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ii
SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Raja Awwad
Senior Principal Mechanical Engineer
HVAC Section Head
Gibbs & Cox, Inc.
Kevin Prince
Assistant Vice President, Engineering
Gibbs & Cox, Inc.
And
Published by
The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
99 Canal Center Plaza, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Copyright 2015 by the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers
with rights reserved.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
This Bulletin was prepared under direction from the Ships Machinery Committee
for
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
It is understood and agreed that nothing expressed herein is intended or shall be construed to give any
person, firm, or corporation any right, remedy, or claim against SNAME or any of its officers or members.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Preface
The revised Technical and Research Bulletin No. 4-16 has been prepared to standardize heating, ventilation, and air
conditioning calculations for merchant and naval ship designs. The revised Bulletin introduced calculations unique
to naval ships but can be applied to merchant ships. There is a new section dedicated to the HVAC conversion
factor and a section on humidity control. The Bulletin has a new section on ships air balance, demonstrated with
examples in the cooling and heating seasons that air balance goes beyond supplying and exhausting the same
volume of air. All sample forms were revised and included in the last section. Two examples were included to
demonstrate the difference between a push through and a pull through air conditioning systems with
demonstrative psychrometric charts. There is no implication of warranty by The Society of Naval Architects and
Marine Engineers that use of this guideline will ensure successful performance of vessels and/or machinery
including compliance with contract specifications, Regulatory bodies or classification societies.
Acknowledgements
Many thanks to Mr. Richard Delpizzo of American Bureau of Shipping for presenting the
authors with the opportunity to revise T&R Bulletin 4-16.
The principal author, Raja Awwad, was fortunate to have a group of talented engineers at Gibbs
& Cox, Inc. to assist in this endeavor: Nicholas Deluca, Mark Gates and Michelle Gahagan.
I am equally grateful for the SNAME T&R Steering Committee Chair, Mr. Rick Ashcroft,
SNAME T&R Coordinator, Mr. Alex Landsburg and Mr. Anthony Maples Owner and Founder
of Maples Environment Services, LLC for their review and insightful comments.
Thanks to Mr. Kevin Prince for his support and valuable contribution.
Last but not least, I extend my appreciation to: Jessica Baker, Senior Mechanical Engineer,
Preconstruction Manager, Southland Industries and Patricia McGinn, Engineering Group
Assistant Manager Machinery Department, Gibbs & Cox, Inc. for their review and comments.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Table of Contents
PREFACE .................................................................................................................................... VI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................... VI
DEFINITIONS .............................................................................................................................. 3
SYMBOLS ..................................................................................................................................... 3
1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 GENERAL ........................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 PECULIARITIES OF MARINE HEATING, VENTILATING, AND AIR CONDITIONING DESIGN
4
1.3 SCOPE ................................................................................................................................ 4
2.0 DESIGN CONDITIONS ....................................................................................................... 4
2.1 AIR CONDITIONED SPACES ............................................................................................... 5
2.1.1 Air Conditioning Design Temperatures .............................................................................................5
2.1.2 Heating Design Temperatures ............................................................................................................5
2.1.3 Minimum Outdoor Air (Replenishment) Requirements ..................................................................5
2.1.3.1 Occupancy ................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1.3.2 Infiltration .................................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 NON-AIR CONDITIONED SPACES ...................................................................................... 5
2.3 AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DESIGN PRACTICE ............................................................. 8
2.3.1 Supply Air.............................................................................................................................................8
2.3.2 Relative Humidity ................................................................................................................................8
2.4 AIR AND WATER VAPOR ................................................................................................... 8
3.0 ROOM LOAD COMPONENTS AND CALCULATIONS............................................... 8
3.1 TRANSMISSION LOAD ........................................................................................................ 9
3.1.1Transmission Heat Gain (Loss) ..........................................................................................................9
3.1.2Sample Calculations Transmission Only ...................................................................................... 12
3.2 SOLAR + TRANSMISSION LOAD ...................................................................................... 16
3.2.1 Solar + Transmission Heat Gain ...................................................................................................... 16
3.2.2 Sample Calculations Transmission Only ...................................................................................... 17
3.3 LIGHTING LOAD .............................................................................................................. 19
3.3.1 Lighting Heat Gain ............................................................................................................................ 20
3.3.2 Sample Calculations .......................................................................................................................... 20
3.4 EQUIPMENT LOAD ........................................................................................................... 21
3.4.1 Equipment Heat Gain ........................................................................................................................ 21
3.4.2 Direct Return from Electronics / Electrical Equipment ................................................................. 23
3.4.3 Sample Calculations .......................................................................................................................... 23
3.5 PERSONNEL LOAD ........................................................................................................... 24
3.5.1 Personnel Heat Gain .......................................................................................................................... 25
3.5.2 Sample Calculations .......................................................................................................................... 25
3.6 HVAC CONVERSION FACTOR ........................................................................................ 26
3.7 INFILTRATION LOAD ....................................................................................................... 27
3.7.1 Infiltration Heat Gain (Loss) ............................................................................................................ 27
3.7.2 Sample Calculations .......................................................................................................................... 28
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
2
DEFINITIONS
Air conditioning: The process of treating air to control temperature and relative humidity.
Ventilation: The supply and exhaust of outside air by fans for the purpose of maintaining temperatures, and
removing offensive odors and contaminants from spaces.
Outdoor air: Weather air supplied to the ship by ventilation fans to ventilated spaces, as replenishment to air
conditioning systems, or as infiltration into the ship.
