool.[127]
As the financial capital of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje is the seat of the Macedonian Stock
Exchange, of the National Bank and of most of the Macedonian banking, insurance and telecommunication companies, such as Makedonski
Telekom, Komercijalna banka Skopje and Stopanska Banka. The services sector produces 60% of the city GDP.[38]
Besides many small traditional shops, Skopje has two large markets, the "Zelen Pazar" (green
market) and the "Bit Pazar" (flea market). They are both considered as local institutions.[39]
However, since the 1970s, retailing has largely been modernised and Skopje now has many
supermarkets and shopping malls. The largest, Skopje City Mall, opened in 2012. It comprises a
Carrefour hypermarket, 130 shops and a cinema, and employs 2,000 people.[128]
Employment
51% of Skopje active population is employed in small firms. 52% of the population work in the
The Zelen Pazar ("green market")
services sector, 34% in industry, and the remaining is mainly employed in administration.[38]
The unemployment rate for the Skopje Statistical Region was at 27% in 2009, three points under
the national rate (30%). The neighbouring Polog Region had a similar rate, but the less affected
region was the South-West, with 22%.[129] Unemployment in Skopje mainly concern men, who
represent 56% of job-seekers, people between 25 and 44 years old (45% of job-seekers), and non-
qualified people (43%).[38] Unemployment also concerns Roma people, who represent 4.63% of the
city population. Unemployment concerns 70% of the active population in the community.[40]
The average net monthly wage in Skopje was at 400 in October 2010, which represented 120% of Mall in Skopje
the national figure.[130] The average wage in Skopje was then lower than in Sarajevo (522)[131]
Sofia (436)[132] and in Belgrade (440).[133]
Population
Historical population
Demography Year Pop. % p.a.
The City of Skopje had 506,926 inhabitants within its administrative limits in 2002.[1] Skopje's 1921 41,000
employment area covers a large part of the Republic of Macedonia, including Veles, Kumanovo and 1931 68,880 +5.32%
Tetovo, and totaling more than one million inhabitants.[135] 1948 88,355 +1.48%
1953 120,130 +6.34%
Skopje concentrates a third of Macedonia's population and other Macedonian towns are much 1961 166,870 +4.19%
smaller. The second most populous municipality, Kumanovo, had 107,632 inhabitants in 2011,[115] 1971 314,552 +6.54%
and an urban unit of 76,272 inhabitants in 2002.[1] 1981 448,200 +3.60%
1991 444,760 0.08%
Before the Austro-Turkish war and the 1698 Great Fire, Skopje was one of the biggest cities in the
2002 506,926 +1.20%
Balkans, with a population estimated between 30,000 and 60,000 inhabitants.[42] After the fire, it
Source: [1][134]
experienced a long period of decline and only had 10,000 inhabitants in 1836.[86] However, the
population started to rise again after 1850 and reached 32,000 inhabitants in 1905.[43] In the 20th
century, Skopje was one of the fastest growing cities in Yugoslavia and it has 448,200 inhabitants
in 1971. Since then, the demographic growth has continued at a steady pace.[134]
Ethnic groups
Ethnic composition
in % (2002)[1]
People on Macedonia street, the
Group Skopje Macedonia main pedestrian axis of the city.
Macedonians 66.7 64.1
Albanians 20.4 25.1
Romani 4.6 2.6
Serbs 2.8 1.7
Turks 1.7 3.8
Bosniaks 1.5 0.8
Aromanians 0.5 0.4
Others 1,6 1
Total 100 100
Skopje, as the Republic of Macedonia as a whole, is characterised by a large ethnic diversity. The city is located in a region where Ethnic
Albanians and Macedonians meet, and it welcomed Romani, Turks, Jews and Serbs throughout its history. Skopje was mainly a Muslim city
until the 19th century, when large number of Christians started to settle there. According to the 2002 census, Macedonians were the largest
ethnic group in Skopje, with 338,358 inhabitants, or 66.75% of the population. Then came Albanians with 103,891 inhabitants (20.49%),
Roma people with 23,475 (4.63%), Serbs (14,298 inhabitants), Turks (8,595), Bosniaks (7,585) and Vlachs (2,557). 8,167 people did not belong
to any of these groups.[1]
Ethnic Macedonians form an overwhelming majority of the population in the municipalities of Aerodrom, Centar, Gjore Petrov, Karpo and
Kisela Voda, which are all located south of the Vardar. They also form a majority in Butel and Gazi Baba which are north of the river. Albanians
form a majority in air which roughly corresponds to the Old Bazaar, and in Saraj. They form a large minority in Butel and Gazi Baba. uto
Orizari, located on the northern edge of the city, is predominantly Roma.[1]
When an ethnic minority forms at least 20% of the population in a municipality, its language can become official on the local level. Thus, in
air and Saraj schools and administration use Albanian, and Romani in uto Orizari.[136] The latter is the only municipality in the world where
Romani is an official language.[40]
Relations between the two largest groups, Macedonians and Albanians, are sometimes difficult, as in the rest of the country. Each group
