Ingls II - Ctedra de Ingls Tcnico

Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramn Carrillo FBCB - UNL

CLUSULAS ADVERBIALES:

Cumplen la misma funcin que los adverbios o frases adverbiales que vimos en Ingls I

Pueden ser de:

Lugar: where, wherever
Tiempo: when, whenever, while, as, before, after, once, prior to, since
Manera: as, as though, as if
Causa o razn: because, since, as, in view of, on account of, seeing that
Propsito: in order that, so that, with the object to
Resultado: so that, sothat, such that, such..that
Contraste: although, though, even though, even if, while, whereas

Ejemplos:
1) In this report, consideration is given to particular problems and segments of the
community environment, such as basic sanitation, where methods for the control of
communicable disease are already available.
2) As it has already been pointed out, decisions by health and other government authorities
are seldom based strictly on the available scientific evidence concerning the possible
health hazard associated with a specific chemical or other agent.
3) Because they reveal a pattern where the numbers of HIV cases increase faster as time goes
on, these mathematical models have an important role to play in convincing governments
and international agencies of the wisdom of acting now, not later.
4) A prime need is the development of a system of integrated surveillance and monitoring of
mans health and well-being in relation to environmental factor, so that steps may be taken
to avoid major dangers that would otherwise take him by surprise.
5) In many case irreversible anatomical changes are probably present so early in gestation
that their prevention or reversal in uterus by drug or enzyme treatment seems highly
improbable.
6) While he was examining microscopically the contents of fermentation vats in which lactic
acid was being formed, Pasteur found the yeast of the alcoholic fermentation had been
replaced by much smaller rods and spheres.
7) While fluorescent light sources have the practical advantage of producing relatively little
heat so maintenance of a suitable temperature is not difficult- their emission spectra are
deficient in the longer wavelengths of the visible spectrum and the near infrared region.
8) Although surveillance and monitoring activities are already in progress in several health
and environmental fields, they are still fragmentary and must be systematically integrated.

Estas Clusulas pueden presentarse reducidas o abreviadas, en la forma:

_Pasado Participio
Adverbio +
_ING

Ejemplos:
 Ingls II - Ctedra de Ingls Tcnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramn Carrillo FBCB - UNL

When reaching the temperature at which vapour pressure equals that of the atmosphere,
water boils.
Although convinced of the advantages of the new antibiotic therapy, the researchers
carried out a few more experiments.
Although not damaged by the intestinal invader, the specialised cells reacted in an
unusual way.
After being introduced to the blood cells, the enterotoxin B produced lymphocyte
proliferation.

Ejemplos:

1) After gathering epidemiological data about pollution in a highly industrialised area, we

found a striking increase in respiratory tract complaints.
2) Before passing from the small intestine into the blood, proteins are completely
hydrolysed.
3) When considering density of population and domestic overcrowding in areas of high
atmospheric pollution, the team could see that the rates for premature death or
disablement due to bronchitis were highest among postmen working in the most polluted
areas.
4) Before being absorbed through the intestine and used by the body, starch must first be
hydrolysed.
5) After being developed, this technique had an enormous impact on clinical medicine and
some 50 to 60 million radioimmunoassays were carried out world-wide in 1976 alone.
6) After releasing hydrogen sulphide into the surrounding area for about 20 minutes, the
natural gas sulphur removal unit was finally repaired.
7) Upon being immersed in liquid nitrogen for a few seconds, these specimens become very
rigid and brittle.
8) Ambient air is more than a mixture of O 2 and N2. When sampled close to ground level, it
contains other gases, vapours and particulate matter derived either from natural sources,
such as volcanoes, or from mans activities.
9) While circulating all over the body, alcohol is taken up by the tissues and their cells.

ING despus de ciertos verbos

1) Lookemann has suggested dividing disinfectants into eight groups based on their chemical
resemblance.
2) Another curious type of isomerization is displayed by 2-3 dimethyl-ascorbic acid when it
begins reacting at room temperature with dilute alkalis.
3) The chemical link between the electrical and the mechanical events in muscle has not
been elucidated, but cardiac cells begin to contract about 10 milliseconds after they
become depolarised and continue contracting while they remain depolarised.
4) The report collects information on methods to help people to stop smoking.
5) After being released to a natural water, pollutants will continue undergoing chemical and
physical processes that will vary according to time and distance from the point of
discharge.