Direct return: Dedicated return or exhaust terminal located within six inches of the discharge ventilation opening of
equipment with an internal ventilation blower.
Pull-through system: An air conditioning system where the fan is located downstream of the cooling coil.
Push-through system: An air conditioning system where the fan is located upstream of the cooling coil.
Constant summer reheat: Sensible heat added for the purpose of controlling relative humidity in spaces with high
latent (moisture) loads.
Pressurized space: An air conditioned space where, by design, the amount of replenishment air exceeds the amount
of exhaust.
Sensible heat factor: Is the ratio of room total sensible heat load to the room total load.
SYMBOLS
A area of deck or room boundary [ft2] ql latent heat [Btu/hr]
B.F. ballast factor qs sensible heat [Btu/hr]
cp,a specific heat of dry air [Btu/lb/F] ql,d equipment latent heat dissipation [Btu/hr]
cp,w specific heat of water vapor [Btu/lb/F] qs,d equipment sensible heat dissipation [Btu/hr]
CSR constant summer reheat ql,p personnel latent heat dissipation [Btu/hr/person]
F HVAC conversion factor [Btu-lb-min/hr/ft2/F] qs,p personnel sensible heat dissipation [Btu/hr/person]
F.W. fluorescent bulb wattage [W] SHF sensible heat factor
Gsf glass solar factor [Btu/hr/ft2] T temperature difference [F]
ho enthalpy of outdoor air [Btu/lb of dry air] Te solar effective temperature difference [F]
hr enthalpy of room air [Btu/lb of dry air] Tf temperature rise due to fan motor heat [F]
H.F. hood factor To temperature of outdoor air [F]
I.W. incandescent bulb wattage [W] Tp design temperature of precooled supply air [F]
L.C. load constant [Btu/hr/ft2] Tr temperature rise [F]
LAT coil leaving air temperature [F] Ts space design air temperature [F]
Of minimum outdoor air rate [CFM/person] U overall coefficient of heat transfer [Btu/hr/ft2/F]
P number of room occupants [persons] U.F. equipment use factor
Q air flow quantity [CFM] V room volume [ft3]
QCC air flow through the precooling coil [CFM] v specific volume [ft3/lb]
q total heat [Btu/hr] W humidity ratio [lb of water vapor/lb of dry air]
qf fan motor heat [Btu/hr] motor motor efficiency
3
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The primary functions of marine heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems are to provide comfort
and healthy conditions for the crew and passengers, to maintain satisfactory operation of equipment, prevent build
up of offensive odors and dangerous gases, and prevent spoilage of supplies by controlling ambient conditions.
This is accomplished by establishing the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning requirements for each space and
then preparing a set of "load" calculations and analyses to determine the sizes of HVAC equipment that meet all
established requirements.
1.3 Scope
This bulletin contains guidance to assist in designing a marine HVAC installation for a merchant ship. Detailed
room and system design criteria are provided for all spaces of a typical merchant ship, with the exception of the
engine room (machinery space) and cargo spaces, which, due to the complexity of equipment, heat liberation, and
commodity ventilation requirements, are not within the scope of this bulletin. The instructions include the detailed
calculations required to determine both room and system loads. Typical HVAC calculations and forms are included
to clarify the application of the data contained herein.
Outside air design dry bulb (DB) and wet bulb (WB) temperatures for the cooling season.
Outside air design dry bulb temperature for the heating season.
Room design dry bulb temperatures in the cooling and heating seasons.
Room design relative humidity (RH) for the cooling season.
Design seawater temperature for both the cooling and heating seasons.
Ships general arrangement drawing.
Boundary constructions for each space.
Lights in each space.
Equipment in each space.
Occupancy in each space.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Most of the above design data is listed in, or can be determined from, information contained in the ship's
construction specifications, general arrangement plans, joiner arrangement plans, structural plans, lighting
arrangement plans, and equipment lists; however, where the specifications and plans are silent on design data,
recommended values in this section should be used until the data becomes available.
2.1.3.1 Occupancy
Minimum outdoor air based on room occupancy shall be 12 CFM/person for high occupancy spaces (e.g.,
recreation rooms, dining rooms and mess rooms) and 15 CFM/person for low occupancy air conditioned
spaces (e.g., staterooms and offices).
These rates shall only be increased to achieve air balance within each subdivision, but shall not exceed 50
CFM/person.
2.1.3.2 Infiltration
For spaces such as the Wheelhouse (Pilot House) with doors that open directly to the weather, minimum
outdoor air rate of change shall be 60 minutes, but shall not exceed 50 CFM/person.
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Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Table 2-1: Ventilation & Heating Recommendations for Non-Air Conditioned Spaces
Ventilation Heating
Temperature Max. Air Change, Temperature,
Type Space Rise, Tr (F) R/C (minutes) Ts (F)
Air Cond. Equip. and Fan Rooms 15 - 40
Baggage 15 15 60
Battery Room - 4 40
Bonded Stores 15 10 40
Bosns Stores - 20 -
Butcher Shop 10 4 40
Canvas Room - 6 40
Carpenter Shop 10 6 60
CO2 Room 15 6 -
Deck Toilet - 6 60
Dry Stores - 15 -
Engrs. Stores 20 30 -
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Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Hawser Room - 20 -
Laundries Service ** 10 4 70
Machine Shop 15 6 60
Pantries Service 10 4 -
Pump Room 15 3 40
Shaft Alley - 10 -
Stores Ships Dry Daily Galley
10 4 50
& Bulk Food
Stores Stewards & Misc. 10 6 -
Stevedores Toilets - 6 60
Winch M.G. 15 6 -
* The minimum exhaust air from a Galley shall be equal to the total airflow from all hoods in the Galley.