tolerate the other but they tend to avoid each other and live in what can appear as two parallel worlds.[137] The Roma minority is on its side
very deprived. Its exact size is not known because many Macedonian Roma declare themselves as belonging to other ethnic groups or simply
avoid censuses. However, even if official figures are underestimated, Skopje is the city in the world with the largest Roma population.[40]
Religion
Religious affiliation is diverse: Macedonians, Serbs and Vlachs are mainly Orthodox, while
Albanians, Turks and Roma (Gypsies) are usually Muslim, although there exists an almost equal
number of Orthodox Romani. Skopje also has a Catholic Albanian minority, to which belonged
Mother Teresa.[138]
According to the 2002 census, 68.5% of the population of Skopje belonged to the Eastern Orthodox
Church, while 28.6% of it belonged to Islam. The city also had a Catholic (0.5%) and Protestant
(0.04%) minorities.[139] The Catholics are served by the Latin bishopric of Skopje, in which is also
vested the Byzantine Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Macedonia. The church of the Nativity of the
Virgin Mary.
Until World War II, Skopje had a significant Jewish minority which mainly descended from
Spanish Sephardis who had escaped the Inquisition. The community comprised 2,424 members in
1939 and most of them were deported and killed by Nazis. After the war, most of the survivors settled in Israel.[83][140]
Because of its Ottoman past, Skopje has more mosques than churches. Religious communities often complain about the lack of infrastructure
and new places of worship are often built.[141] Skopje is the seat of many Macedonian religious organisations, such as the Macedonian
Orthodox Church and the Islamic Religious Union of Macedonia. It has an Orthodox cathedral and seminary, several madrasahs, a Roman
Catholic cathedral and a synagogue.[142]
Health
Skopje has several public and private hospitals and specialised medical institutions, such as a psychiatric hospital, two obstetric hospitals, a
gerontology hospital and institutes for respiratory and ocular diseases.[143] In 2012, Skopje had a ratio of one physician per 251.6 inhabitants, a
figure higher than the national ratio (one per 370.9). The ratio of medical specialists was also higher than in the rest of the country. However,
the ratio of hospital beds, pharmacists and dentists was lower in Skopje.[144] The population in Skopje enjoys better health standards than
other Macedonians. In 2010, the mortality rate was at 8.6 in Skopje and 9.3 on the national level. The infant mortality rate was at 6.8
in Skopje and 7.6 in Macedonia.[144]
Education
Skopje's citizenry is generally more educated than the rest of the country. For one, 16% of Skopjans
graduated university in contrast to 10% for the rest of the country. The number of people with a
complete lack of education or ones who received a partial education is lower in Skopje at 9%
compared to the provincial average of 17%. 80% of Macedonian citizens who hold a PhD take up
residence in Skopje.[145]
Skopje has 21 secondary schools; 5 of which serve as general high-school gymnasiums and 16
vocational schools.[146] The city is also host to several higher education institutions, the most
notable of which is Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, founded in 1949. The university has 23 St Clement of Ohrid National and
University Library.
departments, 10 research institutes and is attended by an average of 50,000 students.[147] After the
declaration of independence for the Republic of Macedonia in 1991, several private universities
were brought to existence. The largest private universities in Skopje are currently European University with 7 departments[148] and FON
University with 9 departments respectively.[149]
Media
Skopje is the largest media center in Macedonia. Of the 818 newspapers surveyed in 2000 by the Ministry of Information, over 600 had their
headquarters in Skopje. The daily Dnevnik, founded in 1996, with 60 000 runs per day is the most printed in the country. Also based in
Skopje, Veer is pulled 50,000 copies and the state owns one third of its capital, as well as Nova Makedonija, reprinted 20,000 copies. Other
major newspapers in Skopje, totally private, are Utrinski Vesnik (30,000 copies), Vest (25,000 copies)
and Vreme (15,000 copies). Magazines Fokus (12,000 copies), Start (10,000 copies), and Denes (7,500
copies) also have their headquarters in Skopje.[150][151]
The city is home of the studios of Macedonian Radio-Television (MRT), the country's public radio and
television. Founded in 1966, it operate withs three national broadcast channels, twenty-four hours at
day. The most popular private television stations are Sitel. Kanal 5, Telma, Alfa TV and AlsatM are
another major private television companies.[152] MRT also operates radio stations with national
coverage, the private station Skopje's Kanal 77 is the only one to have such a span. Radio Antenna 5
