9/12/2017 Applications of DP transmitters ~ Learning Instrumentation And Control Engineering

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Applications of DP transmitters

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Pressure Vessel
The DP transmitter is a very versatile pressure-measuring device. This one instrument may be used to measure pressure
differences, positive (gauge) pressures, negative (vacuum) pressures, and even absolute pressures, just by connecting the high Measurement P
and low sensing ports differently.
In every DP transmitter application, there are means of connecting the transmitters pressure-sensing ports to the points in a Flow Meter Appl
process. Metal or plastic tubes (or pipes) are the means used for this purpose, and are commonly called impulse lines or sensing
lines.
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Let us now look at a few of the several applications using the versatile DP transmitter: Common Cause of Batter
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The DP transmitter can be used as a simple pressure gauge if needed. It does this by simply responding to pressures in excess of Instrumentation Books fo
atmospheric pressure. If we simply connect the high side of the DP transmitter to a process vessel using an impulse tube, while Engineers and Technicia
leaving the low side vented to atmosphere, the DP transmitter will interpret any positive pressure in the vessel as a positive Flow Meter Selection Gu
pressure difference between the vessel and atmosphere as shown below: How to Calibrate a Press
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Measuring Absolute Pressure:

The DP transmitter could also be adapted to measure absolute pressure. Absolute pressure is defined as the difference between a
given fluid pressure and a perfect vacuum. In an absolute pressure sensing DP transmitter, the low side of its pressure-sensing
element is connected to a vacuum chamber, while the high side is connected to the process vessel. This way, any pressure
greater than a perfect vacuum will register as a positive pressure difference:

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We can use the same principle of connecting one port of a DP transmitter to a process and venting the other port to the 4 Transmitters

atmosphere to measure vacuum (pressures below that of atmosphere). All we need to do is connect the low side to the vacuum A process transmitter
measures a
process and vent the high side to atmosphere. Any pressure in the process vessel less than atmospheric pressure will register to
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the DP transmitter as a positive pressure difference (with PH>PL). Thus the stronger the vacuum in the process vessel, the
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One of the greatest versatility of DP transmitters is their use in inferring many other process variables. One of such variable is
level measurement.
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From our elementary physics, we know that Liquids generate pressure proportional to height (depth) due to their weight. The Diagrams (P&IDs)
pressure generated by a vertical column of liquid is proportional to the column height (h), and liquids mass density(), and the
acceleration of gravity (g). Mathematically, this can be put as: How a Current to Pressu
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With this simple relation above, we may use a DP transmitter as a liquid level-sensing device if the density of the liquid remains
fairly constant. As the liquid level in the vessel increases, the amount of hydrostatic pressure applied to the DP transmitters
high port increases in direct proportion. Thus, the DP transmitters increasing signal represents the height of liquid inside the TRANSLATE
vessel since: Select Language

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The diagrams below represent two variants of the application of DP transmitters in level measurement applications:
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Measuring Gas and Liquid Flow:

Another very common inferential measurement using DP transmitters is the measurement of fluid flow through a pipe. Pressure ADVERTISEMENT
dropped across a constriction in the pipe varies in relation to flow rate and fluid density. If the fluid density remains fairly
constant, we can measure pressure drop across a piping constriction and use that measurement to infer flow rate.
Basic Electrical For
The most common form of constriction used for inferring flow in most industrial applications is the orifice plate. The orifice plate Electrical Engineeri
is a metal plate with a precisely machined hole in the center. As fluid passes through this hole, its velocity changes, causing a
pressure drop. It is this pressure drop across the orifice plate that is then used to infer the flow rate in the pipe: Simple Electric Circ
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As seen in the diagram above, in using the orifice plate to measure flow, one port of the DP transmitter is connected to the
upstream side of the pipe while the other port is connected to the downstream side of the pipe. Differences of pressure between
the upstream and downstream sides of the constriction (orifice plate) will cause the DP transmitter to register flow.

Measuring Vessel Clogging:

In many industrial plants, it is common to find DP transmitters connected across process vessels especially those with the
tendency to be clogged or become dirty. The DP transmitter is used here to indicate when the process vessel will become dirty
and be due for cleaning. In these applications, the DP transmitter is used to measure the difference in pressure across the
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9/12/2017 Applications of DP transmitters ~ Learning Instrumentation And Control Engineering
process vessel e.g a filter, a heat exchanger, or a chemical reactor. The diagram below shows a common scheme for this kind of
application:

From the diagram above, the high side of the DP transmitter connects to the upstream side of the filter, and the low side of the
transmitter to the downstream side of the filter. This way, increased filter clogging will result in an increased transmitter output.

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