** The minimum exhaust air from a Laundry space shall be equal to the clothes dryers total blower airflow.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Room supply air shall be based on the room sensible load, supply air dry bulb, and room design dry bulb
temperatures.
Physical properties of air and water vapor for ventilation, infiltration, and preheating are discussed in Section 3.6 of
this bulletin.
Table 3-1 lists room load components, the section which describes each component, and when each component is
considered.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Production schedules may require that HVAC load calculations be made concurrent with or prior to the completion
of design development and the selections of equipment and lighting facilities. This requires the HVAC engineer to
make assumptions (e. g., boundary constructions, lighting requirements, and equipment sizes). Calculations based
on such assumptions must be considered as estimates and must be revised when the actual conditions and
requirements have been established to ensure the installed HVAC system is designed to meet actual conditions and
requirements.
q = U A T (3-1)
Separate calculations must be made for each boundary or portion which has a different U or T value.
Where rooms have composite boundaries of steel and joiner work, the boundary areas shall be calculated using
dimensions which extend to the steel. Molded (steel to steel) dimensions shall be used in Equation 3-1.
Dimensions shall be rounded off to the nearest foot.
When a room design temperature is not specified, the temperatures listed in Table 3-2 shall be used or an
abbreviated heat balance calculation may be used to estimate the room temperature.
Values of U shall be taken from the current edition of Thermal Insulation Report, SNAME Technical and
Research Bulletin No. 4-7.
For cooling load calculations, the cooling effect of an adjacent space is not considered unless the lower
temperature is maintained by air conditioning or refrigeration equipment. For heating load calculations, the
heat gain through a boundary is deducted only if the higher temperature of the adjacent space is maintained by a
heating system.
Baggage 110 60
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Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
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Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
CASE 1 Stateroom deck over: Type 10 construction, molded dimensions 11'-6" x 12'-8", adjacent to an
air conditioned cabin.
Cooling Calculation
T = 78 78 = 0F (Sec. 2.1.1)
No Heat Flow
q=0
Heating Calculation
T = 70 70 = 0F (Sec. 2.1.1)
No Heat Flow
q=0
CASE 2 Stateroom deck below: Type 55 construction, molded dimensions 11'-6" x 12'-8", adjacent to
engineers storeroom.
Cooling Calculation
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Heating Calculation
CASE 3 Stateroom forward bulkhead: Type 6 construction, molded dimensions 8'-5" x 12'-8", adjacent to
laundry.
Cooling Calculation
Heating Calculation
CASE 4 Stateroom after bulkhead: Type 5 construction, molded dimensions 8'-5" x 12'-8", adjacent to
stateroom toilet & shower (5') and hospital (7'-8").
Cooling Calculation
Heating Calculation
CASE 5 Stateroom inboard bulkhead: Type 5 construction, molded dimensions 8'-5" x 11'-6", adjacent to
passageway.
Cooling Calculation
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Heating Calculation
CASE 6 Stateroom outboard bulkhead: Type 63 construction, molded dimensions 8'-5" x 11'-6", glass
area 6 ft2, fully shaded by structural overhang.
Cooling Calculation
Heating Calculation
CASE 7 Laundry Room deck over: Type 57 construction, molded dimensions 11'-6" x 12'-8", adjacent to
air conditioned cabin.
Cooling Calculation
Heating Calculation
CASE 8 Laundry Room deck below: Type 53 construction, molded dimensions 11'-6" x 12'-8", adjacent
to engineers storeroom.
Cooling Calculation
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Heating Calculation
CASE 9 Laundry Room forward bulkhead: Type 5 construction, molded dimensions 8'-5" x 12'-8",
adjacent to clean linen room.
Cooling Calculation
Heating Calculation
CASE 10 Laundry Room after bulkhead: Type 6 construction, molded dimensions 8'-5" x 12'-8", adjacent
to stateroom.
Cooling Calculation
Heating Calculation
CASE 11 Laundry Room inboard bulkhead: Type 5 construction, molded dimensions 8'-5" x 11'-6",
adjacent to passageway inside A/C space.
Cooling Calculation
Heating Calculation
T = 70 70 = 0F (Table 3-2)
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
No Heat Flow
q=0
q = U A Te (3-2)
Where Te is the difference between the effective temperature from Table 3-3 and room design temperature.
The values of U shall be those for Solar Radiation in the current edition of Thermal Insulation Report,
Technical and Research Bulletin No. 4-7.
The solar + transmission heat gain for glass shall be calculated using the equation:
q = G sf A (3-3)
Where more than one boundary of a space is exposed to the sun, a separate heat gain calculation shall be
performed for each boundary or combination of boundaries and the greatest simultaneous gain shall be used for
determining the solar and transmission heat load.
The dimensions to be used when calculating the boundary area are delineated in Section 3.1.1, except that
vertical shaded areas shall not be included. Shaded areas shall be calculated with the sun at a 45o angle from the
horizon.
Glass solar factors and effective temperatures for single and multi-boundary calculations are listed in Table 3-3.