and Metropolis are two other major private stations that have their headquarters in Skopje.[153]
Also, the city boasts big news agencies in the country, both public, as the Macedonian Information
Agency, and private, such as the Makfax.[150]
Sports
As the capital and largest city of Macedonia, Skopje has many major sporting facilities. The city has The Macedonian Radio-
Television headquarters.
three large swimming pools, two of which feature Olympic pools. These pools are particularly relevant
to coaching water polo teams. Skopje also boasts many football stadiums, like Ilinden in air and
elezarnica, which can accommodate between 4,000 and 4,500 spectators. The basketball court Kale can accommodate 5 000 people and the
court of Jane Sandanski, 4000 people.[154]
The largest stadium remains the Philip II Arena. The stadium, built in 1947 and named until 2008,
City Stadium Skopje[155] experienced a total renovation, begun in 2009 to meet the standards of
FIFA. Fully renovated the stadium contains 32,580 seats,[156] and a health spa and fitness. The
Boris Trajkovski Sports Center is the largest sports complex in the country. It was opened in 2008
and named after president Boris Trajkovski, who died in 2004. It includes room dedicated to
handball, basketball and volleyball, a bowling alley, a fitness area and an ice hockey court. Its main
hall, which regularly hosts concerts, holds around 10,000 people.[157]
The Philip II Arena. FK Vardar and FK Rabotniki are the two most popular football teams, playing in the first national
league. Their workouts are held at Philip II Arena, like those of the national team. The city is also
home to many smaller football clubs, such as: FK Makedonija Gjore Petrov, FK Gorno Lisie, FK
Lokomotiva Skopje, FK Metalurg Skopje, FK Madari Solidarnost and FK Skopje, who play in first, second or third national league. Another
popular sport in Macedonia is basketball, represented in particular by the teams Rabotniki and MZT Skopje. Handball is illustrated by RK
Vardar PRO and RK Metalurg Skopje, also the women's team RK Metalurg and RK Vardar. The city co-hosted the 2008 European Women's
Handball Championship together with Ohrid.[158] and will host the 2017 UEFA Super Cup, the match between the two giants of the European
football Real Madrid and Manchester United
Transport
Main connections
Skopje is located near three other capital cities, Prishtina (87 kilometres (54 miles) away), Tirana
(291 km) and Sofia (245 km). Thessaloniki is 233 kilometres (145 miles) south and Belgrade is 433
kilometres (269 miles) north.[159] Skopje is also at the crossroad of two Pan-European corridors:
Corridor X, which runs between Austria and Greece, and Corridor VIII, which runs from the
Adriatic in Albania to the Black sea in Bulgaria. Corridor X links Skopje to Thessaloniki, Belgrade
and Western Europe, while Corridor VIII links it with Tirana and Sofia.
Corridor X locally corresponds to the M-1 motorway (E75), which is the longest Macedonian
highway. It also corresponds to the Tabanovce-Gevgelija railway. Corridor VIII, less developed,
Skopje bypass.
corresponds to the M-4 motorway and the Kievo-Beljakovce railway. Skopje is not quite on the
Corridor X and the M-1 does not pass on the city territory. Thus the junction between the M-1 and
M-4 is located some 20 kilometres (12 miles) east, close to the airport. Although Skopje is geographically close to other major cities, movement
of people and goods is not optimised, especially with Albania. This is mainly due to poor infrastructure. As a result, 61.8% of Skopjans have
never been to Tirana, while only 6.7% have never been to Thessaloniki and 0% to Sofia. Furthermore, 26% of Thessalonians, 33% of Sofians
and 37% of Tiranans have never been to Skopje.[159]
Rail and coach stations
The main railway station in Skopje is serviced by the Belgrade-Thessaloniki and Skopje-Prishtina
international lines.[160] After the completion of the Corridor VIII railway scheduled for 2022, the
city will also be linked to Tirana and Sofia.[161][162] Daily trains also link Skopje with other
Macedonian towns, such as Kumanovo, Kievo, tip, Bitola or Veles.[160]
Skopje has several minor railway stations but the city does not have its own railway network and
they are only serviced by intercity or international lines. On the railway linking the main station to
Belgrade and Thessaloniki are Draevo and Dolno Lisie stations, and on the railway to Kievo are
Skopje-North, Gjore Petrov and Saraj stations. Several other stations are freight-only.[163] Main railway station as seen from
Mount Vodno.
Skopje coach station opened in 2005 and is built right under the main railway station. It can host
450 coaches in a day.[164] Coach connections to and from Skopje are much more efficient and
diverse than train connections. Indeed, it is regularly linked to many Macedonian localities and foreign cities including Istanbul, Sofia, Prague,
Hamburg and Stockholm.[165]
Public transport
Skopje has a bus network managed by the city and operated by three companies. The oldest and
largest is JSP Skopje, a public company founded in 1948. JSP lost its monopoly on public transport
