Isolation of Elements Chapter Solutions

Chapter 6
General Principles and Processes of

Isolation of Elements
Solutions
SECTION - A
Objective Type Questions
1. Which metal is used for extraction of Au and Ag and also for galvanisation of iron objects?
(1) Mg (2) Zn (3) Cr (4) Co
Sol. Answer (2)
Zinc is used as reducing agent for the extraction of Au and Ag.
Zn(s) + 2 Au CN 2 aq
2Au(s) + Zn CN 4 aq
2
Zinc being a more electropositive metal used for the galvanization of iron to prevent it from rusting.
2. Which of the following is not correctly matched?

(1) Chalcopyrites CuFeS2
(2) Smithsonite ZnCO3
(3) Magnetite Fe3O4
(4) Argentite Na3AlF6
Sol. Answer (4)
Argentite is Ag2S whereas Na3AlF6 is cryolite. Therefore option (4) is not correctly matched.
3. Which of the following is not a mineral of aluminium?

(1) Bauxite (2) Cryolite (3) China clay (4) Malachite
Sol. Answer (4)
Malachite is not a mineral of aluminium. Malachite is CuCO3Cu(OH)2, an are of copper.
4. Which of the following is acidic flux?

(1) CaO (2) MgO (3) SiO2 (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (3)
SiO2 is an acidic oxide and used as an acidic flux to remove basic impurities in the form of slag.
FeO + SiO 2
FeSiO 2
slag
SiO2 is used in metallurgy of Cu to remove FeO.
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2 General Principles and Progresses of Isolation of Elements Solution of Assignment (Set-2)
5. In the metallurgy of iron, the slag is

(1) FeSiO3 (2) CaCO3 (3) CaSiO3 (4) CaO
Sol. Answer (3)
In the metallurgy of iron, the impurity is SiO2 and it is removed as CaSiO3 by using CaO.
SiO 2 + CaO
CaSiO 3
6. Which of the following is concentrated by magnetic separation method?

(1) Pyrolusite MnO2 (2) Chromite ore FeOCr2O3
(3) Magnetite Fe3O4 (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
Pyrolusite (MnO2), Chromite ore (FeOCr2O3) and Magnetite (Fe3O4) are magnetic in nature and can be
concentrated by magnetic separation method.
7. Which of the following is commonly used to produce foam in froth floatation process?
(1) Pine oil (2) Cresol (3) NaCN (4) Xanthate
Sol. Answer (1)
In froth floatation process, pine oil is used to produce foam and work as collector/transforming agent.
8. Serpecks method involves the heating of bauxite with

(1) NaOH (2) Na2CO3 (3) N2 + C (4) CaCO3
Sol. Answer (3)
In Serpeck's method white bauxite is heated with coke in presence of N2 gas.

Al 2O 3 + N 2 + 3C 3CO + 2AlN
NH 3 + 2Al OH 3
AlN + 3H 2O
Aluminium nitride formed in 1st step is reacted with water to produce Al(OH)3 which gives Al2O3 on ignition.
9. Sulphide ore is converted to oxide form by using the process

(1) Calcination (2) Roasting (3) Smelting (4) Leaching
Sol. Answer (2)
Sulphide ores are generally roasted in free supply of air below their melting point
2ZnS + 3O 2
2ZnO + 2SO 2
10. Which of the following oxides cannot be reduced by auto or self reduction?
(1) HgO (2) Cu2O (3) PbO (4) Al2O3
Sol. Answer (4)
Less reactive metals like Cu, Hg and Pb form unstable sulphides which can undergo auto-oxidation. Al is
reactive metal and does not undergo auto-oxidation.
11. Which of the following is used as reducing agent in Gold schmidt method?
(1) Al (2) K (3) C (4) Mg
Solution of Assignment (Set-2) General Principles and Progresses of Isolation of Elements 3
Sol. Answer (1)
In Gold Schmidt method, aluminium is used as reducing agent
3Mn 3O 4 + 8Al
4Al 2O 3 + 9Mn
12. Which of the following is used to reduce TiCl4 to Ti?

(1) C (2) Al (3) Mg (4) H2
Sol. Answer (3)
In Kroll's process for titanium, Mg is used as reducing agent
TiCl 4 + 2Mg
2MgCl 2 + Ti
13. Ellingham diagrams are plots of Gf Vs T for the formation of

(1) Oxides (2) Halides (3) Sulphides (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
Ellingham diagram is plotted graphs of formation of oxides, sulphides and halides versus temperature.
14. Which of the following statement is correct w.r.t. the following graph?
2Mg + O2 2MgO
0
900 4 Al + O 2 Al O
3 2 3 2 3
G 1000
1
kJ mol
1100
T 1623 K
(1) Below 1623 K, Mg reduces Al2O3 (2) Above 1623 K, Al reduces MgO
(3) Both (1) & (2) are correct (4) Both (1) & (2) are wrong
Sol. Answer (3)
The Ellingham diagram, the element which is present below can reduce the metal which is present above
it. Below 1623 K, Mg can reduce Al2O3 since curve of Mg lies below the curve of Al2O3 below 1623 K but
after 1623 K curve of Al2O3 is present below the slope of Mg, so after 1623 K, Al can reduce MgO.
15. In Ellingham diagrams of fG oxide formation Vs T, which of the following graphs has negative slope?
(1) C CO (2) Fe Fe2O3 (3) Mg MgO (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (1)
In Ellingham diagram the slope of C CO is negative because entropy change is negative. Therefore, G
becomes more negative with increase in temperature.
16. Which of the following is incorrect w.r.t. metallurgy of iron in the blast furnace?
(1) Zone of combustion : C + O2 CO2 (2) Zone of heat absorbtion : CO2 C + O2
(3) Zone of slag formation : CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3 (4) Zone of reduction : Fe2O3 + 3C 3CO + 2Fe
Sol. Answer (2)
Zone of heat absorbtion : CO2 C + O2
In zone of heat absorption CO2 reacts with coke to reduce the temperature
C + CO2 2CO.
17. Which of the following has the lowest percentage of carbon in it?
(1) Pig iron (2) Cast iron (3) Wrought iron (4) Haematite
Sol. Answer (3)
Wrought iron is the purest form of iron and contains least amount of carbon (upto 0.5%).
18. Roasting of sulphide ore is generally performed in

(1) Muffle furnace (2) Bessemer converter (3) Blast furnace (4) Reverberatory furnace
Sol. Answer (4)
Roasting of sulphide ore is generally performed in reverberatory furnace.
19. Zinc is extracted from zinc blende by

(1) Carbon reduction process (2) Nitrogen reduction process
(3) Oxygen reduction process (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (1)
Zinc is extracted from zinc blende by carbon reduction process
2ZnS + 3O 2
2ZnO + 2SO 2
1673 K
ZnO + C Zn + CO
20. Which of the following is leached with NaCN?

(1) Ore of Al (2) Ore of Cu (3) Ore of Ag (4) Ore of Zn
Sol. Answer (3)
Ore of Ag is leached with NaCN during extraction of Ag
4 Au CN 2 aq + 4OH aq
4Au(s) + 8CN aq + 2H 2O aq + O 2 g

21. Hall Heroult method is used for the extraction of

(1) Ti (2) Al (3) Au (4) Zn
Sol. Answer (2)
Hall Heroult method is used for the extraction of aluminium. The overall reaction is
2Al 2O 3 + 3C
4Al + 3CO 2
22. Poling is used for purification of metals having impurities of

(1) Metal sulphides (2) Metal carbonates
(3) Metal bicarbonates (4) Metal oxides
Sol. Answer (4)
Poling method is used to purify a metal that has its oxide as impurity used for refining of Cu and Sn.
23. Impure zinc, as collected from earthen clay retort, is called

(1) Blister zinc (2) Pig zinc (3) Zinc spelter (4) Cast zinc
Sol. Answer (3)
During extraction of zinc when Zn metal is distilled off and collected by rapid chilling, the impure zinc is called
spelter and contains Cd, Pb and Fe as major impurities.
24. The process of converting hydrated alumina into anhydrous alumina is called
(1) Roasting (2) Calcination (3) Dressing (4) Smelting
Sol. Answer (2)
The conservation of hydrated oxides ores to their oxides by heating in the absence of O2 below their melting
point is called calcination. For example,

Al 2O 3 xH 2O Al 2O 3 +xH 2O
25. Extraction of zinc from zinc blende is achieved by

(1) Electrolytic reduction (2) Roasting followed by reduction with carbon
(3) Roasting followed by reduction with another metal (4) Roasting followed by self reduction
Sol. Answer (2)
Zinc is first roasted to form ZnO
1
ZnS + 2O 2 ZnO + SO 2 + O
2 2
The zinc oxide formed is reduced by using carbon
1673 K
ZnO + C Zn + CO
26. Which of the following metal is purified by distillation process?