If a different outside design temperature is specified, the temperatures in Table 3-3 must be adjusted
accordingly, upward or downward.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
CASE 12 Stateroom outboard bulkhead: Type 63 construction, molded dimensions 8'-5" x 11'-6", glass
area 6 ft2, completely exposed to the sun. No other boundaries exposed to the sun.
Cooling Calculation
Heating Calculation
CASE 13 Same as CASE 12 except the bulkhead is partially shaded by 5' structural overhang.
Heating Calculation
CASE 14 Stateroom outboard bulkhead and deck above both exposed to the sun. Outboard bulkhead (same
as CASE 12): Type 63 construction, molded dimensions 8'-5" x 11'-6", glass area 6 ft2. Deck above: Type 62
construction, molded dimensions 11'-6" x 12'-8".
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Cooling Calculation
When more than one boundary may be exposed to the sun, several calculations are required to determine
the maximum room load. In this case the combinations which must be considered are:
DECK
BULKHEAD
DECK
14(c) Cooling Calculation deck above and outboard bulkhead solar (use effective temperatures for multi-
boundary calculations from Table 3-3).
DECK
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
BULKHEAD
Heating Calculation
DECK
CASE 15 Laundry Room outboard bulkhead: Type 63 construction, molded dimensions 8'-5" x 11'-6",
glass area 6 ft2, completely exposed to the sun.
Cooling Calculation
Heating Calculation
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Where 3.412 is a conversion factor from Watts to Btu/hr. The ballast factor, B.F., shall be taken as 1.25.
When the installed lighting is not known, the lighting load shall be estimated using the equation:
q = A L.C. (3-5)
The deck area, A, used when calculating estimated lighting loads shall be based on the finished dimensions, if
known. Otherwise, use molded dimensions to calculate the deck area. See Table 3-4 for the appropriate value of
load constant, L.C.
All estimated lighting loads must be revised when the installed lighting load is known. This is particularly
important for mess rooms and other public spaces with large lighting loads.
CASE 16 Officer Stateroom: Installed lights controlled by wall switch, three ceiling fixtures each with two
20W fluorescent bulbs. Finished dimensions, deck above: 11'-6" x 12'-2".
CASE 18 Officer Laundry: Installed lights controlled by wall switch, four ceiling fixtures each with two
20W fluorescent bulbs. Finished dimensions, deck above: 11'-6" x 12'-2".
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
For air conditioned spaces, both the sensible and latent components of the equipment load are included in the
cooling load calculations; however, for ventilated spaces, only the sensible component is included in the cooling
load calculations.
Spaces that typically have equipment load are galleys, pantries, laundries, radio and communication rooms,
wheelhouses, resistor houses, deck machinery compartments, and specialized spaces such as computer rooms or
engine control rooms. Equipment load will normally be included for lounges, mess rooms, offices, and officer
staterooms.
Table 3-5: Recommended Heat Dissipation for Typical Marine Equipment (Btu/hr)
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
* Vented to Atmosphere
All estimated equipment heat gains must be revised after the equipment has been selected and the actual heat
dissipation data is known. This is especially important for spaces with a high concentration of equipment or for
new or rapidly changing equipment such as computers.
When the heat dissipation data is known or estimated, the equipment heat gain shall be calculated using the
following equations:
q s = q s ,d U .F . H .F . (3-6)
AND
ql = ql ,d U .F . (3-7)
Where an exhaust hood is fitted over the equipment, use a Hood Factor, H.F., of 0.5. The latent load for such
equipment is considered as zero. Use H.F. = 1.0 in Equation 3-6 when an exhaust hood is not fitted over the
equipment. See Table 3-6 for recommended Use Factors, U.F.
For electric motors, the sensible heat gain may be calculated using one of the following equations:
bhp 2545 U .F .
qs = (3-8)
motor
OR
Where bhp is the motor brake horsepower and kWmotor is the rated kW of the motor. Motor efficiencies, motor,
are listed in Table 3-7.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
For equipment located in a ventilated space and provided with a dedicated exhaust terminal, 75% of the
equipment heat dissipation shall be considered to be captured by the exhaust terminal and discharged to the
weather. The remaining 25% of the equipment heat dissipation shall be considered as room load.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
CASE 20 Laundry with electric clothes dryer, clothes washer, and iron.
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Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
qs = qs, p P (3-10)
AND
ql = q l , p P (3-11)
Personnel heat dissipation varies with room temperature and level of personnel activity. Recommended values
are shown in Table 3-8. For messing facilities, add 30 Btu/hr sensible and latent per person eating as an
allowance for heat dissipation from food.
Occupancy for staterooms shall be based on the number of sleeping accommodations. For offices, lounges,
messing facilities, work rooms and similar spaces, occupancy shall be 3/4 of the seating capacity, rounded off to
the nearest whole number.
CASE 27 Officer Mess Room four tables, each with four seats, and one mess attendant.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
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q s = F Q T (3-12)
Equation 3-12 can be utilized to calculate room loads, heating loads, preheat loads, infiltration loads, etc.
Depending on the application, the value of the HVAC conversion factor, F, varies. In general, it is defined by the
equation:
60 [c p ,a + (W c p ,w )]
F= (3-13)
v
In the past, regardless of season or application, a conversion factor of 1.08 was used in all heat load calculations.
This factor of 1.08 is an accepted value for marine air conditioning applications, but its use in ventilation, preheating
and infiltration calculations does not produce accurate results. To obtain accurate heat load calculations, Equation
3-13 must be evaluated with the proper air and water vapor properties for each application.