in 1990 and two new companies, Sloboda Prevoz and Mak Ekspres, obtained several lines.
However, most of the network is still in the hands of JSP which operates 67 lines on 80. Only 24
lines are urban, the others serving localities around the city.[166] Many of the JSP buses are (by
Chinese buse builder Yutong) red double-decker buses designed to look like the British-made buses
that were in use in the 1950s and 1960s.[167]
A tram network has long been planned in Skopje and the idea was first proposed in the 1980s. The A red double-decker bus in Skopje.
project became real in 2006 when the mayor Trifun Kostovski asked for feasibility studies. His
successor Koce Trajanovski launched a call for tenders in 2010 and the first line is scheduled for
2019.[168]
A new network for small buses started to operate in June 2014, not to replace but to decrease the number of big buses in the city centre.
Airport
Skopje has an international airport, Skopje "Alexander the Great" Airport. It is located in Petrovec,
some 20 kilometres (12 miles) east of the city. Since 2008, it has been managed by the Turkish TAV
Airports Holding and it can accommodate up to four million passengers per year.[169] The annual
traffic has constantly risen since 2008, reaching one million passengers in 2014.[170]
Skopje airport has connections to several European cities, including Vienna, Zrich, Brussels,
Istanbul, London and Rome. It also maintains a direct connection with Dubai.[171]
Culture The airport
Cultural institutions
Being the capital of the Republic of Macedonia, Skopje is home to the largest cultural institutions of
the country, such as the National and University Library "St. Kliment of Ohrid", the Macedonian
Academy of Sciences and Arts, the National Theatre, the National Philarmonic Orchestra and the
Macedonian Opera and Ballet. Among the local institutions are the Brothers Miladinov Library
which has more than a million documents, the Cultural Information Centre which manages
festivals, exhibitions and concerts, and the House of Culture Koo Racin which is dedicated to
contemporary art and young talents.[172]
Skopje has also several foreign cultural centres, such as a Goethe-Institut,[173] a British
Macedonian Opera and Ballet.
Council,[174] an Alliance franaise,[175] an American Corner.[176]
The city has several theatres and concert halls. The Univerzalna Sala, seating 1,570, was built in
1966 and is used for concerts, fashion shows and congresses. The Metropolis Arena, designed for large concerts, has 3,546 seats. Other large
halls include the Macedonian Opera and Ballet (800 seats), the National Theatre (724), and the Drama Theatre (333).[177] Other smaller
venues exist, such as the Albanian Theatre and the Youth Theatre. A Turkish Theatre and a Philharmonic hall are under construction.[178][179]
Museums
The largest museum in Skopje is the Museum of Macedonia which details the history of the
country. Its icons and lapidary collections are particularly rich.[180] The Macedonian Archeological
Museum, opened in 2014, keeps some of the best archeological finds in Macedonia, dating from
Prehistory to the Ottoman period. The National Gallery of Macedonia exhibits paintings dating
from the 14th to the 20th century in two former Turkish baths of the Old Bazaar. The
Contemporary Art Museum of Macedonia was built after the 1963 earthquake thanks to
international assistance. Its collections include Macedonian and foreign art, with works by Fernand
Museum of the Macedonian
Lger, Andr Masson, Pablo Picasso, Hans Hartung, Victor Vasarely, Alexander Calder, Pierre Struggle.
Soulages, Alberto Burri and Christo.[181]
The Skopje City Museum is located inside the remains of the old train station, destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. It is dedicated to the local
history and it has four departments: archeology, ethnology, history and art history.[182] The Memorial House of Mother Teresa was built in
2009 on the site where stood the church were the Saint was baptised.[183] The Museum of the Macedonian Struggle is dedicated to the modern
national history and the struggle of Macedonians for their independence. Nearby is the Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia.
The Macedonian Museum of Natural History showcases some 4,000 items[184] while the 12-ha Skopje Zoo is home to 300 animals.[185]
Architecture
Although Skopje has been destroyed many times through its history, it still has many historical
landmarks which reflect the successive occupations of the city. Skopje has one of the biggest
Ottoman urban complexes in Europe, with many Ottoman monuments still serving their original
purpose. It was also a ground for modernist experiments in the 20th century, following the 1963
earthquake. In the beginning of the 21st century, it is again the subject of massive building
campaigns, thanks to the "Skopje 2014" project. Skopje is thus an environment where old, new,
progressist, reactionary, eastern and western perspectives coexist.[97]
Ruins of Roman Scupi.