(1) Zn (2) Fe (3) Al (4) Cu
Sol. Answer (1)
Zn is distilled in horizontal earthen clay retort or vertical retort.
27. Vapour phase refining can be carried out in case of

(1) Ni (2) Zr (3) Ti (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
Vapour phase refining is used for the purification of Ti, Zr and Ni. These metals form stable volatile compounds
which on strong heating produces pure metal.
1700 K
Til 4 (g) Ti + 2I 2
2070 K
ZrI 4 (g) Zr(s) + 2I 2 (g)
Ni CO 4 (g)
450 470 K
Ni + 4CO
28. Which of the following gives metal by electrolytic reduction conveniently and profitably?
(1) PbO (2) Fe2O3 (3) Cr2O3 (4) Al2O3
Sol. Answer (4)
Aluminium can be profitabily and conveniently obtained by electrolytic reduction process.
29. Which of the following is not a method of purification of metals?

(1) Liquation (2) Distillation (3) Zone refining (4) Galvanisation
Sol. Answer (4)
In galvanisation process, Zn is used to protect iron from rusting. It is not a method of purification of metal.
30. Which of the following metal can be extracted by self reduction process?
(1) Pb (2) Hg (3) Cu (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
Oxides of less reactive metal can undergo self reduction to produce metal. Oxides of Cu, Pb and Hg can
undergo self reduction or auto reduction.
SECTION - B
Objective Type Questions
1. Which of the following metal can be extracted without using reducing agent?
(1) Sn (2) Pb (3) Fe (4) Both (1) & (2)
Sol. Answer (2)
Oxides of less reactive metals like Pb can undergo auto reduction and the metal can be extracted without
using reducing agent.
2. Which of the following metal is extracted by using coke and carbon monoxide as reducing agent?
(1) Na (2) Cu (3) Fe (4) Al
Sol. Answer (3)
Fe 2O 3 + C
3CO + Fe
Fe 2O 4 + C
3FeO + CO 2
FeO + CO
Fe + CO 2
Fe can be extracted by using coke and carbon monoxide.
3. Which of the following metal is extracted by the use of cyanide solution?

(1) Pb (2) Zn (3) Mn (4) Ag
Sol. Answer (4)
Ag can be extracted by using solution of cyanide ion
4 AgCN 2 aq + 4OH
4Ag(s) + 8CN aq + 2H 2O aq + O 2 g

Zn(s) + 2 Ag CN 2 aq
2Ag(s) + Zn CN 4 aq
2
4. A substance which reacts with gangue to form fusible material is called

(1) Flux (2) Catalyst (3) Ore (4) Slag
Sol. Answer (1)
Flux is a substance used to react with impurities to form fusible substance. For example, SiO2, CaO etc.
5. Electrolytic reduction method is used for extraction of

(1) Highly electronegative elements (2) Transition metals
(3) Highly electropositive elements (4) Metalloids
Sol. Answer (3)
Electrolytic reduction method is used for extraction of highly electropositive elements because they are highly
reactive and very difficult to extract from other processes.
6. Cyanide process is used for the extraction of

(1) Au (2) Cu (3) Zn (4) Fe
Sol. Answer (1)
Cyanide process is used for the extraction of Au and Ag
4 Au CN 2 aq + 4OH

4Au(s) + 8CN aq + 2H 2O(aq) + O 2 (g)
Zn(s) + 2 Au(CN) 2 aq
2Au(s) + Zn CN 4 aq
2
7. Calcination is the process in which
(1) Heating the ore in presence of air (2) Heating the ore in absence of air
(3) Heating in vacuum (4) Heating of ore in presence of N2
Sol. Answer (2)
Calcination process is heating of hydrated oxides, carbonate to convert them into oxides, in the absence of
oxygen

Fe 2O 3 XH 2O(s) Fe 2O 3 (s) + xH 2O
8. Which of the following metals cannot be extracted by carbon reduction process?

(1) Pb (2) Al (3) Hg (4) Zn
Sol. Answer (2)
Aluminium cannot be extracted by carbon reduction process because reduction of oxides of aluminium with
carbon requires a very high temperature of about 2000C as shown in Ellingham diagram.
9. Which of the following is not a refining process?

(1) Monds process (2) Van-Arkel process (3) Poling (4) Leaching
Sol. Answer (4)
Leaching is a method of extraction of metal. Mond's process, Van-Arkel process and poling are used for refining
of metals.
10. Which of the following is not a concentration technique?

(1) Levigation (2) Froth- flotation (3) Leaching (4) Calcination
Sol. Answer (4)
Calcination is not a method of concentration of ore. It is used for the conversion of carbonate, hydroxides,
hydrated oxides into corresponding oxide.
11. The ores that are concentrated by Froth flotation method are
(1) Carbonate (2) Sulphides (3) Oxides (4) Phosphates
Sol. Answer (2)
Froath floatation process is used for the concentration of sulphide ores.
12. In blast furnace, iron oxide is reduced by

(1) Silica (2) CO (3) H2S (4) Lime stone
Sol. Answer (2)
In blast furnace iron oxide is reduced by carbon monoxide
Fe 3O 4 + CO
3FeO + CO 2
FeO + CO
Fe + CO 2
13. The silver complex formed during cyanide process is

(1) Na2[Ag(CN)] (2) Na[AgCN] (3) Na2[Ag(CN)2] (4) Na[Ag(CN)2]
Sol. Answer (4)
During cyanide process Na[Ag(CN)2] is formed
4Na Ag CN 2 + 4NaOH
4Ag + 8NaCN + 2H 2O + O 2
14. Zincite and calamine respectively are

(1) Oxide and carbonate ore of Zn (2) Carbonate and oxide ore of Zn
(3) Oxide and sulphate ore of Zn (4) Sulphate and sulphite ore of Zn
Sol. Answer (1)
Zincite
ZnO (zinc Oxide)
Calamine
ZnCO 3 (zinc Carbonate)
15. Which of the following is chalcopyrite?

(1) CuFeS2 (2) FeS2 (3) KMgCl3.6H2O (4) Al2O3.2H2O
Sol. Answer (1)
CuFeS2 is called chalcopyrites. Also known as copper pyrites and Fool's gold.
16. The alloy used in dental filling contains

(1) Ag and Sn (2) Ag and Sb (3) Hg, Ag and Sn (4) Hg, Ag and Sb
Sol. Answer (3)
In dental filling, the alloy used consist of (50%) Hg, Ag (22.23%) and Sn (~ 14%).
17. What will happen, if anode is made of nickel instead of graphite in the extraction of aluminium from AlCl3?
(1) Nickel will be affected by high temperature (2) Nickel will combine with Cl2
(3) Nickel is insulator (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (2)
Nickel combines with Cl2
2AlCl 3 + 3Ni
2Al + 3NiCl 2
At cathode, Al 3+ melt + 3e
Al(l)
At anode, Ni(s) + 2Cl

NiCl 2 + 2e
18. When molten NaCl is electrolysed by using inert electrode, the product obtained at cathode is
(1) Na (2) Cl2 (3) H2 (4) Na-Hg amalgam
Sol. Answer (1)
When molten NaCl is used in electrolysis, the product obtained at cathode is sodium (Na)
At cathode, Na + (melt) + e
Na(l)
19. What is the slag formed from P2O5 impurity in metallurgy of iron?
(1) Ca3(PO4)2 (2) CaSiO3 (3) Fe3(PO4)2 (4) FeSiO3
Sol. Answer (1)
In the metallurgy of iron, slag formed P2O5 is Ca3(PO4)2
Ca 3 PO 4 2
P2O 5 + 3CaO
20. By which process zinc is extracted from zinc blende?
(3) Calcination followed by reduction with carbon (4) Roasting followed by self reduction
Sol. Answer (2)
Roasting followed by reduction with carbon

2ZnS + 3O 2 2ZnO + 2SO 2 Roasting
1400 C
ZnO + C Zn + CO Reduction with CO
21. From gold amalgam, gold may be recovered by

(1) Distillation (2) Oxidation
(3) Electrolytic refining (4) Dissolving in HNO3
Sol. Answer (1)
From gold amalgam, gold may be recovered by distillation process since Hg is as metal with low BP, it will
boil first and will separate out from gold.
22. Which of the following oxide is thermally least stable?

(1) CaO (2) Al2O3 (3) Fe2O3 (4) Ag2O
Sol. Answer (4)
Due to small size of Ag2+, it has very small size. This small size of Ag2+ gives Ag2O more covalent character
than CaO, Al2O3 and Fe2O3. Since covalent oxides are thermally stable than ionic oxides, Ag2O is thermally
least stable.
23. Thomas slag is

(1) Calcium silicate (2) Anode mud (3) FeSiO3 (4) Calcium phosphate
Sol. Answer (4)
Thomas slag is Ca3(PO4)2, a by-product of steel industry.
24. Which of the following give respective metal by self reduction?

(1) Galena PbS (2) HgS (3) ZnS (4) Both (1) & (2)
Sol. Answer (4)
Both PbS and HgS on roasting undergo auto reduction to give respective metal

PbS + O 2
SO 2
PbO + PbS Pb + SO 2

HgS + O 2
SO 2
HgO + HgS Hg + SO 2
25. Which of the following statement is incorrect?