The specific heat of dry air, cp,a, and specific heat of water vapor, cp,w, vary with temperature and pressure.
However, this variation is small and will have negligible effect on the value of the F. As such, the specific heats of
dry air and water vapor noted in Section 2.4 (cp,a = 0.24 Btu/lb/F and cp,w = 0.45 Btu/lb/F, respectively) can be
assumed constant for all HVAC applications.
However, specific volume of air, v, and humidity ratio, W, vary widely under differing conditions. The HVAC
engineer shall use the appropriate values of v and W as follows:
For ventilation and infiltration calculations in the cooling season, the conversion factor shall be revised to
reflect v = 14.445 ft3 per lb. of air and W = 0.0208 lb. water per lb. dry air at 95/82F DB/WB. In this case,
Equation 3-13 yields F = 1.04. For outside air design temperatures other than 95/82F DB/WB, the HVAC
engineer shall be responsible for revising the factor to reflect the correct specific volume of air at the prescribed
outside air design temperatures.
For preheating calculations, the conversion factor shall be revised to reflect the specific volume and humidity
ratio of air at the preheat temperature. Typical preheat temperatures are between 42F (v = 12.66 ft3/lb. of air,
W = 0.0008 lb. water per lb. dry air) and 50F (v = 12.86 ft3/lb. of air, W = 0.0008 lb. water per lb. dry air), from
which the corresponding range of conversion factors, by Equation 3-13, is 1.14 F 1.12. Use of F = 1.14 is
conservative, and is recommended as a general guideline for calculating the preheat load.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
For infiltration at 0/0F DB/WB, v = 11.599 ft3 per lb. of air and W = 0.0008 lb. water per lb. dry air. In this
case, Equation 3-13 yields F = 1.24. If the outside air design conditions are other than 0/0F DB/WB, the
HVAC engineer shall revise the factor accordingly.
Table 3-9 indicates properties of air at various cooling season outside air conditions and indicates the corresponding
HVAC conversion factor. Table 3-10 indicates the same for different preheating temperatures and heater entering
conditions.
Table 3-9: HVAC Conversion Factors for Ventilation, Infiltration, and A/C Applications
Humidity
Outside Design Specific Ratio,W
Temperatures Volume, v Conversion (lb. water
(F DB/WB) (ft3/lb. of air) Factor, F vapor/lb. dry air) Application
105.0 / 87.5 14.790 1.02 0.0245 Ventilation
95.0 / 82.0 14.445 1.04 0.0208 Ventilation
90.0 / 81.0 14.318 1.05 0.0210 Ventilation
0/0 11.599 1.24 0.0008 Infiltration
10 / 10 11.861 1.22 0.0013 Infiltration
For A/C applications: F = 1.08
Table 3-10: Preheating HVAC Conversion Factors for Various Preheat Conditions
Preheat Design Humidity
Temperature Outside Design Specific Ratio,W
(F DB) Conditions Volume, v (lb. water Conversion
(F DB/F WB ) (ft3/lb. of air) vapor/lb. dry air) Factor, F
42 0/0 12.669 0.0008 1.14
50 10 / 10 12.871 0.0013 1.12
45 0/0 12.659 0.0008 1.14
50 10 / 10 12.853 0.0013 1.12
The sensible heat component of infiltration is included in the cooling and heating loads. The latent heat component
is only included in the A/C cooling loads. The latent heat gain is not considered for heating, except when
humidification is required by the specifications.
Total Heat
60 Q (ho hr )
q= (3-14)
v
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
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Sensible Heat
Cooling Season: q s = 1.04 Q T (3-15)
Latent Heat
Cooling Season: ql = q q s (3-16)
Where T is the difference between design outdoor dry bulb temperature and design room dry bulb temperature,
and the constants 1.04 and 1.24 are the appropriate HVAC conversion factors from Table 3-9.
For spaces that are not pressurized, the infiltration rate of change shall be 60 minutes for cooling calculations
and 10 minutes for heating calculations. The dimensions used in calculating the room volume are the finished
deck heights and horizontal dimensions inside joiner linings and bulkheads.
If the space is pressurized, the infiltration rate of change shall be 120 minutes for cooling calculations and 20
minutes for heating calculations.
CASE 29 Wheelhouse unpressurized, finished dimensions 8'-2" x 30'-4" x 20'-7". Cooling season: outside
air conditions 95F DB, 82F WB; inside air conditions 78F DB, 66.5F WB. Heating season: outside air
temperature 0F DB; inside air temperature 70F DB.
Cooling Calculations
Heating Calculations
CASE 30 Wheelhouse pressurized, finished dimensions 8'-2" x 30'-4" x 20'-7". Cooling season: outside air
conditions 95F DB, 82F WB; inside air conditions 78F DB, 66.5F WB. Heating season: outside air
temperature 0F DB; inside air temperature 70F DB.
Cooling Calculations
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Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Heating Calculations
qs
SHF = (3-17)
q
In spaces served by pull-through air conditioning systems, humidity control is required where SHF 0.59.
Similarly, spaces served by push-through systems require humidity control where SHF 0.62. These values are
applicable only for a cooling coil LAT of 51.5/50.5F (DB/WB). For different LAT, the HVAC engineer shall
determine the applicable room sensible heat factor below which humidity control will be required.
One effective method of controlling humidity is to provide constant summer reheat. In air conditioned spaces where
psychrometric analysis indicates a space relative humidity higher than 55%, constant summer reheat shall be
provided so that the resultant relative humidity in these spaces is less than or equal to 55%. The amount of heat
required will depend on several factors:
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Constant summer reheat must be added to the space sensible and total heat loads when performing cooling analyses.
