Highway Drainage: Removal & diversion of surface water from road way is called Surface

drainage. And that of subsoil from subgrade is called Subsurface drainage.

...... IMPORTANCE

Highway drainage is important because due to improper drainage

1. due to increase in moisture subgrade may lose its stability due to which the pavement may fail.

2.due to Increase in the moisture strength of many pavement materials like water bound macadam
reduces.

3.In some clayey soil variation in moisture content causes considerable variation in

volume of sub-grade which can cause pavement failure.

4. in flexible pavements due to poor drainage formation of waves and corrugation may cause
pavement failure.

5.Sustained contact of water with bituminous pavements causes failure due stripping

bitumen from the aggregates like formation of pot holes.

6. in rigid pavements The main cause of failures by mud pumping is due the presence of

water in fine sub-grade soil.

7.Excess water on shoulders and pavement edge causes considerable damage.

8. in earth slope and embankment foundations Excess moisture causes increase in weight and thus
increase in stress and simultaneous reduction in strength in soil mass which may cause failure

9.In place where freezing temperatures are prevalent in winter, due to frost action pavement and
subgrade may get considerably damaged.

10. Erosion of soil from top of un-surface roads and slopes of embankment, cut and hill side

is also due to surface water.

POT HOLE Frost Action

Rotary Intersections: it is a type of intersection that directs both
turning and through traffic onto a one-way circular roadway, usually built for the
purposes of traffic calming or aesthetics.

Advantages:

1. Traffic flow is regulated to only one direction of movement therefore it

eliminates severe conflicts between crossing movements.

2. All the vehicles entering the rotary are gently forced to reduce the speed and continue to
move at slower speed. Thus, none of the vehicles need to be stopped, unlike in a signalized
intersection.

3. It provides lower speed of negotiations and eliminates severe conflicts due to which
accidents and their severity are much less in rotaries.

4. control by police or traffic signals is not necessary because Rotaries are self-governing.

5. They are ideally suited for moderate traffic, especially with irregular geometry, or
intersections with more than three or four approaches.

Disadvantages:

1. All the vehicles are forced to slow down and negotiate the intersection. Therefore, the
cumulative delay will be much higher than channelized intersection.

2. Even when there is relatively low traffic, the vehicles are forced to reduce their speed.

3. Rotaries require large area of relatively flat land making them costly at urban areas.

4. The vehicles do not usually stop at a rotary. They accelerate and exit the rotary at relatively
high speed. Therefore, they are not suitable when there is high pedestrian movement.

Diamond Interchange: A basic four-ramp interchange between ( a major and minor roads or
relatively narrower major road) a freeway and a surface street. The four diagonal ramps, one in each
quadrant, suggest a diamond shape. Its usually found in urban locations.

Advantages:

1. Continuity of pedestrian and bicycle accommodation on minor road

is easier to maintain since diverging and merging movements can be
avoided.
2. Relatively little right of way is required
3. Permits higher speeds.

Disadvantages

1. Operational problems with two closely spaces intersections on

minor road
2. Potential for wrong way entry onto the ramps
3. Medians and signing is required.