(1) Al2O3 cannot be reduced into Al by Cr2O3 (2) Ca is stronger reducing agent than Mg
(3) At 673 K, CO is poor reducing agent than carbon (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (3)
At higher temperature Al2O3 can be reduced by Cr.
SECTION - C
Previous Years Questions
1. Aluminium is extracted from alumina (Al2O3) by electrolysis of a molten mixture of [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]
(1) Al2O3 + Na3AIF6 + CaF2 (2) Al2O3 + KF + Na3AIF6
(3) Al2O3 + HF + NaAIF4 (4) Al2O3 + CaF2 + NaAIF4
Sol. Answer (1)
During extraction of aluminium by electrolysis, a molten mixture of Al2O3, Na3AlF6, CaF2 is used. CaF2 is used
as flux and Na3AlF6 is the main electrolyte.
The overall reaction is
2Al 2O 3 + 3C
4Al + 3CO 2
2. In the extraction of copper from its sulphide ore, the metal is finally obtained by the reduction of cuprous oxide with
[AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]
(1) Iron sulphide (FeS) (2) Carbon monoxide (CO)
(3) Copper () sulphide (Cu2S) (4) Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Sol. Answer (3)
In the final step of extraction of copper, Cu2O is reduced with the help of Cu2S.
CU 2S + 2Cu 2O
6Cu + SO 2 .
3. Identify the alloy containing a non-metal as a constituent in it [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]

(1) Bell metal (2) Bronze (3) Invar (4) Steel
Sol. Answer (4)
4. Which one of the following is a mineral of iron ? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]

(1) Pyrolusite (2) Magnetite (3) Malachite (4) Cassiterite
Sol. Answer (2)
Magnetite (Fe3O4) is a mineral of iron.
5. Which of the following pairs of metals is purified by Van Arkel method? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2011]
(1) Ni and Fe (2) Ga and In (3) Zr and Ti (4) Ag and Au
Sol. Answer (3)
Van Arkel method is used to collect ultra pure titanium and zirconium by using I2 as specific reagent.
6. Which of the following elements is present as the impurity to the maximum extent in the pig iron?
(1) Phosphorus (2) Manganese (3) Carbon (4) Silicon
Sol. Answer (3)
Carbon is the major impurity in the pig iron. Pig iron contains about 4% carbon.
7. The following reactions take place in the blast furnace in the preparation of impure iron. Identify the reaction
pertaining to the formation of the slag [AIPMT (Mains)-2011]
(1) CaO(s) + SiO2(s) CaSiO3(s) (2) 2C(s) + O2(g) 2CO(g)
(3) Fe2O3(s) + 3CO(g) 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g) (4) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Sol. Answer (1)
In the blast furnace during the extraction of iron SiO2 is present as impurity and CaO is used as flux to remove
SiO2 in the form of CaSiO3 (slag).
8. Match List-I (substances) with List-II (process) employed in the manufacture of the substances and select the
correct option
List - I List - II
(Substances) (Processes)
a. Sulphuric acid (i) Haber's process
b. Steel (ii) Bessemer's process
c. Sodium hydroxide (iii) Leblanc process
d. Ammonia (iv) Contact process [AIPMT (Mains)-2010]
(1) a(i), b(iv), c(ii), d(iii) (2) a(i), b(ii), c(iii), d(iv) (3) a(iv), b(iii), c(ii), d(i) (4) a(iv), b(ii), c(iii), d(i)
Sol. Answer (4)
9. Which of the following statements, about the advantage of roasting sulphide ore before reduction is not true?
(1) Roasting of the sulphide to the oxide is thermodynamically feasible
(2) Carbon and hydrogen are suitable reducing agents for metal sulphides
(3) The fG of the sulphide is greater than those for CS2 and H2S
(4) The fG is negative for roasting of sulphide ore to oxide
Sol. Answer (2)
10. Sulphides ores of metals are usually concentrated by Froth Floatation process. Which one of the following
sulphides ores offers an exception and is concentrated by chemical leaching ? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2007]
(1) Sphalerite (2) Argentite (3) Galena (4) Copper pyrite
Sol. Answer (2)
11. The mass of carbon anode consumed (giving only carbondioxide) in the production of 270 kg of aluminium metal
from bauxite by the Hall process is (Atomic mass Al= 27) [AIPMT (Prelims)-2005]
(1) 180 kg (2) 270 kg (3) 540 kg (4) 90 kg
Sol. Answer (4)
12. In which of the following process fused sodium chloride is electrolysed for extraction of sodium?
(1) Castner process (2) Cyanide process (3) Down's process (4) Both (2) & (3)
Sol. Answer (3)
Na is extracted by the electrolysis of fused sodium chloride by Down's process in which Na is collected at
cathode.
13. Which of the following does not contain aluminium?

(1) Cryolite (2) Fluorspar (3) Feldspar (4) Mica
Sol. Answer (2)
Fluorspar is CaF2. Also known as fluorite and does not contain aluminium.
14. Which of the following does not contain Mg?

(1) Magnetite (2) Asbestos (3) Magnesite (4) Carnalite
Sol. Answer (1)
Magnetite is Fe3O4, an are of iron and it does not contain magnesium.
15. Carborundum is
(1) CaC2 (2) CaCO3 (3) Fe3C (4) SiC
Sol. Answer (4)
Carborundum is SiC, silicon carbide. It is a very hard substance which is used as abrasive.
16. Bessemer converter is used for manufacture of

(1) Steel (2) Wrought iron (3) Pig iron (4) Cast iron
Sol. Answer (1)
Steel is commonly prepared in Bessemer converter. Steel contains 0.1 to 1.7% carbon.
17. Mond's process is used for

(1) Ni (2) Al (3) Fe (4) Cu
Sol. Answer (1)
Mond's process is used for refining of Ni
330350 K
Ni + 4CO Ni CO 4
Impure Volatile
Ni CO 4
450470 K
NI + 4CO
Pure
18. Which process of purification is represented by following scheme?

250C 1400C
Ti 2I2 TiI4 Ti 2I2
(Impure) (Pure)
(1) Poling (2) Electro refining (3) Zone refining (4) van Arkel process
Sol. Answer (4)
In Van Arkel process titanium and zirconium are purified by using I2 as specific reagent.
19. Which of the following sulphides when heated strongly in air gives the corresponding metal?
(1) CuS (2) Fe2S3 (3) FeS (4) HgS
Sol. Answer (4)
HgS undergo auto reduction and gives the Hg metal on strong heating.
O 2 /
HgS
SO 2
HgO + HgS Hg + SO 2
20. Most important ore of tin is

(1) Cassiterite (2) Cryolite (3) Malachite (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (1)
The most important ore of tin is cassiterite (SnO2).
21. Heating of ore in presence of air to remove sulphur impurities is called

(1) Calcination (2) Roasting (3) Smelting (4) None of these
Sol. Answer (2)
Heating of sulphide ore in presence of air to get corresponding oxide is called roasting

For example, 2ZnS + 3O 2 2ZnO + 2SO 2 .
22. Sodium is extracted from

(1) NaCl(aq) (2) NaCl(l) (3) NaOH(aq) (4) NaNO3(aq)
Sol. Answer (2)
Sodium is extracted by electrolysis of molten NaCl. Na metal is collected at cathode and gives Cl2 at anode.
23. Among the metals, the one that cannot be obtained by reduction of its metal oxide
(1) Cr (2) Fe (3) Mn (4) Mg
Sol. Answer (4)
In Ellingham diagram, the slope of Mg MgO lies well below the slope of C CO. A very high
temperature is required for the reduction of Mg. Therefore, Mg cannot be obtained by its reduction.
24. Which of the following is used as depressant in the separation of mixture of PbS and ZnS?
(1) NaCN (2) NaCl (3) AgCl (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (1)
During the concentration of sulphide ores using froath floatation process, NaCN is used to separate PbS and
ZnS. NaCN reacts with ZnS and forms Na2[Zn(CN)4] therefore, acts as depressants.
25. Which contains both iron and copper?

(1) Cuprite (2) Chalcocite (3) Chalcopyrite (4) Malachite
Sol. Answer (3)
Chalcopyrite contains both Cu and Fe. Chalcopyrite is CuFeS2.
26. To dissolve argentite ore which of the following is used?

(1) Na[Ag(CN)2] (2) NaCN (3) NaCl (4) HCl
Sol. Answer (2)
Argentite is dissolved using NaCN
Na 2SO 4 + 2Na Ag CN 2
Ag S + 4NaCN + 2O 2
2
Argentite
27. Iron obtained from blast furnace is

(1) Wrought iron (2) Cast iron (3) Pig iron (4) Steel
Sol. Answer (3)
Iron obtained from blast furnace is pig iron. It contains about 4% carbon with many other impurities like S,
P, S8, Mn etc.
28. Elements used as semiconductor are purified by

(1) Van Arkel method (2) Mond process (3) Distillation (4) Zone refining
Sol. Answer (4)
Semiconductor like Si, Ge, Ga etc can be purified by using zone refining method.
29. Which of the following oxide is least stable?