When performing heating analyses, the constant summer reheat shall be compared with the space heating load
required to maintain the space at the heating season design temperature, and the heater shall be sized for the
condition that results in the larger load.
CASE 31 Mess Room served by a pull-through A/C system, sensible heat load 14000 Btu/hr, total heat
load 28000 Btu/hr, cooling coil LAT: 51.5/50.5F (DB/WB), maximum relative humidity: 55%.
Most spaces which have an allowable temperature rise also have a maximum rate of air change requirement. Where
both requirements are noted for a space, the supply air shall be based on the requirement that results in the larger
amount of airflow. For special cases concerning Galleys and Laundry rooms, see Table 2-1.
Ventilation air supply to any space shall not be less than 35 CFM. Recommended ventilation rates are listed in Table
2-1.
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Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
qs
Q= (3-20)
1.04 (Tr T f )
Temperature rise due to fan motor heat must be included to calculate the required ventilation based on the
allowable temperature rise. If the fan motor heat is given in terms of total heat dissipated (Btu/hr), Tf can be
calculated and inserted into Equation 3-20. If the fan motor heat is not known, an estimated temperature rise of
3.0F shall be used. The ventilation air quantity must be revised when the fan motor heat becomes available.
Recommended allowable temperature rises are listed in Table 2-1. See Section 4.2 for determination of supply
fan temperature rise.
For sample calculation of ventilation transmission load, refer to Section 3.1.2 - CASES 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11.
For sample calculation of ventilation solar load, refer to Section 3.2.2 - CASE 15.
For sample calculation of ventilation lighting load, refer to Section 3.3.2 - CASE 18.
For sample calculation of ventilation equipment load, refer to Section 3.4.2 - CASES 20, 21, 24,
and 25.
V
Q= (3-21)
R/C
The dimensions used in calculating the room volume, V, are molded deck heights and dimensions for ventilated
spaces. Recommended rates of air change are listed in Table 2-1.
3.9.3 Precooling
Precooling of the ventilation air supply is an option that the HVAC Engineer can incorporate in the design.
While precooling increases demand from the air conditioning plant, several benefits can be realized. Precooling:
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Typically, a precooling coil is implemented with a coil bypass. As the two air streams mix downstream of the
coil, the desired supply air temperature is reached.
The amount of air required to flow through the precooling coil depends on the location of the fan relative to the
coil. Equations 3-22 and 3-23 are used to calculate the required airflow through the precooling coil.
Q (To + T f T p )
Pull-Through Systems: QCC = (3-22)
To LAT
OR
Q (To + T f T p )
Push-Through Systems: QCC = (3-23)
To + T f LAT
Where Q is the ventilation supply system total airflow and Tp is the desired mix temperature of precooled air
with outdoor air.
CASE 33 Laundry sensible heat load 1310 Btu/hr, room volume based on molded dimensions 1008 ft3,
supply fan temperature rise 2.8F.
Ventilation Calculation
When a space has two ventilation requirements, allowable temperature rise and rate of change, two calculations
must be performed. The larger air quantity, Q, is the one used.
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CASE 35 Machinery Space precooled, cooling coil leaving air: 51.5/50.5F DB/WB, total airflow: 12400
CFM, required supply temperature: 90F. Fan located downstream of the cooling coil. Temperature rise due to
fan motor heat: 2.5F.
CASE 36 Same as CASE 35, except fan located upstream of the cooling coil.
Most merchant ships, however, are too small to justify separate systems based on theoretical groupings. For
example, normally the only spaces which have high occupancy density are the mess rooms and lounges but the air
requirements for these spaces are usually too small to warrant a separate system. It is common practice, therefore, to
divide the spaces into two systems of approximately equal capacity and arranged to achieve an economical air
distribution. It is recommended that the wheelhouse be served with a separate system to minimize energy
requirements. It is also recommended that the wheelhouse be pressurized to minimize the space infiltration loads in
the cooling and heating seasons.
Table 4-1 lists system load components, the section which describes each component and when they are considered.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
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When the fan motor is in the air stream, the fan load is calculated using Equation 3-8, with a use factor of 1.0.
When the fan motor is outside the air stream, the fan load is calculated using the equation:
Where the use factor shall be 1.0. For a fan motor outside the air stream, the difference between Equations 3-8
and 4-1 shall be applied as room equipment load.
To calculate the temperature rise due to fan motor heat, use Equation 4-2. The value of qs to be used shall be
selected from either Equation 3-8 or 4-1, depending on the location of the fan motor with regard to the
airstream. For selection of the applicable HVAC conversion factor, see Section 3.6.
qs
Tf = (4-2)
F Q
If the actual fan motor characteristics are not known, use Tf = 3.0F as an estimate, as noted in Section 3.9.1.
Temperature rise calculations shall be rounded off to the nearest tenth of a degree. All estimated fan loads must
be recalculated when fan motor has been selected.
CASE 37 Axial Fan (motor and fan in air stream) 5.0 HP motor, 5000 CFM A/C application.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
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CASE 38 Centrifugal Supply Fan (fan only in air stream) 15 HP motor, 8000 CFM Ventilation
application.
bhp = 15 HP (Given)
Q = 8000 CFM (Given)
F = 1.04 (Table 3-9)
U.F. = 1.0 (Sec. 4.2.1)
q s = 15 2545 1.0 = 38175 Btu/hr (Equation 4-1)
Heat for eqpt load (Sec. 4.2.1)
38175
Tf = = 4.6F (Equation 4-2)
1.04 8000
CASE 39 Axial Supply Fan (motor and fan in air stream) motor heat dissipation: 3880 Btu/hr, 1600 CFM
Ventilation application.