Skopje has some remains of Prehistorical architecture
which can be seen on the Tumba Madari Neolithic
site.[186] On the other side of the city lie the remains of the ancient Scupi, with ruins of a theatre,
thermae and a basilica.[53] The Skopje Aqueduct, located between Scupi and the city centre, is
rather mysterious because its date of construction is unknown. It seems to have been built by the
Byzantines or the Turks, but it was already out of use in the 16th century.[187] It consists of 50
arches, worked in cloisonn masonry.[188]
Skopje Aqueduct.
Skopje Fortress was rebuilt several times before it was
destroyed by the 1963 earthquake. Since then, it has
been restored to its medieval appearance. It is the only medieval monument in Skopje, but several
churches located around the city illustrate the Vardar architectural school which flourished around
1300. Among these churches are the ones around Matka Canyon (St Nicholas, St Andrew and
Matka churches). The church of St. Panteleimon in Gorno Nerezi dates from the 12th century. Its
expressive frescoes anticipate the Italian primitives.[189]
Examples of Ottoman Turkish architecture are located

in the Old Bazaar. Mosques in Skopje are usually simple
in design, with a square base and a single dome and Church of St. Panteleimon.
minaret. There entrance is usually emphasised by a
portico, as on Mustafa Pasha Mosque, dating from the
15th century. Some mosques show some originality in their appearance: Sultan Murad and Yahya
Pasha mosques have lost their dome and have a pyramidal roof, while Isa Bey mosque has a
rectangular base, two domes and two side wings. The Alada Mosque was originally covered with
blue faience, but it disappeared in the 1689 Great Fire. However, some tiles are still visible on the
Alada Mosque and its trbe.
adjoining trbe. Other Turkish public monuments include the 16th-century clock tower, a
bedesten, three caravanserais, two Turkish baths and the Stone Bridge, first mentioned in
1469.[80][190]
The oldest churches in the city centre, the Ascension and St Dimitri churches, were built in the 18th century, after the 1689 Great Fire. They
were both renovated in the 19th century. The Church of the Ascension is particularly small it is half-buried in order not to overlook
neighbouring mosques.[191] In the 19th century, several new churches were built, including the Church of the Nativity of the Virgin Mary,
which is a large three-nave building designed by Andrey Damyanov.[192]
After 1912, when Skopje was annexed by Serbia, the city was drastically westernised. Wealthy Serbs
built mansions and town houses such as the 1926 Ristik Palace. Architecture of that time is very
similar to the one of Central Europe, but some buildings are more creative, such as the Neo-
Moorish Arab House and the Neo-Byzantine train station, both built in 1938.[97] Modernism
appeared as early as 1933 with the former Ethnographic Museum (today the City Gallery), designed
by Milan Zlokovi.[97] However, modernist architecture only fully developed in Skopje after the
1963 earthquake. The reconstruction of city centre was partially planned by Japanese Kenzo Tange
who designed the new train station.[97] Macedonian architects also took part to the reconstruction:
Main post office and the
Georgi Konstantinovski designed the City Archives building in 1968 and the Hall of residence Goce
Communication Centre.
Delev in 1975, while Janko Konstantinov designed the Telecommunication Centre and the main
post office (19741989). Slavko Brezovski designed the Church of St. Clement of Ohrid.[193] These
two buildings are noted for their originality although they are directly inspired by brutalism.[97]
The reconstruction turned Skopje into a proper modernist city, with large blocks of flats, austere
concrete buildings and scattered green spaces. The city centre was considered as a grey and
unattractive place when local authorities unveiled the "Skopje 2014" project in 2010.[194][195] It
made plans to erect a large number of statues, fountains, bridges, and museums at a cost of about
500 million.[196]
The project has generated controversy: critics have described the new landmark buildings as signs
of reactionary historicist aesthetics.[197] Also, the government has been criticised for its cost and for
the original lack of representation of national minorities in the coverage of its set of statues and
Archeological Museum of memorials.[197] However, representations of minorities have since been included among the
Macedonia. monuments. The scheme is accused of turning Skopje to a theme park,[198] which is viewed as
nationalistic kitsch,[199] and has made Skopje an example to see how national identities are
constructed and how this construction is mirrored in the urban space.[200]