(1) CO2 (2) CO (3) MgO (4) HgO
Sol. Answer (4)
HgO is least stable oxide because +1 oxidation state of Hg is more stable.
30. The inner layer of a blast furnace is made of

(1) Graphite bricks (2) Silica bricks
(3) Basic bricks (4) Fireclay bricks
Sol. Answer (4)
The inner layer of blast furnace is made up of fire clay bricks which can withstand high temperature.
31. Roasting of sulphides gives the gas X as a by- product. This is a colorless gas with choking smell of burnt
sulphur and causes great damage to respiratory organs as a result of acid rain. Its aqueous solution is acidic
acts as a reducing agent and its acid is known only in solution. The gas X is
(1) SO2 (2) CO2
(3) SO3 (4) H2S
Sol. Answer (1)
Sulphur dioxide is a colourless gas which can cause damage to respiratory organs. Its aqueous solution is
acidic
SO 2 + H 2O
H 2SO 3
H2SO3 is sulphurous acid and it is known only in solution.

32. Which of the following mineral contains calcium as well as magnesium?
(1) Tridymite (2) Aragonite
(3) Dolomite (4) Carnalite
Sol. Answer (3)
Dolomite is CaCO3MgCO3 which contains Ca as well as Mg.
SECTION - D
Assertion - Reason Type Questions
1. A : Cuprite is concentrated by froth floatation process.

R : Cuprite is the sulphide ore.
Sol. Answer (4)
Assertion is incorrect because sulphide ores are concentrated by froath floatation process and cuprite is not
a sulphide ore, Hence reason is also false.
2. A : Bauxite is purified by leaching process.
R : Aluminium oxide reacts with NaOH to form soluble sodium meta aluminate.
Sol. Answer (1)
Bauxite (Al2O32H2O) is purified by leaching process. In this process bauxite is treated with NaOH to form
sodium meta aluminate
Al 2O 3 2H 2O + 2NaOH
45% NaOH
200250C
2NaAlO 2 + 3H 2O
Sodium Meta
sulphate
Hence, both Assertion and Reason are true.
3. A : Calamine and Dolomite are the carbonate ores.
R : Calamine is ZnCO3 whereas Dolomite is MgCO3.ZnCO3.
Sol. Answer (3)
Calamine is ZnCO3 whereas Dolomite is CaCO3MgCO3. Therefore, Assertion is true but reason is false.
4. A : Roasting process is involved in the metallurgy of Cu from Malachite ore.

R : Roasting is the process of heating the ore in absence of air.
Sol. Answer (4)
Roasting process is used for sulphide ores. Malachite is CaCO3Cu(OH)2 which can be converted into oxide
by calcination process. Roasting is done in presence of air. Therefore, both Assertion and Reason are false.
5. A : Metallurgy of Ag from Argentite is known as hydro-metallurgy.

R : Argentite is Ag2S.
Sol. Answer (2)
In the extraction of Ag from argentite, leaching is done with the help of NaCN and Zn dust. This process is
called hydrometallurgy. Argentite is Ag2S but this reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
6. A : In the manufacturing of iron from haematite, silicon dioxide is added as flux.

R : Lime stone is also used as acidic flux in many case.
Sol. Answer (4)
In the metallurgy of Iron CaO is used as flux and SiO2 is present as impurity. Limestone is not used as acidic
flux.
Hence, both Assertion and Reason are false.
7. A : Ultrapure metals are obtained by zone refining.

R : Van arkel method is used for purification of titanium.
Sol. Answer (2)
Zone refining method is used for purification of semiconductors and this method gives metals of very high purity.
Van Arkel method is used for purification titanium. Hence, Reason and Assertion are true but Reason is not
the correct explanation.
8. A : Wrought iron is purest form of iron with respect to other forms.

R : It has less than 0.5% carbon.
Sol. Answer (1)
The percentage of impurities in wrought iron is minimum and it contains less than 5% carbon. Therefore, both
Assertion and Reason are true.
9. A : Magnesium oxide is used for the lining in steel making furnace.

R : Magnesium oxides acts as flux.
Sol. Answer (1)
In the steel industry, MgO is used for lining the surface of furnace. MgO is a basic oxide and reacts with SiO2
which is present in the iron ore as impurity to form slag. Hence MgO acts as a flux. Therefore, both Assertion
and Reason are true.
10. A : Aluminium metal is used as a reducing agent for the extraction of metals.
R : Aluminium has great affinity for oxygen.
Sol. Answer (1)
Aluminium metal has great affinity for oxygen and it readily combines with oxygen. This property of aluminium
makes it a suitable reducing agent for the extraction of other metals. Hence, both assertion and reason are
true.
11. A : Zinc but not copper is used for recovery of Ag from the complex [Ag(CN)2].
R : Zinc is more powerful reducing agent in comparison to copper.
Sol. Answer (1)
During the extraction of Ag, Zn is used for the reduction. Cu is a less electropositive metal and less reactive
than Zn. Due to high electropositive nature of Zn, zinc dust is used for the recovery of Ag from the complex
[Ag(CN)2].
12. A : Hydrometallurgy is used for extraction of Ag and Au.

R : Hydrometallurgy is different from pyrometallurgy.
Sol. Answer (2)
Hydrometallurgy is used for the extraction of Ag and Au in which they are treated with NaCN solution. This
process is known as leaching. Pyrometallurgy is thermal treatment of minerals and is different from
hydrometallurgy.
Therefore Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
13. A : Pure silver is obtained by electrolysis of AgNO3 solution.

R : In electrolysis impure silver is taken as cathode and pure silver is taken as anode.
Sol. Answer (3)
Pure silver can be obtained by electrolysis of AgNO3 solution. During its electrolysis, pure silver is taken as
cathode so the impure silver from the anode dissolves and pure silver is deposited at cathode made up of pure
silver.
Hence Assertion is true, Reason is false.
14. A : Carbon is used in blast furnace for reduction of Fe2O3.

B : This process is called smelting.
Sol. Answer (2)
Carbon is used as a reducing agent in the blast furnace for the reduction of Fe2O3 to obtain Fe. This process
of reduction is known as smelting. Reason is true but not the correct explanation of Assertion.
15. A : In Halls process Aluminium is purified.

B : Al2O3 (aq) is used in Halls process.
Sol. Answer (4)
Hall's process is a method of extraction of aluminium not of purification, Also in Hall's process molten Al2O3
is used. Therefore, both Assertion and Reason are false.

Chapter 6
General Principles and Processes
of Isolation of Elements
Solutions
SECTION - A
Objective Type Questions (One option is correct)
1. The chemical composition of slag formed during the extraction of copper is
(1) Cu2O (2) FeSiO3 (3) CuFeS2 (4) Cu2S + FeO
Sol. Answer (2)
Slag formed during the extraction of copper is FeSiO3.
2. Zinc blende is concentrated by

(1) Electromagnetic process (2) Calcination process
(3) Distillation (4) Froth floatation process
Sol. Answer (4)
Zinc blende (ZnS) is concentrated by froth floatation.
3. Which of the following metal cannot be obtained by electrolysis of the aqueous solution of its salt?
(1) Ag (2) Au (3) Cu (4) Mg
Sol. Answer (4)
Magnesium salt cannot be electrolysed in aqueous medium.
4. Purest form of iron is
(1) Cast iron (2) Hard iron (3) Stainless steel (4) Wrought iron
Sol. Answer (4)
Wrought iron is the purest form of iron.
5. The metal oxide which cannot be reduced to metal by carbon is

(1) ZnO (2) Fe2O3 (3) PbO (4) Al2O3
Sol. Answer (4)
Al has affinity for oxygen.
6. On heating a mixture of Cu2O and Cu2S, we get

(1) Cu + SO2 (2) Cu + SO3 (3) CuO + CuS (4) Cu2SO3
Sol. Answer (1)
2Cu2 O Cu2 S 6Cu SO2
2 General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements Solution of Assignment (Set-2)
7. Out of following which metal can be purified by Van Arkel method?

(1) Ti (2) Zr (3) Hf (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
8. Froth floatation process is based on

(1) Specific gravity of the ore particles (2) Magnetic properties of the ore particles
(3) Wetting properties of the ore particles (4) Electrical properties of the ore particles
Sol. Answer (3)
Froth floatation process is based on wetting properties of the ore particle.
9. In which of the following minerals, aluminium is not present?

