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Chapter 1
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Ch. 1-1
Chapter Goals
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Explain how decisions are often based on incomplete
information
Explain key definitions:
Population vs. Sample
Parameter vs. Statistic
Descriptive vs. Inferential Statistics
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Ch. 1-2
Chapter Goals
(continued)
After completing this chapter, you should be able to:
Create and interpret graphs to describe categorical
variables:
frequency distribution, bar chart, pie chart, Pareto diagram
Create a line chart to describe time-series data
Create and interpret graphs to describe numerical
variables:
frequency distribution, histogram, ogive, stem-and-leaf display
Construct and interpret graphs to describe relationships
between variables:
Scatter plot, cross table
Describe appropriate and inappropriate ways to display
data graphically
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Ch. 1-3
1.1
Decision Making in an
Uncertain Environment
Examples:
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Decision Making in an
Uncertain Environment
(continued)
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Key Definitions
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Population vs. Sample
Population Sample
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Random Sampling
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Systematic Sampling
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Systematic Sampling
(continued)
Example:
Suppose you wish to sample n = 9 items from a
population of N = 72.
j = N / n = 72 / 9 = 8
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Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics
Using data to make predictions, forecasts, and
estimates to assist decision making
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Descriptive Statistics
Collect data
e.g., Survey
Present data
e.g., Tables and graphs
Summarize data
e.g., Sample mean =
X i
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Inferential Statistics
Estimation
e.g., Estimate the population
mean weight using the sample
mean weight
Hypothesis testing
e.g., Test the claim that the
population mean weight is 140
pounds
Data
Categorical Numerical
Examples:
Marital Status
Are you registered to Discrete Continuous
vote?
Eye Color Examples: Examples:
(Defined categories or Number of Children Weight
groups) Defects per hour Voltage
(Counted items) (Measured characteristics)
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Measurement Levels
Differences between
measurements, true Ratio Data
zero exists
Quantitative Data
Differences between
measurements but no Interval Data
true zero
Ordered Categories
(rankings, order, or Ordinal Data
scaling)
Qualitative Data
Categories (no
ordering or direction) Nominal Data
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1.3-
Graphical
1.5 Presentation of Data
Graph
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Graphical
Presentation of Data
(continued)
Techniques reviewed in this chapter:
Categorical Numerical
Variables Variables
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1.3
Tables and Graphs for
Categorical Variables
Categorical
Data
Frequency
Distribution Bar Pie Pareto
Table Chart Chart Diagram
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The Frequency
Distribution Table
Summarize data by category
Example: Hospital Patients by Unit
Hospital Unit Number of Patients Percent
(rounded)
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Graph of Frequency Distribution
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Cross Tables
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Cross Table Example
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Graphing
Multivariate Categorical Data
(continued)
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Graphing
Multivariate Categorical Data
(continued)
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Vertical
Side-by-Side Chart Example
Sales by quarter for three sales territories:
1st Qtr 2nd Qtr 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr
East 20.4 27.4 59 20.4
West 30.6 38.6 34.6 31.6
North 45.9 46.9 45 43.9
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Bar and Pie Charts
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Bar Chart Example
Hospital Number
Unit of Patients
2000
1000
0
Cardiac
Surgery
Emergency
Maternity
Intensive
Care
Care
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Pie Chart Example
Hospital Number % of
Unit of Patients Total
Hospital Patients by Unit
Cardiac Care 1,052 11.93
Emergency 2,245 25.46 Cardiac Care
12%
Intensive Care 340 3.86
Maternity 552 6.26
Surgery 4,630 52.50
Emergency
Surgery 25%
53%
Intensive Care
(Percentages 4%
are rounded to Maternity
the nearest 6%
percent)
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Pareto Diagram
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Pareto Diagram Example
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Pareto Diagram Example
(continued)
Source of
Manufacturing Error Number of defects % of Total Defects
Poor Alignment 223 55.75
Paint Flaw 78 19.50
Bad Weld 34 8.50
Missing Part 25 6.25
Cracked case 21 5.25
Electrical Short 19 4.75
Total 400 100%
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Pareto Diagram Example
(continued)
Step 3: Show results graphically
Pareto Diagram: Cause of Manufacturing Defect
60% 100%
% of defects in each category
90%
70%
(bar graph)
40%
60%
30% 50%
40%
20%
30%
20%
10%
10%
0% 0%
Poor Alignment Paint Flaw Bad Weld Missing Part Cracked case Electrical Short
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1.4
Graphs to Describe
Time-Series Data
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Line Chart Example
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1.5
Graphs to Describe
Numerical Variables
Numerical Data
Histogram Ogive
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Frequency Distributions
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Why Use Frequency Distributions?