Fresco in the church of St. Mustafa Pasha Mosque. Daut Pasha Turkish The clock
Panteleimon. bath. tower.
Porta Macedonia.
The Arab House.
Festivals
The Skopje Jazz Festival has been held annually in October since 1981. It is part of the European Jazz Network and the European Forum of
World Wide Festivals. The artists' profiles include fusion, acid jazz, Latin jazz, smooth jazz, and avant-garde jazz. Ray Charles, Tito Puente,
Gotan Project, Al Di Meola, Youssou N'Dour, among others, have performed at the festival. Another music festival in Skopje is the Blues and
Soul Festival. It is a relatively new event in the Macedonian cultural scene that occurs every summer in early July.[201] Past guests include
Larry Coryell, Mick Taylor & the All-Stars Blues Band, Candy Dulfer & Funky Stuff, Joo Bosco, The Temptations, Tolo Marton Trio, Blues
Wire, and Phil Guy.
The Skopje Cultural Summer Festival is a renowned cultural event that takes place in Skopje each year during the summer. The festival is a
member of the International Festivals and Events Association (IFEA) and it includes musical concerts, operas, ballets, plays, art and
photograph exhibitions, movies, and multimedia projects that gather 2,000 participants from around the world each year including the St
Petersburg Theatre, the Chamber Orchestra of the Bolshoi Theatre, Irina Arkhipova, Viktor Tretiakov, The Theatre of Shadows, Michel
Dalberto, and David Burgess.
May Opera Evenings is a festival that has occurred annually in Skopje since 1972 and is dedicated to promoting opera among the general
public. Over the years, it has evolved into a stage on which artists from some 50 countries have performed. There is one other major
international theater festival that takes place each year at the end of month September, the Young Open Theater Festival (MOT), which was
organized for the first time in May 1976 by the Youth Cultural Center Skopje.[202] More than 700 theatrical performances have been
presented at this festival so far, most of them being alternative, experimental theatre groups engaging young writers and actors. The MOT
International theater festival is also a member of the International Network for Contemporary Performing Arts or IETM.[203] Within the
framework of the MOT Festival, the Macedonian National Center of the International Theater Institute (ITI) was established, and at the 25th
ITI World Congress in Munich in 1993, it became a regular member of this theater association. The festival has an international character,
always representing theaters from all over the world that present and enhance exchange and circulation of young-fresh-experimental-avant
guard theatrical energy and experience between its participants on one side and the audience on the other.
The Skopje Film Festival is an annual event held in the city every March. Over 50 films are shown at this five-day festival, mostly from
Macedonia and Europe, but also including some non-commercial film productions from all over the world.
Nightlife
Skopje has a diverse nightlife. There is a large emphasis on casinos, many of which are associated
with hotels, such as that of the Holiday Inn. Other casinos include Helios Metropol, Olympic, Bon
Venon, and Sherry.[204] Among young people the most popular destinations are bars, discos, and
nightclubs which can be found in the center and the City Park. Among the most popular nightclubs
are Midnight, Hard Rock, Maracana, B2, Havana and Colosseum where world-famous disc jockeys
and idiosyncratic local performances are frequent. In 2010, the Colosseum club was named fifth on
a list of the best clubs in Southeastern Europe. Armin van Buuren, Above and Beyond, The
Shapeshifters are just some of the many musicians that have visited the club.[205] Nighttime
Panorama of Skopje at night.
concerts in local, regional and global music are often held at the Philip II National Arena and Boris
Trajkovski Sports Center.[204] For middle-aged people, places for having fun are also the kafeanas
where traditional Macedonian food is served and traditional Macedonian Music (Starogradska muzika) is played, but music from all the
Balkans, particularly Serbian folk music is also popular. Apart from the traditional Macedonian restaurants, there are restaurants featuring
international cuisines.[204] Some of the most popular cafs in Skopje are Caf Ei8ht, Caf Trend, Drama Caf, Lex Caf and Blue Caf. The Old
Bazaar was a popular nightlife destination in the past. The national government has created a project to revive nightlife in the Old Bazaar. The
closing time in shops, cafs and restaurants was extended due to the high attendances recorded. In the bazaar's restaurants, along with the
traditional Macedonian wine and food, dishes of the Ottoman cuisine are also served.[206]
People from Skopje