(1) Cryolite (2) Mica (3) Feldspar (4) Fluorspar
Sol. Answer (4)
In flourspar, aluminium is not present.
10. Calcination is used in metallurgy to remove

(1) H2O and H2S (2) H2O and CO2 (3) CO2 and H2S (4) H2O only
Sol. Answer (2)
Calcination is used in metallurgy to remove H2O and CO2.
11. In the zone refining method, the molten zone

(1) Consists of impurities
(2) Contains less impurities than the original impurities
(3) Contains the purified metal only
(4) May be impurities or pure metal since it moves to either side
Sol. Answer (1)
In zone refining method, the molten zone contain more impurities than solid zone.
12. In the commercial electrochemical process for aluminium extraction, the electrolyte used is
(1) Al(OH)3 in NaOH solution (2) An aqueous solution of Al2(SO4)3
(3) A molten mixture of Al2O3 and Na3AlF6 (4) A molten mixture of Al2O3 and Al(OH)3
Sol. Answer (3)
For commercial electrochemical process molten mixture of Al2O3 and Na3AlF6 is added. Na3AlF6 decreases the
melting point.
13. Ag2S + NaCN (A), (A) + Zn (B) + Ag

(A) and (B) are respectively
(1) Na2[Zn(CN)4], Na2[Ag(CN)4] (2) Na[Ag(CN)2], Na2[Zn(CN)4]
(3) Na[Ag(CN)2], Na[Zn(CN)3] (4) Na3[Ag(CN)3], Na2[Zn(CN)4]
Sol. Answer (2)
Ag2 S 4NaCN 2Na[Ag(CN)2 ] Na 2S
2Na[Ag(CN)2 ] Zn Na 2 [Zn(CN)4 ] 2Ag
Solution of Assignment (Set-2) General Principles and Processes of Isolation of Elements 3
14. Poling process is used
(1) For the removal of Cu from Cu2O (2) For the removal of Al from Al2O3
(3) For the removal of Fe from Fe2O3 (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (1)
Poling process is used for the removal of Cu2O from Cu.
15. Which one of the followings contains both iron and copper?
(1) Cuprite (2) Chalcocite (3) Chalcopyrite (4) Malachite
Sol. Answer (3)
Chalcopyrite contains both iron and copper.
16. Choose the false statement.
(1) Easily fusible metals like Pb and Bi are purified by liquation
(2) Low boiling point metals like Zn and Hg are purified by boiling distillation
(3) Si, Ge, Ga are purified by poling
(4) Ti, Zr, V are purified by van Arkel method
Sol. Answer (3)
Si, Ge and Ga are purified by zone refining.
17. Silver can be separated from lead by
(1) Fractional crystallisation (2) Amalgamation
(3) Cupellation (4) Addition of zinc (Parkes process)
Sol. Answer (4)
Parkes process is used for disilverisation.
18. Thermite is a mixture of
(1) Fe powder and Al2O3 (2) Al powder and Fe2O3
(3) Cu powder and Fe2O3 (4) Zn powder and Cr2O3
Sol.Answer (2)
Fact.
19. In zone refining methods, the molten zone
(1) Consists of more impurities than solid (2) Moves to either side
(3) Consists of less impurities than solid (4) Both (1) & (2)
Sol. Answer (1)
More impurities are present in molten.
20. The refractory material used in the lining of blast furnace is
(1) BaO (2) MgO (3) SiO2 (4) Na2O
Sol. Answer (2)

MgO is thermally more stable and have low vapour pressure at high temperature.
21. Oxidation states of the metal in the minerals haematite and magnetite, respectively, are [IIT-JEE-2011]
(1) II, III in haematite and III in magnetite (2) II, III in haematite and II in magnetite
(3) II in haematite and II, III in magnetite (4) III in haematite and II, III in magnetite
Sol. Answer (4)

Haematite Fe2O3 Fe+3
Magnetite Fe3O4 Fe+2 and Fe+3
22. Native silver metal forms a water soluble complex with a dilute aqueous solution of NaCN in the presence of
[IIT-JEE-2008]
(1) Nitrogen (2) Oxygen (3) Carbon dioxide (4) Argon
Sol. Answer (2)
4Ag 8NaCN 2H2 O O2

4Na [Ag (CN)2 ] 4NaOH
23. Extraction of zinc from zinc blende is achieved by [IIT-JEE-2007]
(3) Roasting followed by reduction with another metal (4) Roasting followed by self-reduction
Sol. Answer (2)

2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2
+ carbon
Zn + CO
24. In the cyanide extraction process of silver from argentite ore, the oxidizing and reducing agents used are
[IIT-JEE-2012]
(1) O2 and CO respectively (2) O2 and Zn dust respectively
(3) HNO3 and Zn dust respectively (4) HNO3 and CO respectively
Sol. Answer (2)

Ag2S 4NaCN
2Na[Ag(CN)2 ] Na2S
Na2S2 2O2 Na26 SO4
2Na[Ag1(CN)2 ] Zn Na2 [Zn(CN)4 ] 2Ag0
25. Sulfide ores are common for the metals [JEE(Advanced) 2013]
(1) Ag, Cu and Pb (2) Ag, Cu and Sn (3) Ag, Mg and Pb (4) Al, Cu and Pb
Sol. Answer (1)

Silver, copper and lead are commonly found in earths crust as Ag2S (silver glance), CuFeS2 (Copper pyrites)
and PbS (Galena)
SECTION - B
Objective Type Questions (More than one options are correct)
1. Which of the following statement is/are true?

(1) Calamine and siderite are carbonates (2) Argentite and cuprite are oxides
(3) Zinc blende and pyrites are sulphides (4) Malachite and azurite are ores of copper
Sol. Answer (1, 3, 4)
ZnCO3 (calamine) and siderite (FeCO3) are carbonate ore.
Zinc blende ZnS
Pyrites FeS2
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 Malachite
2CuCO3 . Cu(OH)2 Azurite
2. Bessemerisation is carried out for

(1) Fe (2) Al (3) Cu (4) Ag
Sol. Answer (1, 3)
Bessemerisation is carried out for Fe and Cu.
3. Leaching is used for which metal/s?

(1) Ag (2) Al (3) Au (4) Pb
Leaching is used for Ag, Al and Au.
4. Which of the following gives nitrogen dioxide gas on heating?

(1) KNO3 (2) AgNO3 (3) LiNO3 (4) Pb(NO3)2
AgNO3, LiNO3 and Pb(NO3)2 produce NO2 on heating. KNO3 produces O2.
5. Which of the following statements is/are correct for electrolytic refining?

(1) The impure metal is made the anode while a thin sheet of pure metal is used as the cathode
(2) The electrolyte used is a covalent compound of the metal
(3) During electrolysis insoluble impurities which settle down below anode are known as anode mud
(4) On account of electrolysis, the metal is indirectly transferred from anode to cathode

During electrolytic refining, oxidation takes place at anode while reduction takes place at cathode, anode is
made up of impure metal while cathode is made up of pure metal.
Impurity settle down below anode is called anode mud.
6. In zone refining
(1) The impurities get accumulated at one end of the rod
(2) The impurities get accumulated at the centre of the rod
(3) The heater ring is moved
(4) Metal rod is moved
Sol. Answer (1, 3)
Zone refining, at last impurities get accumulated at one end.
7. Which of the following ores can be concentrated by froth floatation process?

(1) Zinc blende (2) Copper pyrites (3) Argentite (4) Horn silver
Zinc blende ZnS
Copper pyrites CuFeS2
Argentite Ag2S
(Silver glance) [Sulphide ores are concentrated by froth floatation process]
8. Roasting is carried out to

(1) Convert sulphides to oxides (2) Form the slag
(3) Remove arsenic and sulphur volatile impurities (4) Melt the ore
Sol. Answer (1, 3)
Roasting is carried out to convert sulphide to oxide and sulphur dioxide. Due to strong heating, some volatile
impurities are also removed.
9. The anode mud obtained during electro refining of copper may contain
(1) Fe (2) Mg (3) Ag (4) Au
Sol. Answer (3, 4)
Anode mud in electro refining of copper contains Ag and Au.
10. Which of the following ores contain oxygen?

