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    Scour Manual PDF

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    SCOUR MANUAL G.J.C.M. HOFFMANS Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division of the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Delft H.L.VERHEI Delft Hydraulics, Delft TERS DELFT LIBRARY P.O. BOX 3015 2601 DA DELFT THE NETHERLAHDS A.A.BALKEMA / ROTTERDAM / BROOKFIELD / 1997 Scour Manual, P-DWW.-96-120 Editorial Board GCM. Holfmans, Senior Research Engineer, Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division of the “Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management W, Leeuwestein, Senior Research Engineer, Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division of the Ministry of, “Transport, Public Works and Water Management K.W.Pilarezyk, Manager Reseirch and Development of the Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division of the Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management G.I Schiereck, Senior Scientific Officer, Delft University of Technology HL Verheij, Senior Project Engineer, Delft Hydraulics Contributors G.J. Akerman, Senior Project Engineer, Delft Hydraulics J. van Duivendijk, Senior Scientific Officer, Delft University of Technology ‘W.H.G. Klomp, Project Engineer, Delft Hydraulics M. van der Wal, Senior Project Engineer, Delft Hydraulics R.OTh. Zijlstra, Project Engineer, Haskoning ‘The Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management and Delft Hydraulics and those associated with this report have exercised all possible care in compiling and presenting the information contained init. This information reflects the state-of-the-art atthe time of publication. Nevertheless, the ‘possiblity that inaccuracies may occur inthis publication cannot be ruled out. Anyone wishing to use the information in it will be deemed to do so at his or her own risk. The Ministry of Transport, Public Works { and Water Management nt Delft Hydraulics decline to accept any liability whatsoever in respect of loss or damage that may arise in consequence af such use on behalf of all persons associated with this publication, Cover: Ingrid La Haye, 1994, Scouring, 28 x 18 em, The Hague ‘Authorrzation to photocopy items for internal o personal use, or the intemal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by A.A.Balkema, Rotterdam, provided that the base fee of USS1.50 per copy. plus US$0.10 per page is paid directly to Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. The fet code for users of the Transactional Reporting Service is: 90 5410673 5/97 USS1.50 + USBO.10, Published by A.A. Balkema, P.O. Box 1675, 3000 BR Rotterdam, Netherlands (Fax: +31.10.4135947) ‘A.A Balkema Publishers, Old Post Road, Brookfield, VT 05036-9704, USA (Fax: 802.276.3837) ISBN 905410673 5 © 1997 A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam Printed in the Netherlands NR RNaiE estes ice Contents FOREWORD LIST OF MAIN SYMBOLS , | INTRODUCTION 1.1 General 1.2 Scope of this manual 1.3 Summary v BASIC CONCEPTS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Design process 2.2.1 General 2.2.2 Boundary conditions 2.2.3 Fault tree analysis 2.2.4 Protective measures 2.2.5 Characteristics of bed protection 2.3 Initiation of motion 2.3.1 General 2.3.2 Non-cohesive sediments 2.3.3 Cohesive sediments 2.3.4 Turbulence 2.3.5 Examples 2.4 Scour processes 2.4.1 General 2.4.2 General scour 2.4.3 Local scour 2.4.4 Conditions of transport 2.5 Geotechnical aspects 2.5.1 General 2.5.2 Porosity of sand XL xi wre VI Contents 2.5.3 Empirical criteria 2.5.4 Example 3 SILLS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Flow characteristics 3.3 Dutch scour depth modelling 3.3.1 General 3.3.2 Characteristic time 3.3.3 Relative urbulence intensity 3.3.4 Scour coefficient 3.3.5 Non-steady flow 3.3.6 Upstream supply of sediment 3.4 Upstream scour slopes 3.4.1 General 3.4.2 Hydraulic and morphological stability criterion 3.4.3 Undermining 3.5 Additional measures 3.6 Field experiments 3.6.1 General 3.6.2 Hydraulic and geotechnical conditions 3.6.3 Discussion 3.7 Examples 4 JETS 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Flow characteristics 4.2.1 Introduction 4.2.2 Flow velocities 4.2.3 Hydraulic jump 4.3 Time scale 4.4 Plunging jets 4.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Calculation methods 4.4.3 Discussion 4.5 Two-dimensional culverts 4.5.1 Introduction 4.5.2 Calculation methods 4.5.3 Discussion 4.6 Three-dimensional culverts 4.6.1 Introduction 4.6.2 Calculation methods 4.6.3 Discussion 34 39 40 40 42 42 47 49 SL 53 57 57 57 59 59 60 61 61 65 68 68 68 68 69 70 72 73 7B 73 76 78 78 719 81 82 82 83 84 ! Contents VII 4.7 Scour control 85 4.8 Examples 87 . 5 ABUTMENTS AND SPUR DIKES 91 5.1 Introduction 91 5.2 Geometry characteristics 92 5.2.1 Introduction 92 5.2.2 Wing-wall abutments 93 5.2.3 Spill-through abutments 94 5.2.4 Vertical-wall abutments 94 : 5.2.5 Flow pattern 95 53 Time scale 96 5.4 Equilibrium scour depth 100 5.4.1 Introduction 100 5.4.2 Calculation methods 100 5.4.3 Discussion 104 5.5 Types of scour 105 5.5.1 Introduction 105 5.5.2 Combined local scour and bend scour 105 5.6 Failure mechanism and measures to prevent local scour 106 5.6.1 Introduction 106 56.2 Scour slopes, 106 5.6.3 Outflanking 107 5.6.4 Riprap protection 107 . 