Notable people from Skopje include:
Justinian I, Byzantine Emperor Stojna Vangelovska, basketball player and Olympic silver
Konstantin Tih, Bulgarian Tsar medalist
Mother Teresa, Roman Catholic humanitarian (honorary citizen of Pero Anti, basketball and NBA player
Skopje 27 June 1980)[207] Esma Redepova, vocalist, songwriter, and humanitarian
Ljubia Samardi, actor and film director Blagoje Vidini, footballer and Olympic bronze medalist
Blagoje Vidini, footballer and Olympic champion Darko Panev, former footballer, European Cup champion
Blagoja Georgievski, basketball player and Olympic silver Simon Trpeski, pianist
medalist Srgjan Kerim, former UN General Assembly president
Yahya Kemal Beyatl, poet and diplomat
International relations
Twin towns Sister cities

Skopje is twinned with:[208]
Bradford, United Kingdom, (since 1961)[208] Pittsburgh, U.S., (since 2002)[208]

Dijon, France, (since 1961)[208][209][210]
Angoulme, France, (since 2002)[212]
Tashkent, Uzbekistan, (since 1963)
Istanbul, Turkey, (since 2003)[208]
Dresden, Germany, (since 1967)[208]
Ljubljana, Slovenia, (since 2007)[208][213]
Tempe, Arizona, U.S., (since 1971)[208]
Podgorica, Montenegro, (since
Roubaix, France, (since 1973)[208] 2007)[208]
Waremme, Belgium, (since 1974)[208] Zaragoza, Spain (since 2008)[208]
Nuremberg, Germany, (since 1982)[208] Zagreb, Croatia (since 2011)[208]
Nanchang, China, (since 1984)[208][211] Belgrade, Serbia, (since 2012)[208][214]