(1) Bauxite (2) Chalcopyrite (3) Haematite (4) Calamine
Bauxite - Al2O3 . 2H2O
Haematite Fe2O3
Calamine ZnCO3
11. Which of the following are correctly matched ?
Column I Column II
(1) Cyanide process Extraction of Au
(2) Electrolytic reduction Extraction of Al
(3) Zone refining Ultrapure Ge
(4) Leaching Extraction of Au, Ag
Sol. Answer (1, 2, 3, 4)
Cyanide process extraction of Au.
In the extraction of aluminium, electrolytic reduction is used.
To obtain ultra pure Ge, we use zone refining concentration of aluminium and Ag is done by leading process.
12. Hydrometallurgy is useful in the extraction of
(1) Au (2) Ag (3) Sn (4) Hg
Sol. Answer (1, 2)
Hydrometallurgy is used in the extraction of Au and Ag.
13. For which of the following metals can be extracted by aluminothermic process?
(1) Mn (2) Fe (3) Cr (4) Mg
Mg is more electropositive than Ac.
14. Which of the following is true for calcination of metal ore?
(1) It makes the ore more pourous
(2) It is heated to temperature when just fusion begins
(3) Hydrated salts lose their water of crystallisation
(4) Impurities of S and Sb are removed in the form of volatile oxides
Sol. Answer (1, 3)
Due to strong heating, ore become more porous.
15. Roasting is carried out to
(1) Convert sulphides to oxides (2) Remove water of hydration
(3) Melt the ores (4) Remove arsenic and sulphur impurities
Roasting is carried in presence of air.
16. Which of the following are true for electrolytic reduction of aluminium?
(1) Cathode material contains graphite (2) Anode material contains graphite
(3) Cathode reacts away forming CO2 (4) Anode reacts away forming CO2
During reduction electrode and cathode are made up of graphite.
Reaction at anode : C 2O2 CO2 4e
17. Metals which can be extracted by smelting process are
(1) Pb (2) Fe (3) Zn (4) Al
Fact.
18. Extraction of metal from the ore cassiterite involves [IIT-JEE-2011]
(1) Carbon reduction of an oxide ore (2) Self reduction of a sulphide ore
(3) Removal of copper impurity (4) Removal of iron impurity

12001300C
SnO2 Sn CO
If after contain Fe and Cu as impurity.
19. The carbon-based reduction method is NOT used for the extraction of [JEE(Advanced) 2013]
(1) Tin from SnO2 (2) Iron from Fe2O3
(3) Aluminium from Al2O3 (4) Magnesium from MgCO3CaCO3
Sol. Answer (3, 4)
Al2O3 and MgCO3.CaCO3 are separately reduced by electrolytic reduction.
20. Upon heating with Cu2S, the reagent(s) that give copper metal is/are [JEE(Advanced) 2014]
(1) CuFeS2 (2) CuO (3) Cu2O (4) CuSO4

Cu2S 2Cu2O 6Cu SO2
Since, CuSO4 as well as CuO both on heating produces Cu2O as shown below so, they also produce Cu on
heating with Cu2S.
1
2CuO Cu2O O2
2
1
CuSO4 CuO SO2 O2
2
21. Copper is purified by electrolytic refining of blister copper. The correct statement(s) about this process is (are)
[JEE(Advanced) 2015]
(1) Impure Cu strip is used as cathode
(2) Acidified aqueous CuSO4 is used as electrolyte
(3) Pure Cu deposits at cathode
(4) Impurities settle as anode-mud
In electrolytic refining of blister Cu, acidified CuSO4 is used as electrolyte, pure Cu deposits at Cathode and
impurities settle as anode mud.
SECTION - C
Linked Comprehension Type Questions
Comprehension I
Sodium metal can be extracted by either Castners process or Downs process
Castners process :
Electrolyte fused NaOH
Cathode and anode are made up of a steel rod and Ni cylinder respectively the reaction takes place as follows:
At cathode Na+ + e Na
1 1
At anode OH H O + O2+ e
2 2 4
Downs process :
Electrolyte fused NaCl and CaCl2
Cathode and anode are ring shaped iron metal and graphite respectively. The reaction takes place as follows:
Na+ + e Na
1
Cl Cl + e
2 2
1. In Castners process some sodium metal is lost due to
(1) Reaction with dissolved O2 in molten NaOH
(2) Its high reactivity, it attacks other substances present in the system
(3) High temperature at which some of it vapourizes
(4) All of these
Sol. Answer (3)

In Castners process, some sodium is lost in the form of vapours.
2. CaCl2 is used along with NaCl due to
(1) Increase in electrical conductivity of NaCl
(2) Lowering in melting point of the mixture compared to pure NaCl
(3) CaCl2 protects Na from getting vapourized
(4) Viscosity of the mixture of NaCl or CaCl2 is lower than pure NaCl.
Sol. Answer (2)

Role of CaCl2 is to lower the melting point of mixture.
3. Instead of graphite, nickel anode cant be used in Downs process because
(1) Graphite is inert to Cl2 (2) At high temperature Ni gets vapourized
(3) Ni is a corrosive metal (4) Ni attacks Cl2 to produce NiCl2
Sol. Answer (4)

Ni react with Cl2 to form NiCl2.
Comprehension II
A and B are two ores of copper.
A undergoes calcination to form solid, CO2(g) and H2O
B undergoes roasting to form a solid and a gas C which turns acidified orange K2Cr2O7 to green solution.
B also reacts with dil HCl to form a solid and gas D which turns lead acetate solution black and also react with C
to form colloidal sulphur in the presence of moisture.
1. The copper ores A and B are respectively
(1) Carbonate and hydroxide (2) Carbonate and oxide
(3) Carbonate and sulphide (4) Sulphide and carbonate
Sol. Answer (3)

Carbonate ore produce CO2 on heating while sulphide ore produce SO2 on roasting.
2. The gas (C) acts as

(1) Oxidising agent (2) Reducing agent (3) Both (1) & (2) (4) Fluxing agent
Sol. Answer (3)
Gas C is SO2
3. The nature of gas (D) and hybridisation of central atom is respectively

(1) Weakly acidic, sp3 (2) Strongly acidic, sp3
(3) Weakly acidic, sp2 (4) Strongly acidic, sp2

Sol. Answer (1)
Gas D is H2S in which sulphur is sp3 hybridised and in weakly acidic.
Comprehension III
Crushing
Argentite Powdered ore
X
Leaching
A By NaCN
Concentrated ore
Treatment with Zn
Pure metal
1. This ore is concentrated by

(1) Gravity separation (2) Leaching (3) Froth floatation (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (3)
Froth floatation
2. Zn is used in final step because

(1) It is less costly (2) It has negative reduction potential
(3) It has positive reduction potential (4) It does not form amalgam
Sol. Answer (2)
Zn + Ag+ Zn+2 + Ag
3. Metal is further purified by

(1) Distillation (2) Cupellation (3) Electrolysis (4) Both (2) & (3)
Sol. Answer (3)
Electrolysis
Comprehension IV
Metallurgy of Fe is carried in Blast furnace. Blast furnace is divided in following zones.
a. Combustion zone b. Fusion zone
c. Reduction zone d. Preheating zone
1. Slag formed in Blast furnace is

(1) FeSiO3 (2) CaSiO3 (3) CaCO3 (4) Both (1) & (2)
Sol. Answer (2)
CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
2. At 350C which of the reaction is better reducing agent?

1
(1) C + O2 CO2 (2) CO O2 CO2
2
1
(3) C O2 CO (4) CO2 + C 2CO
2
Sol. Answer (2)
At low temperature CO better reducing agent.
3. Slag formation is important because

(1) It helps to remove impurities from molten metal (2) It prevents contact of molten metal and air
(3) It helps to remove volatile impurities (4) Both (1) & (2)
Sol. Answer (4)
Fact.
Comprehension V
Copper is the most noble of the first row transition metals and occurs in small deposits in several countries. Ores
of copper include chalcanthite (CuSO45H2O), atacamite (Cu2Cl(OH)3), cuprite (Cu2O), copper glance (Cu2S) and
malachite (Cu2(OH)2CO3). However, 80% of the world copper production comes from the ore chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).
The extraction of copper from chalcopyrite involves partial roasting, removal of iron and self-reduction.
[IIT-JEE-2010]
1. Partial roasting of chalcopyrite produces

(1) Cu2S and FeO (2) Cu2O and FeO (3) CuS and Fe2O3 (4) Cu2O and Fe2O3
Sol. Answer (1)
Partial roasting of chalcopyrite
O2 /
CuFeS2 Cu2S FeO
2. Iron is removed from chalcopyrite as

(1) FeO (2) FeS (3) Fe2O3 (4) FeSiO3
Sol. Answer (4)
FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3
gangue flux slag
3. In self-reduction, the reducing species is

(1) S (2) O2 (3) S2 (4) SO2
Sol. Answer (3)
Cu2S + Cu2O 6Cu + SO2
SECTION - D
Assertion-Reason Type Questions
1. STATEMENT-1 : Zinc and not copper is used in the recovery of silver from the complex [ Ag(CN)2 ] .
and
STATEMENT-2 : Zinc is more powerful oxidising agent than copper.

Sol. Answer (3)
[Ag(CN)2 ] Zn [Zn(CN)4 ]2
Zinc is stronger reducing agent than Cu.
2. STATEMENT-1 : Pine oil acts as frothing agent in froth floatation.
and
STATEMENT-2 : Sulphide ores are concentrated by froth floatation method.

Sol. Answer (2)
Pine oil acts as frothing agent in froth floatation. Sulphide ores are concentrated by froth floatation process.
3. STATEMENT-1 : Leaching is a process of concentration.
and
STATEMENT-2 : Leaching involves treatment of the ore with a suitable reagent so as to make it soluble while
impurities remains insoluble.
Sol. Answer (1)
Leaching involves the treatment of ore with a suitable reagent so as to make it soluble, while impurities remain
insoluble. In this way, concentration of ore is carried out.
4. STATEMENT-1 : Hydrometallurgy is used for extraction of Ag and Au.
and
STATEMENT-2 : Pyrometallurgy is another name of hydrometallurgy.