Clusulas Finales ING

Dadas dos oraciones como las que siguen:

 Ingls II - Ctedra de Ingls Tcnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramn Carrillo FBCB - UNL

Any medium suitable for the growth of a specific organism is called selective.
It permits the isolation of the organism from a mixed natural population

Se las puede unir de la siguiente forma:

Any medium suitable for the growth of a specific organism is called selective, permitting
its isolation from a mixed natural population.

Otros ejemplos:

1) Some microorganisms are obligately anaerobic, molecular oxygen inhibiting their

growth.
2) The metabolic activities of the growing microbial population will change the nature of the
environment, this being brought about by a drastic change in Ph.
3) Many phototrophic organisms can tolerate continuous illumination, their growth being
much more rapid under these conditions.
4) Bacteria do not thrive in ice, lack of both food and water being responsible for this
condition.
5) The degree of hazard and points of maximum danger vary, depending on the types of
contamination.
6) Individuals with defective nicotine receptors are at special risk in this working
environments, this abnormality contributing to the brain disorder.
7) Numerous investigators have found acetone in the urine of men and animals following
oral administration of isopropyl alcohol. According to Fuller and Hunter, small amounts
of acetone were found in the urine of men 2 to 4 days after the last of three doses of 20 or
30 ml. of 50 per cent aqueous isopropyl alcohol, one dose per day for three successive
days having been given.
8) It has been demonstrated that the inhalation of beryllium is harmful to human beings.
Acute respiratory exposure can result in severe health effects, including rhinitis,
pharyngitis, pneumonitis, and pulmonary oedema.
9) Acute poisoning by arsenic involves the central nervous system, leading to coma and, for
dose of 70-180mg, to death.
10) Algae and other microorganisms may undergo rapid temporal changes, varying
significantly in abundance and species composition from day to day.
 Ingls II - Ctedra de Ingls Tcnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramn Carrillo FBCB - UNL

USOS DE LAS FORMAS ING

1) to be (conj.) + -ing TIEMPOS CONTNUOS

estar(conj.) + -ando/-endo

2) preposicin + -ing OBJETO DE PREPOSICIN

prep. + sust. (+de)
prep. + verbo en infinitivo

3) ing como sustantivo SUSTANTIVO

a) sustantivo
b) verbo en infinitivo

4) ing + sustantivo ADJETIVO

a) prep. + sust.
b) ante/-ente
c) que + verbo

11) Before
After a) igual que 2
+ -ing: CLUSULAS ADVERBIALES
When b) reconstruir la CONTRADAS (ACTIVO)
While, etc. Clusula

6) Sustantivo + -ing CLUSULAS ADJETIVAS

que + verbo conjugado CONTRADAS (ACTIVO)

7) Verbo conj. + -ing ING DESPUS DE CIERTOS

a) Sustantivo VERBOS
b) verbo en infinitivo

8) -------, (---) ing --- CLUSULA FINAL ING

a) -------, -ando/-endo-----
b) reemplazar la coma por:
y
ya que
por lo tanto
y reconstruir la clusula

Ejemplos:

1) We are heating the surface to accelerate the reaction.

2) These guidelines should be considered as proposals for limiting values that will give a
high probability of avoiding adverse effects on human health.
3) The blood has many functions. The most important ones embrace: a) transporting oxygen
and carbon dioxide between the peripheral tissues and the lungs; b) conveying foodstuff
and metabolites to the various tissues; c) carrying degradation products to the kidney, and
d) defending the organism against infections or injurious agents.
 Ingls II - Ctedra de Ingls Tcnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramn Carrillo FBCB - UNL

4) Researchers from the Pennsylvania University have not found convincing evidence that
changes in the respiratory function are associated with low levels of oxidants. Besides
community complaints are more likely to be made because of pollutants that are irritating.
5) While affecting the body directly, some factors, such as temperature or pressure, may
exert and indirect effect, either by acting on an existing pathological state or by creating
favourable conditions for the development of parasites or microbes.
6) Measurements of cadmium deposition were made in the area surrounding certain factories
and it seems that this may be an important source of cadmium in soil and plants.
7) Both acute and chronic forms of beryllium poisoning have been found in neighbourhood
cases, the chronic forms predominating. Of the 60 people with non-occupational
berylliosis, 18 were exposed to beryllium. However, as lactic acid gradually accumulates,
conditions become less and less favourable for these bacteria, whereas the lactic acid
bacteria continue growing, the acidity of the medium becoming so high that the lactic acid
bacteria predominate and most other organisms are destroyed.
8) In 1971, after completing more experiments, Dr. Folkman published his findings and ideas
about chemical contamination in food.
9) While explaining other possible sources of contamination, Dr. Bermudes pointed out that
fish do not naturally carry a wide variety of pathogens.