CASE 40 Centrifugal Fan (motor and fan in air stream) motor characteristics unknown.
Temperature rise calculations shall be rounded off to the nearest tenth of a degree. When the length of the
supply duct is unknown, a temperature rise of 2.0F may be used as an estimate and later revised once the
supply duct length is known. Duct insulation shall be considered to minimize the supply duct heat gain.
CASE 41 A/C System longest run of supply duct after the cooling coil = 110 ft.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
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For systems in which the passageways and stairwells are indirectly supplied with conditioned air, the return
path load may be assumed to be 5.0F to simplify calculations or may be determined by a two step process:
1. The heat gain in passageways and stairwells may be determined using a heat balance calculation or
assumed to be a 3.0F temperature rise.
2. The heat gain in the return ducts shall be calculated using Equation 4-4.
All temperature rises shall be rounded off to the nearest tenth of a degree.
CASE 42 A/C System, air conditioned passageways and stairwells longest run of return duct = 180 ft.
CASE 43 A/C System with indirect cooling of passageways and stairwells longest run of return duct = 80 ft.
Two methods are available for estimating the return path load:
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
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Outdoor air required for an air conditioning system shall be based on room occupancy and shall be increased only in
order to balance exhaust requirements within each subdivision, but shall not exceed 50 CFM per person.
For example: a supply fan that is sized for 1000 CFM and supplying air at 95/82oF DB/WB (v = 14.445 ft3/lb. of air)
is actually supplying 69.23 lbs. of air per minute. If this fan is providing outside air to air conditioning systems as
replenishment, the typical practice is to provide an exhaust fan sized for 1000 CFM to balance the air provided by
the supply fan. The 1000 CFM now being exhausted from air conditioned areas will be at temperatures close to that
air conditioned spaces. At 78/66.5oF DB/WB (v = 13.796 ft3/lb. of air), the exhaust fan is exhausting 72.48 lbs. of
air per minute. The difference between the mass of air being supplied and exhausted produces negative pressure
with regards to atmospheric pressure in the air conditioned area. If a weather door is opened, unfiltered, hot, and
humid outside air will infiltrate the air conditioned area.
In the heating season, the opposite occurs; a greater mass of air is supplied than is exhausted. The conditioned area
comes under positive pressure, and air exits when the weather doors are opened, thereby eliminating the infiltration
of unfiltered and cold air into the ship.
In mechanically ventilated areas, ventilation supply fans will be providing more air mass than is being exhausted,
thus creating a positive pressure.
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Neither positive nor negative pressure is desirable since either may create a safety hazard when opening weather
doors and doors separating air conditioned and ventilated areas of the ship. It is recommended that provisions for
maintaining the ship at a neutral pressure with regards to the atmosphere be incorporated in the HVAC design.
Table 6-1 lists a typical set of forms, the sections which describe each form, and when it is used.
The forms listed in Table 6-1 are normally assembled in booklet form along with a title sheet, list of references, a
Table of Contents, and a list of abbreviations and symbols. Sample forms are provided in the figures at the end of
this section using results from some of the example cases presented.
The equipment loads are calculated in conformance with Section 3.4. The adjusted sensible and latent equipment
loads are summarized for each space and the total adjusted loads are noted on the corresponding heating and cooling
load calculation sheet.
CASE 47 Stateroom with a 5 ft3 under-counter refrigerator. See Figure 6-2 and Section 3.4.2, CASE 19.
CASE 48 Laundry with electric clothes dryer (vented to the atmosphere), electric clothes washer, and
electric iron. See Figure 3 and Section 3.4.2, CASE 20.
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The standard load key is shown in the lower left hand corner of Figure 4. It is a means of identifying in the body of
the calculations what the physical relation of the boundary is to the room and is necessary for the proper
identification of U values to be used. The values of U are determined from the current edition of the Thermal
Insulation Report, SNAME Technical & Research Bulletin No. 4-7. These factors are defined according to the
insulation arrangement and thickness, direction of heat flow, and relationship between the room and adjacent spaces,
as to inside air, outside air, seawater or solar. The insulation key is the insulation Type defined within the tables of
T&R 4-7. These U values may also depend upon whether the room is being heated or cooled.
Once the basic parameters have been entered on the form, temperature differences and heat transfers for each
boundary can be calculated. Sensible and latent heat cooling loads and heating load can then be totaled.
The bottom portion of the form has been reserved for miscellaneous calculations to CFM, heat capacity, sensible
heat factor, room gross or net volume, and air rate of change. All symbols used on the form are also defined.
Heating and cooling load calculations can be performed manually or by the aid of computer programs. Regardless
of which method is used, the results shall be documented as shown on Figure 6-4.
Upon completion of the heating and cooling load calculations, the HVAC engineer shall perform the following
analyses:
a. Ships air balance shall be performed to ensure that the amount of required supply is equal to the amount of
required exhaust in each subdivision.
b. Cooling load analyses for all air conditioning systems to size the cooling coils, fans and determine the required
airflows for each air conditioned space.
c. Heating load analyses for all air conditioning systems to determine the heating requirements for each space and
size the heaters
d. Supply systems analyses for all ventilation supply systems to size the supply fans, determine the pre-heat loads
and size the pre-heaters and reheaters.
e. Exhaust systems analyses for all exhaust systems to size the exhaust fans, and determine the heating loads for
spaces with natural supply and mechanical exhaust, and size the heaters serving these spaces.