Sol. Answer (3)
Fact
5. STATEMENT-1 : NaCN acts as a depressant for ZnS but does not prevent PbS from the formation of froth.
and
STATEMENT-2 : NaCN combines with ZnS to form a complex Na2[Zn(CN)4] on the surface of ZnS and thus
prevents it from formation of froth.
Sol. Answer (1)
NaCN forms complex with Zn, so acts as a depressant.
6. STATEMENT-1 : Metal is not extracted from metal nitrate.
and
STATEMENT-2 : Nitrates of metals are water soluble in nature.

Sol. Answer (1)
Metal nitrates are soluble in water, so these do not exist in the form of ore.
7. STATEMENT-1 : In moist air, copper corrodes to produce a green layer on the surface.
and
STATEMENT-2 : Oxide layer is formed in presence of moist air.

Sol. Answer (3)
Cu is slowly oxidized on the surface in most air giving green coating of (CuCO3.Cu(OH2).
8. STATEMENT-1 : Generally, ores do not exist in nitrite compound.

and
STATEMENT-2 : Nitrates are not thermally stable.
Sol. Answer (3)
Nitrates are water soluble.
9. STATEMENT-1 : Na can be obtained by electrolysis of molten NaCl.

and
STATEMENT-2 : Na+ cannot be reduced economically by carbon.
Sol. Answer (2)
Na+/Na has more reduction potential.
10. STATEMENT-1 : Gold generally exists in native form.

and
STATEMENT-2 : Gold is less reactive.
Sol. Answer (1)
Fact.
11. STATEMENT-1 : Zr is purified by zone refining.

and
STATEMENT-2 : Zone refining is based on fractional crystallisation.
Sol. Answer (4)
Zr is purified by Van Arkel method.
12. STATEMENT-1 : SiO2 is the main impurity in white alumina.
and
STATEMENT-2 : White alumina is concentrated by Baeyers process in Leaching.
Sol. Answer (3)
Fact.
SECTION - E
Matrix-Match Type Questions
1. Match the following
Column-I Column-II
(A) Self reduction (p) Ag
(B) Carbon reduction (q) Sn
(C) Leaching (r) Cu
(D) Electrolytic reduction (s) Hg
(t) Mg
(u) Al
Sol. Answer A(r, s), B(q), C(p, u), D(t, u)
(A) Self reduction Cu, Hg.
(B) Carbon reduction Sn
(C) Leaching Ag, Al
(D) Electrolytic reduction Mg, Al

Column-I Column-II
(A) Van Arkel method (p) Purification of titanium
(B) Solvay process (q) Purification of copper
(C) Cupellation (r) Refining of silver
(D) Poling (s) Manufacture of Na2CO3
Sol. Answer A(p), B(s), C(r), D(q)
(A) Van Arkel method Purification of Titanium
(B) Solvay process Na2CO3
(C) Cupellation Refining of silver
(D) Poling Purification of copper

Column-I Column-II
(Ores / Minerals) (Constituent Component)
(A) Chalcopyrite (p) Iron
(B) Diaspore (q) Aluminium
(C) Siderite (r) Copper
(D) Dolomite (s) Magnesium
Sol. Answer A(p, r), B(q), C(p), D(s)
Chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) Cu, Fe
Diaspore Al
Siderite Fe
Dolomite Mg
4. Match the following ore given in column I to the process involved metallurgy in column II
Column I Column II
(Name of Ore) (Process Involved in Metallurgy)
(A) Copper glance (p) Froth floatation
(B) Alumina (q) Purification by Electrolysis
(C) Zinc blende (r) Calcination
(D) Argentite (s) Roasting
(t) Reduction by carbon
Sol. Answer A(p, q, s, t), B(q, r), C(p, q, s, t), D(p, q, s)

(A) Cu2S
(B) Al2O3
(C) ZnS
(D) Ag2S
5. Match the following mixture given in column I and process which can be used to separate them given in
column II
Column I Column II
(Mixture) (Process can be used for separation)
(A) FeS + CaO (p) Magnetic separation
(B) Al2O3 + Fe2O3 (q) Froth floatation
(C) ZnO + CuS (r) NaOH
(D) Ag2S + CuS (s) Gravity separation
(t) NaCN
Sol. Answer A(p, q, s), B(p, r, s), C(q, r), D(q, t)
Fact.
6. Match the conversions in Column I with the type(s) of reaction(s) given in Column II. [IIT-JEE-2008]
Column I Column II
(A) PbS PbO (p) Roasting
(B) CaCO3 CaO (q) Calcination
(C) ZnS Zn (r) Carbon reduction
(D) Cu2S Cu (s) Self reduction
Sol. Answer A(p); B(q); C(p, r), D(p, s)
7. Match the anionic species given in Column-I that are present in the ore(s) given in Column II.
[JEE(Advanced)-2015]
Column I Column II
(A) Carbonate (p) Siderite
(B) Sulphide (q) Malachite
(C) Hydroxide (r) Bauxite
(D) Oxide (s) Calamine
(t) Argentite
Sol. Answer A(p, q, s), B(t), C(q, r), D(r)
Siderite FeCO3
Malachite CuCO3
Cu(OH)2
Bauxite Al2O3xH2O or
AlOx(OH)3 2x , 0 < x < 1
Calamine ZnCO3
Argentite Ag2S
SECTION - F
Integer Answer Type Questions
1. What is the co-ordination number of Ag in the product obtained after Leaching process?
Sol. Answer (2)
[Ag(CN)2]
2. What is the oxidation state of Ni in its purification by Mond process?

Sol. Answer (0)
Ni(CO)4
3. What is the number of metal atoms in one molecule of chalcopyrite?

Sol. Answer (2)
CuFeS2
4. Out of the following how many ores are concentrated by froth floatation?
(1) Chalcopyrite (2) Silver glance (3) Siderite (4) Malachite
(5) Horn Silver (6) Fools gold
Sol. Answer (3)
CuFeS2, Ag2S and FeS2.
5. Main ore of the Zn is zinc spinel. The co-ordination number of Zn will be ________.
Sol. Answer (4)
Zn+2 is placed in tetrahedral void.
SECTION - G
Multiple True-False Type Questions
1. STATEMENT-1 : CuSO4 acts as froth activator in froth floatation process.
STATEMENT-2 : Froth floatation method belong with benefication of metallurgy.
STATEMENT-3 : NaCN as depressant to form complex with ZnS out of PbS and ZnS.
(1) T T T (2) FFF (3) TFT (4) FTT
Sol. Answer (1)
ZnS + NaCN [Zn(CN)4]2
2. STATEMENT-1 : Van Arkel method is used for purification.

STATEMENT-2 : Van Arkel method is based on the fractional crystallisation.
STATEMENT-3 : Van Arkel method is used for the purification of Ni.
(1) TTF (2) FTF (3) TFT (4) TFF
Sol. Answer (4)
For Ni, Mond process is used.
3. STATEMENT-1 : Van Arkel-de-Boer method is used for the purification of Ti.

STATEMENT-2 : In Van Arkel method, Iodine is used.
STATEMENT-3 : Zone refining is based on chromatography.
(1) TTF (2) TTT (3) FTT (4) FTF
Sol. Answer (1)
Zone refining depend on fractional crystillisation.
4. STATEMENT-1 : Refining of gold contaminated with silver is termed as parting of Gold.

STATEMENT-2 : In chlorine parting, dry chlorine is bubbled through the molten mass of gold.
STATEMENT-3 : Gold can be purified by poling.
(1) TTT (2) FTT (3) TFF (4) TTF
Sol. Answer (4)
Purified by froth (fact).
5. STATEMENT-1 : Poling is used in purification of Cu from its oxide.

STATEMENT-2 : Coke cannot reduce CuO to Cu but green wood can reduce.
STATEMENT-3 : Sn is also purified by poling process.
(1) T FT (2) FFT (3) TTT (4) FFT
Sol. Answer (1)
Coke can reduce CuO to Cu.
SECTION - H
Aakash Challengers Questions
1. Parting process associate with metallurgy of

(1) Fe (2) Cu (3) Ag (4) Zn
Sol. Answer (3)
Parting associate with metallurgy of Ag.
2. Parkes process, used in desilverisation of lead, based on the

(1) Different melting point (2) Different adsorption power
(3) Different wetting properties (4) Distribution Law
Sol. Answer (4)
Solubility equilibrium of solute in two immiscible liquid is fixed.
3. Magnetic separation can be used to concentrate

Ore + Impurity
(1) SnO2 + FeWO4 (2) SnO2 + MnWO4 (3) FeCr2O4 + SiO2 (4) All of these
Sol. Answer (4)
SnO2 is diamagnetic while FeWO4 is paramagnetic.
4. Choose the incorrect pair
(1) Froth activator NaCN (2) Froth collector Potassium amyl xanthate
(3) Foaming agent Pine oil (4) All of these

Sol. Answer (1)
NaCN is froth depressant.
5. For red alumina, process involved in Leaching process is

(1) Halls process (2) Serpecks process (3) Baeyers process (4) Both (1) & (3)
Sol. Answer (3)
In red alumina, Fe2O3 is an impurity.
6. Zinc spar have formula of

(1) ZnS (2) ZnCO3 (3) ZnO (4) Zn2SO4
Sol. Answer (2)
Fact.
7. The composition of purple of Cassius is

(1) Sn(OH)4 (2) Sn(OH)2 (3) Sn(OH)2 SnCl2 (4) SnO2
Sol. Answer (1)
Sn(OH)4
8. Which one of the statement on Bessemerisation is false?