EJERCITACIN

I) Lea el texto, observe el diagrama y resuelva la ejercitacin propuesta.

Schistosomiasis

Schistosomiasis is a disease which is found all over the world and is spread by a small fluke,
or flatworm, which acts as a parasite during one stage of its life to water-snail, and during
another to man. Three species cause human disease: Schistosoma haematobium (which have
been found in parts of Africa, Spain, and the Middle East); S. Mansoni (in Africa and South
America); and S. Japonicum (in the Far East).
 Ingls II - Ctedra de Ingls Tcnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramn Carrillo FBCB - UNL

In these areas, flukes eggs are present in slow-moving water. When the eggs hatch, the
embryos invade the bodies of the water-snails which act as host as this first stage of the
flukes life cycle goes by. After they have grown and developed into cercariae the embryos
return to the water where they swim freely until they are able to penetrate the skin of other
humans and enter their circulation.

a) Sin utilizar el diccionario, y volviendo a leer rpidamente el texto conteste estas

preguntas:
1)Qu es un fluke o flatworm? En qu se basa para dar esa respuesta?
2) Qu significa S.mansoni y S. Japonicum?
3) Proponga un significado, que luego verificar, para slow-moving waters y hatch.

b)Una lo expresado en a) a d) con G) a J) y lo expresado en e) a j) con A) a F) en el

diagrama.

a) cercariae e) cercariae return to water i) eggs are excreted

b) eggs f) embryos invade snails j)embryos grow into cercariae
c) embryo g) cercariae penetrate human skin
d) snail h) eggs hatch

c) Observe ahora el siguiente diagrama y elija la opcin correcta para completar el

texto.
 Ingls II - Ctedra de Ingls Tcnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramn Carrillo FBCB - UNL

(Before/When) they enter the circulation, the second stage of the flukes life cycle begins.
First, the (cercariae/adult worms) pass through the system (while/until) they reach the veins
of the liver. There they are allowed to remain for some time and after this stage is over, they
have grown into (cercariae/adult worms). Then the (cercariae/adult worms) move to the
urinary bladder in the case of S.haematobium- or the intestines S.mansoni, S.japonicum.
(After/As) the adults (are excreted/lay their eggs), these are excreted in the urine or faeces,
but (before/after) they leave the body, the eggs cause inflammation in the affected organs to
arise. (On/While) they are excreted in water which contains snails, the eggs can begin the life
cycle again.

II)
a) Measuring human use of nature

The recognition that present industrial lifestyles and the dominant market economy
perpetuate not only an inequitable welfare distribution but also threaten the very integrity of
the biosphere on which human life depends, has impelled the search for new paths of
development which might be sustainable. Therefore, several methods to analyse consumption
and pollution patterns have been developed and refined to determine the human load on the
worlds ecosystems. In spite of the intricacies of the biosphere and the human subsystem, such
overall analyses indicate to what extent this load is within the present regenerative capacity of
the biosphere, or in other words, to what extent humanity lives within the interest of the
natural capital.
Recent attempts to measure human load on the planet (e.g., the ecological footprint
assessment) build on earlier ones that estimated the dependence of human life on nature. As
most of these efforts build on the principle of mass constancy and the first two laws of
thermodynamics, their results are not only similar, but, in most cases, also compatible. While
their applications and representations vary, their aim is the same: to quantify human use of
nature in order to motivate and implement a reduction of human impact.