Manisa, Turkey, (since 1985)[208] Sofia, Bulgaria, (since 2015)[208][215] Soravia City Center
Suez, Egypt, (since 1985)[208]
Tirana, Albania, (since 2016)[216]
Partnerships
Ankara, Turkey, (since 1995)[217]

Pula, Croatia[218]
Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, (since 2007)[219]
See also
History of Skopje
List of honorary citizens of Skopje
List of people from Skopje
Old Bazaar, Skopje
Sports in Skopje
Notes
1. UK: /skpji/ or /skpje/; US: /skpji/, /skpje/, /skpji/, /skpje/, /skopji/ or /skopje/.[2]
2. Officially known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes until 1929
3. Known as Democratic Federal Yugoslavia until 1945
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Skopje at night (https://web.archive.org/web/20110426114127/http://vecer.com.mk/galerii/skopje/index.html), picture gallery.
Skopje | Between Byzantine and Ottomans (http://advisortravelguide.com/skopje-between-byzantine-and-ottomans/)
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Coordinates: 420N 2126E

Landscape of the Skopje valley,

The City of Skopje, its administrative limits are in red.

Several rivers meet the Vardar within the city

Climate data for Skopje

Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net,[23] World Meteorological Organization (precipitation days)[24]

Source #2: NOAA (sun, 19611990)[25]

Nature and environment

The archeological museum, one

Localities and villages

Skopje Fortress. places to face invasions. Scupi was thus transferred on

From the Balkan Wars to present day

Administration The coat of arms

Party / List Seats Percentage

VMRO-DPMNE and allies 22 49%

SDSM and allies 14 31%

Size Population Population est. 1. Centar

Size Population Population est. 7. uto

Firms and activities

Rail and coach stations

Culture The airport

Ruins of Roman Scupi.

Examples of Ottoman Turkish architecture are located

People from Skopje

Twin towns Sister cities

Bradford, United Kingdom, (since 1961)[208] Pittsburgh, U.S., (since 2002)[208]

Waremme, Belgium, (since 1974)[208] Zaragoza, Spain (since 2008)[208]

Nuremberg, Germany, (since 1982)[208] Zagreb, Croatia (since 2011)[208]

Nanchang, China, (since 1984)[208][211] Belgrade, Serbia, (since 2012)[208][214]

Ankara, Turkey, (since 1995)[217]

Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, (since 2007)[219]

8. "Traffic and transport projects" (http://www.transpower-rp6.org/uploads/media/Skopje_Actual__Traffic_Projects_01.pdf) (PDF). City of

35. " - - " (https://web.archive.org/web/20120119203107/http://www.dnevnik.c

103. , (1 January 2007). " " (https://books.google.com/books?id=HDQn3tJkyUcC&pg=PA560&dq=%

130. " 593 , 20 " (http://www.mkd.mk/35313/makedonija/prosek-bruto-plata-

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Skopje&oldid=811124332"

This page was last edited on 19 November 2017, at 17:46.

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