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Class Intervals
and Class Boundaries
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Frequency Distribution Example
data:
24, 35, 17, 21, 24, 37, 26, 46, 58, 30,
32, 13, 12, 38, 41, 43, 44, 27, 53, 27
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Frequency Distribution Example
(continued)
Find range: 58 - 12 = 46
Select number of classes: 5 (usually between 5 and 15)
Compute interval width: 10 (46/5 then round up)
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Frequency Distribution Example
(continued)
Data in ordered array:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
Relative
Interval Frequency Percentage
Frequency
10 but less than 20 3 .15 15
20 but less than 30 6 .30 30
30 but less than 40 5 .25 25
40 but less than 50 4 .20 20
50 but less than 60 2 .10 10
Total 20 1.00 100
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Histogram
Interval Frequency
Histogram : Daily High Tem perature
10 but less than 20 3
20 but less than 30 6 7 6
30 but less than 40 5
40 but less than 50 4
6 5
50 but less than 60 2 5 4
Frequency
4 3
3 2
2
1 0 0
(No gaps 0
between 0 0 10 10 2020 30 30 40 40 50 50 60 60 70
bars) Temperature in Degrees
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Histograms in Excel
1
Select Data Tab 2
Click on Data Analysis
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Histograms in Excel
(continued)
3
Choose Histogram
(
Input data range and bin
range (bin range is a cell
4 range containing the upper
interval endpoints for each class
grouping)
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Ch. 1-47
How Many Class Intervals?
Frequency
with gaps from empty classes 2
1.5
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
More
Temperature
10
may compress variation too much and
Frequency
8
variation. 0
0 30 60 More
Temperature
(X axis labels are upper class endpoints)
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The Cumulative
Frequency Distribuiton
Data in ordered array:
12, 13, 17, 21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 35, 37, 38, 41, 43, 44, 46, 53, 58
Cumulative Cumulative
Class Frequency Percentage
Frequency Percentage
Copyright 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall Ch. 1-49
The Ogive
Graphing Cumulative Frequencies
Upper
interval Cumulative
Interval endpoint Percentage
Less than 10 10 0
10 but less than 20 20 15
20 but less than 30 30 45 Ogive: Daily High Temperature
30 but less than 40 40 70
40 but less than 50 50 90 100
Cumulative Percentage
50 but less than 60 60 100
80
60
40
20
0
10 20 30 40 50 60
Interval endpoints
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Stem-and-Leaf Diagram
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Example
Data in ordered array:
21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41
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Example
(continued)
Data in ordered array:
21, 24, 24, 26, 27, 27, 30, 32, 38, 41
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Using other stem units
Stem Leaf
613 would become 6 1
776 would become 7 8
...
1224 becomes 12 2
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Using other stem units
(continued)
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Scatter Diagram Example
Average SAT scores by state: 1998
Verbal Math
Alabama 562 558
Alaska 521 520
Arizona 525 528
Arkansas 568 555
California 497 516
Colorado 537 542
Connecticut 510 509
Delaware 501 493
D.C. 488 476
Florida 500 501
Georgia 486 482
Hawaii 483 513
W.Va. 525 513
Wis. 581 594
Wyo. 548 546
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Scatter Diagrams in Excel
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1.6
Data Presentation Errors
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Data Presentation Errors
(continued)
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Chapter Summary
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Chapter Summary
(continued)
Reviewed types of data and measurement levels
Data in raw form are usually not easy to use for decision
making -- Some type of organization is needed:
Table Graph
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Printed in the United States of America.
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