Sin utilizar el diccionario, proponga probables significados para las palabras marcadas
en negrita
Indique dnde ubicara las siguientes palabras, reemplazando a las marcadas.

forced way of living contribution objective unfair, unjust be based

Si todava hay palabras cuyo significado no le queda claro, antes de ir al diccionario

verifique que realmente sean imprescindibles para comprender las ideas principales.
Mrquelas a stas en el texto y elabore con ellas un breve resumen

b) What the ecological footprint shows

The ecological footprint, although still being developed, is probably among the most effective
tools for providing an overview of human impact on nature and for conveying this analysis in
simple terms. Because humans consume the products and services of nature, every person has
an impact on the earth. This physical reality is not a problem as long as the human load stays
within regenerating capacity. But does it? The ecological footprint concept has been designed
to answer this question by estimating peoples impact on the planet and generating ideas for
what needs to be done about it. The footprint accomplishes this by measuring the biologically
 Ingls II - Ctedra de Ingls Tcnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramn Carrillo FBCB - UNL

productive areas that people use to sustain themselves. Ecological footprint calculations are
based on two simple facts:
1) most of peoples consumption and much of the waste they generate can be accounted for;
2) the biologically productive areas appropriated for production of this consumption and for
assimilation of the waste can be calculated.
Thus, the ecological footprint of any define population (from a single individual to that of a
whole city or country) is the total area of biologically productive land and sea occupied to
produce the resources and services consumed and to assimilate the wastes generated by that
population through the prevailing technology. As people use goods and services from all over
the world and affect faraway places with their waste, footprints sum up this biologically
productive areas wherever that land and water is located on the planet. By expressing
footprints and biocapacity in average areas with world-average yield, they become
internationally comparable.

a) Explique, en sus palabras el concepto de ecological footprint. Compare su

interpretacin con las de sus compaeros.
b) Cul es, segn el texto, la utilidad que presenta este concepto?
c) Traduzca los prrafos.

d) Conclusion

World-wide, the present footprint of the humanity exceeds the global biocapacity by
approximately one third. Hence, humanity consumes more than nature can regenerate and is
depleting the earths natural stock. This pinpoints the challenge for many nations; i.e. to leave
biologically productive space for other peoples consumption and waste assimilation and
undisturbed habitats for other species. The ecological footprint offers a new way of showing
this biophysical reality of human life on hearth. It is important to note, however, that the
ecological footprint is not about proving ecological defeat, but rather a method for
documenting the present situation, and supporting the planning for a sustainable future.

Diga si las siguientes afirmaciones son verdaderas o falsas.

1) La humanidad ha usado hasta el momento un tercio de los recursos disponibles

2) Los recursos naturales se renuevan a la misma velocidad a la que se consumen
3) El enfoque presentado proporciona buenas probabilidades en cuanto a conocer con
precisin el panorama ecolgico actual

IV) Traducir los siguientes textos

a) Air pollution from motor vehicles in developing countries does not yet present a problem
of the magnitude reached in highly industrialised countries. However, as urbanisation and
industrialisation develop in these countries, the contribution to air pollution from motor
vehicle emissions could increase very rapidly, the more so since the vehicles in service
will be on the average older and less well maintained, and have a high weight-to-
horsepower ratio; the resulting pollution will be out of proportion to the number of
vehicles. Diesel engines, an attractive alternative to petrol-powered motor vehicles in
some developing countries, have the advantage that they produce virtually no
hydrocarbons that can take part in photochemical reactions and no carbon monoxide.
Unless correctly maintained, however, they can produce smoke, odour, and noise.
 Ingls II - Ctedra de Ingls Tcnico
Escuela Superior de Sanidad Dr. Ramn Carrillo FBCB - UNL

b) The cells of the respiratory membranes have an excretory function that is essentially
passive, since the CO2, which is under higher tension in the blood than in the water or air,
follows the physical laws of diffusion of gases and passes from the blood. In addition to
CO2, a large amount of water and heat is lost from the blood of homothermal animals, this
amount depending on the moisture and temperature of the air entering the lungs.

V) 1) Lea el Ttulo e Introduccin del texto que est a continuacin. Cul ha sido el
objetivo del estudio?

2)Lea rpidamente y tome nota de la ideas principales para realizar un resumen. No se

detenga en palabras que nos son necesarias para comprender en general de qu se trata
el texto.

3) Responda:

a) A qu se refiere la frase the proposed measure?

b) Cul es la relacin entre anemia y malaria?
c) Por qu se suministra hierro?
d) Cul fue el grupo de sujetos sometidos a la experiencia que dio los mejores
resultados?
e) El tratamiento propuesto, presenta algunas desventajas?