(1) Pig iron is converted to stainless steel
(2) The process involves chemical oxidation of impurities in Pig iron
(3) It is adopted if large amount of phosphorous is present as impurity in Fe
(4) Loss of iron is the of order of 15%
Sol. Answer (1)
Fact.
9. Slag formed during extraction of Cu from CuFeS2 is

(1) FeCO3 (2) FeSiO3 (3) CaSiO3 (4) CuSiO3
Sol. Answer (2)
FeO + SiO2 FeSiO3
10. Choose the incorrect pair

(1) Horn silver AgBr (2) Calaverite AuTe2
(3) Peacock ore Cu5FeS4C (4) Azurite 2CuCO3 Cu(OH)2
Sol. Answer (1)
Horn Silver is AgCl.
11. What is the main difference between?

(i) Cupellation and poling
(ii) Hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy
(iii) Leaching and Levigation
Sol.
(i) Cupellation Poling
The crude metal is taken in a boat shaped Molten metal is stirred with green poles of
dish or cupel and a blast of air or oxygen is wood. The green poles of wood release the
blown into it. The impurities are converted into hydrocarbon gases which reduce the oxide
volatile oxide leaving behind pure metal. For impurities.
e.g. to remove lead from crude silver, lead
converted into litharge (PbO) which is volatile.
(ii) Hydrometallurgy Pyrometallurgy
This is based on fact that more electropositive This process is used when impurities have
metal can displace less electropositive metal greater affinity for oxygen than metal itself.
from its salt solution.
(iii) Leaching Levigation/gravity separation
Treatment of ore with a suitable reagent so as It is a method of concentration of ore, which

to make it soluble while impurities remain is based on the difference in densities of the
insoluble. ore particles and impurities. The powdered
ore is agitated with a running stream of
e.g. Bauxite ore contains Fe 2O3 and silica as
water.
impurity, ore is treated with aqueous solution
of NaOH. Alumina dissolves and impurities
remain as insoluble part.
12. Explain the following

(i) Chalcocite is roasted and not calcined during recovery of copper.
(ii) Magnesium oxide is used for lining in steel making furnace.
Sol. (i) Chalcocite being a sulphide ore of copper needs roasting (heating in excess of air) and not calcination.
(ii) Basic lining of magnesia (MgO) is used to remove the acidic impurities such as P4O10 and SO2.
MgO + SO2 MgSO3
13. Dolomite can also be treated to get MgCl2 which in turn is electrolysed to get Mg (Dow natural brine process).
Give reactions for this process.

Sol. MgCO3 MgO CO2

MgO C Cl2 MgCl2 CO
At 700C,

2
Mg 2Cl
MgCl2
Cathode : Mg2+ + 2e Mg
Anode : 2Cl 2e Cl2
14. A sulphide ore (A) on roasting leaves a residue (B). (B) on heating with chlorine gives (C), soluble in water,
addition of excess potassium iodide to a solution of (C) gives a solution (D) A brown precipitate (E) is formed
when a solution of ammonium sulphate is added to an alkaline solution of (D). Identify (A) to (E).
Roasting Cl2 Excess of KI
Sol. HgS HgO HgCl2 K2Hgl4
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Alkaline (NH4)2SO4
HgO.Hg(NH 2)I
Brown ppt (E)
15. Write the chemical reactions involved in the extraction of metallic silver from argentite.
Leaching

Sol. Ag2 S 4NaCN
2Na[Ag(CN)2 ] Na2 S
2Na[Ag(CN)2] + Zn Na2[Zn(CN)4] + 2Ag
16. Galena is reported to have 23.8% PbS. Calculate the volume of oxygen required at STP to roast 10 kg of
galena to PbO and SO2.
Sol. 2PbS + 3O2 2PbO + 2SO2
2 238 3 32
476 g of PbS requires = 96 g of O2
23.8
10000 g PbS requires = 480 g of O
100 2
480
mole of O 2 15
32
volume of oxygen at S.T.P. = 15 22.4 = 336 litres
17. Explain the following
(i) Excess of carbon is added to zinc metallurgy.
(ii) In the electrolysis of alumina, cryolite is added to alumina.
(iii) Coke does not cause reduction of Al2O3.
(iv) Gold is soluble in aquaregia, silver is not.
Sol. (i) As both Zn and C have nearly equal affinities for O atoms i.e. (G = 360 kJ for Zn) (G = 460 kJ
for C)
So excess of carbon is added to reduce ZnO to Zn.
2Zn + O2 2ZnO G = 360 kJ (i)
2C + O2 2CO G = 460 kJ (ii)
From equation (i) and (ii) we get,
ZnO + C Zn + CO, G = 50 kJ/mol
(ii) Pure alumina has very high fusion temperature and is bad conductor of electricity. To reduce its fusion
temperature and to make it a good conductor of electricity, cryolite is added.
(iii) Al2O3 + C 2Al + 3CO
G = 3Gf(CO) Gf(Al2O3)
= 3(137.2) + 1582
= +ve
Hence, reaction is not spontaneous
(iv) Gold forms soluble AuCl3 while silver forms white precipitate.
18. From the following reactions. Identify A to F
air/ HCl Na2CO3

Mg colourless solid (A) colourless solution (B) white ppt (C) (E) + (D)
colourless
gas
Ca(OH)2
white ppt (F)
Sol. A Mg3N2, B MgCl2, C MgCO3, D MgO, E CO2, F CaCO3


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Chapter 6

General Principles and Processes of

2. Which of the following is not correctly matched?

3. Which of the following is not a mineral of aluminium?

4. Which of the following is acidic flux?

SiO2 is used in metallurgy of Cu to remove FeO.

5. In the metallurgy of iron, the slag is

6. Which of the following is concentrated by magnetic separation method?

8. Serpecks method involves the heating of bauxite with

9. Sulphide ore is converted to oxide form by using the process

12. Which of the following is used to reduce TiCl4 to Ti?

13. Ellingham diagrams are plots of Gf Vs T for the formation of

18. Roasting of sulphide ore is generally performed in

19. Zinc is extracted from zinc blende by

20. Which of the following is leached with NaCN?

21. Hall Heroult method is used for the extraction of

22. Poling is used for purification of metals having impurities of

23. Impure zinc, as collected from earthen clay retort, is called

25. Extraction of zinc from zinc blende is achieved by

26. Which of the following metal is purified by distillation process?

27. Vapour phase refining can be carried out in case of

29. Which of the following is not a method of purification of metals?

3. Which of the following metal is extracted by the use of cyanide solution?

4. A substance which reacts with gangue to form fusible material is called

5. Electrolytic reduction method is used for extraction of

6. Cyanide process is used for the extraction of

8. Which of the following metals cannot be extracted by carbon reduction process?

9. Which of the following is not a refining process?

10. Which of the following is not a concentration technique?

12. In blast furnace, iron oxide is reduced by

13. The silver complex formed during cyanide process is

14. Zincite and calamine respectively are

15. Which of the following is chalcopyrite?

16. The alloy used in dental filling contains

At anode, Ni(s) + 2Cl

21. From gold amalgam, gold may be recovered by

22. Which of the following oxide is thermally least stable?

23. Thomas slag is

24. Which of the following give respective metal by self reduction?

25. Which of the following statement is incorrect?

3. Identify the alloy containing a non-metal as a constituent in it [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]

4. Which one of the following is a mineral of iron ? [AIPMT (Prelims)-2012]

13. Which of the following does not contain aluminium?

14. Which of the following does not contain Mg?

16. Bessemer converter is used for manufacture of

17. Mond's process is used for

18. Which process of purification is represented by following scheme?

20. Most important ore of tin is

21. Heating of ore in presence of air to remove sulphur impurities is called

22. Sodium is extracted from

25. Which contains both iron and copper?

26. To dissolve argentite ore which of the following is used?

27. Iron obtained from blast furnace is

28. Elements used as semiconductor are purified by

29. Which of the following oxide is least stable?

30. The inner layer of a blast furnace is made of

H2SO3 is sulphurous acid and it is known only in solution.

1. A : Cuprite is concentrated by froth floatation process.

Hence, both Assertion and Reason are true.

4. A : Roasting process is involved in the metallurgy of Cu from Malachite ore.

5. A : Metallurgy of Ag from Argentite is known as hydro-metallurgy.

6. A : In the manufacturing of iron from haematite, silicon dioxide is added as flux.