6 BRIDGE PIERS 109 6.1 Introduction 109 6.2 Characteristic flow pattern 109 6.3 Time scale 110 6.4 Equilibrium scour depth 113 6.4.1 Introduction 113 1 64.2 Calculation methods 4 6.4.3 Discussion 115 6.5 Effects of specific parameters M7 6.5.1 Introduction 117 6.5.2 Pier shape 118 65.3 Alignment of the pier to the flow 118 6.5.4 Gradation of bed material 120 6.5.5 Group of piers 120 6.6 Scour slopes 122 6.6.1 Introduction 122 6.6.2 Single cylindrical pier 122 6.6.3 Other types of piers 123, LL VIM Contents 6.7 Measures to prevent local scour 6.7.1 Introduction 6.7.2 Riprap protection 6.7.3 Mattress protection 6.7.4 Deflectors 7 COASTAL AND OFFSHORE STRUCTURES 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Pipelines 7.2.1 Introduction 7.2.2 Development regimes 7.2.3 Time scale 7.2.4 Equilibrium scour depth 7.2.5 Methods to prevent scour 7.3 Piles 7.3.1 Introduction 7.3.2 Equilibrium scour depth 7.3.3 Large diameter piles | 1.3.4 Scour protection 7.4 Vertical breakwaters | 7.4.1 Introduction 4.4.2 Time scale 7.4.3 Equilibrium scour depth 7.4.4 Influence of a protective layer 7.5 Coastal defences 7.5.1 Introduction 7.5.2 Type of processes 7.5.3 Effects of structures 7.5.4 Time scale 75.5 Equilibrium scour depth 7.5.6 Scour protection 7.6 Gravity structures 7.6.1 Introduction 7.6.2 Time scale 7.6.3 Equilibrium scour depth 7.6.4 Dishpan scour 7.6.5 Measures to mitigate scour 7.6.6 Uncertainties in scour predictions 8 PROTOTYPE SITUATIONS 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Lengthening of groynes in the Waal River, the Netherlands 8.2.1 Introduction 125 125 125 126 126 128 128 129 129 130 132 132 135 135 135 136 137 139 139 139 139 140 141 142 142 143 143 143 145 148 151 ISL 151 152 152 152 155 156 156 157 157 Contents IX 8.2.2 Available data 8.2.3 Design philosophy 8.2.4 Evaluation 8.3 Submerged vanes in the Waal River, the Netherlands 83.1 Introduction 8.3.2 Available data 8.3.3 Design philosophy 8.3.4 Evaluation 8.4 Improvement of the access channel to the port of Barranquilla, Colombia 8.4.1 Introduction 8.4.2 Available data 8.4.3 Design philosophy 8.4.4 Evaluation 8.5 Daraming of Chao Phraya and Nan Rivers for navigation improvement, Thailand 8.5.1 Introduction 8.5.2 Available data 8.5.3 Design philosophy 8.5.4 Evaluation 8.6 Gravity based structure 8.6.1 Introduction 8.6.2 Boundary conditions 8.6.3 Assessment of the scour depth 8.6.4 Small-scale model tests 8.6.5 Evaluation REFERENCES 157 158 161 162 162 163 164 168 169 169 171 172 176 178 178 180 181 182 185 185 186 187 188 193 195 Foreword In February 1953 many dikes in the south-western provinces of the Nether- lands failed during a severe stormtide. As a consequence of this disaster sev- eral hydraulic and soil mechanical issues had to be dealt with in order to be able to draw up appropriate solution for the breaches in the flood defences. In past the solutions consisted of repairing the dikes and in part by construct ing closure dams in the existing estuary. To study the effects of enclosures small-scale experiments were carried out to obtain general information about the critical velocity for the stability of stones and concrete blocks, the over- lapping of mattresses, the water movement, and the scouring effects down- stream of revetments. Based on a systematic investigation of the time scale for two and three dimensiona} scour in loose sediments relations were derived for predicting the maximum scour depth as function of time. In the nineties these scour re- lations were slightly modified and used for the design of the storm surge barrier in the New Waterway near Rotterdam and for the prediction of the scour process downstream of the barrier in the Eastern Scheldt. This manual concerns the scour processes and phenomena taking place near several hydraulic structures. It is intended primarily for hydraulic engi- neers in the field; however, it may have some appeal also to researchers in hydraulic engineering. The scour process has not yet been explained in a general accepted manner, and therefore it would be only appropriate to dis- cuss their mechanism and formulations for the simplest cases. I hope this manual will offer the practical engineer as much interest as the authors ex- perienced in preparing it. A. Hoekstra Former head of Hydraulic Engineering Division XI List of main symbols Oss Po AR Pe SS FO MH 8 OUR A Qe oD 2 Cross-section (L?) Length of structure (perpendicular to flow direction) (L) ‘Width of flow (L) Coefficient (-) Chézy coefficient (L'? T-) Particle diameter (L) Median grain size (L) Height of sill (L} Sedimentological diameter, d(Ag/v?)'8 (-) Embedment (L) Friction coefficient, g/C? (-) Friction coefficient (-) Roughness function, C/Cy, Cy = 40 m'? /s (-) Froude number, U,/(gh)'? (-) Acceleration of gravity (LT) Blow depth (L) Initial flow depth (L) Tailwater depth (L) Drop head across structure or wave height (L) Significant wave height (L) Volume of scour hale per unit width (L2) Turbulence energy (L?T-*) Effective or equivalent bed roughness (rough: k, = 3dgq, smooth: k, = 2d) (L) Coefficient (-) Keulegan Carpenter number, w,, T/b (-) Length of bed protection (L) Failure length (L) Porosity (-) Discharge per unit width (L?T-!) Discharge (L°T-") Reduction transport per unit width (L?T-!) XI s Re 5 N% Fennec 5 # ZScsS PU

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