CASE 49 Air conditioned Stateroom. See Figure 5 and Section 3.1.2, CASES 1 through 5, Section 3.2.2
CASE 12, Section 3.3.2 CASE 17, Section 3.5.2 CASE 26, and Section 6.1.1 CASE 47.
CASE 50 Ventilated Laundry Room. See Figure 6-6 and Section 3.1.2, CASES 7 through 11, Section 3.2.2
CASE 15, Section 3.3.2 CASE 18, and Section 6.1.1 CASE 48.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Upon completion of all entries for a system, total system requirements can be determined. The cooling analysis sheet
can then be used to summarize all cooling systems in a similar manner. Appendix A contains a sample cooling
analysis.
40
Figure 6-1: Compartment Equipment List
SPACE SPACE NO.
41
Figure 6-2: Sample Form, CASE 47
SPACE SPACE NO.
STATEROOM C-11
MFG. RATING MAX. PROB. HEAT DISSIPATION, BTU/HR
USE
EQUIPMENT TOTAL REMARKS
FACTOR
WATTS BTU/HR BTU/HR* SENSIBLE LATENT
REFRIGERATOR 5 ft3 1300 0.3 390 390 TABLES 3-5 & 3-6
42
Figure 6-3: Sample Form, CASE 48
SPACE SPACE NO.
LAUNDRY C-9
MFG. RATING MAX. PROB. HEAT DISSIPATION, BTU/HR
USE
EQUIPMENT TOTAL REMARKS
FACTOR SENSIBLE
WATTS BTU/HR BTU/HR WATTS
DRYER 4400 0.3 1320 1320 TABLES 3-5 & 3-6
NOTES:
COMPARTMENT
EQUIPMENT LIST
HULL OR JOB NO.:
CALCULATED BY: CHECKED BY: REV. SHEET NO.
43
Figure 6-4: Heating & Cooling Load Calculations
SPACE SPACE NO.
COOLING SEASON: T = _______ F HEATING SEASON: T = _______ F
LOAD INSUL U U
ADJACENT COMPARTMENT A TO T QS QL QT TO T QW
KEY KEY COEFF DIR COEFF DIR
NOTES:
SYMBOLS KEY
A = Boundary Area [ft2] U = Heat Transfer Coefficient [Btu/ft2/hr/F] 1 = Deck Over 6 = Inboard Bulkhead
QS = Heat Load, Sensible [Btu/hr] T = Space Design Temp. [F] 2 = Deck Under 7 = Lights
HEATING & COOLING
QL = Heat Load, Latent
QT = Heat Load, Total
[Btu/hr]
[Btu/hr]
TO = Temperature of
Adjacent Space / Outside
[F] 3 = Outboard Bulkhead / Shell
4 = Forward Bulkhead
8 = Equipment
9 = Personnel
LOAD CALCULATIONS
QW = Heat Load, Winter [Btu/hr] T = Temperature Difference [F] 5 = After Bulkhead 10 = Infiltration
HULL OR JOB NO.:
CALCULATED BY: CHECKED BY: REV. SHEET NO. OF
44
Figure 6-5: Sample Form, CASE 49
SPACE SPACE NO.
COOLING SEASON: T = __78__ F HEATING SEASON: T = __70__ F
STATEROOM C-11
LOAD INSUL U U
ADJACENT COMPARTMENT A TO T QS QL QT TO T QW
KEY KEY COEFF DIR COEFF DIR
A/C CABIN 1 10 156 78 0 - - 0 0 0 70 0 - - 0
ENG. STOREROOM 2 55 156 115 37 0.11 635 0 635 30 40 0.09 562
SOLAR 3 63 90 125 47 0.11 465 0 465 0 70 0.09 567
SOLAR 3 GLASS 6 960 0 960 0 70 1.13 475
LAUNDRY 4 6 104 105 27 0.313 879 0 879 70 0 - - 0
S.R. TOILET 5 5 40 85 7 0.376 105 0 105 70 0 - - 0
HOSPITAL 5 5 64 78 0 - - 0 0 0 75 -5 0.354 -113
PASSAGEWAY 6 5 96 78 0 - - 0 0 0 70 0 - - 0
SYMBOLS KEY
A = Boundary Area [ft2] U = Heat Transfer Coefficient [Btu/ft2/hr/F] 1 = Deck Over 6 = Inboard Bulkhead
QS = Heat Load, Sensible [Btu/hr] T = Space Design Temp. [F] 2 = Deck Under 7 = Lights
HEATING & COOLING
QL = Heat Load, Latent
QT = Heat Load, Total
[Btu/hr]
[Btu/hr]
TO = Temperature of
Adjacent Space / Outside
[F] 3 = Outboard Bulkhead / Shell
4 = Forward Bulkhead
8 = Equipment
9 = Personnel
LOAD CALCULATIONS
QW = Heat Load, Winter [Btu/hr] T = Temperature Difference [F] 5 = After Bulkhead 10 = Infiltration
HULL OR JOB NO.:
CALCULATED BY: CHECKED BY: REV. SHEET NO. OF
45
Figure 6-6: Sample Form, CASE 50
SPACE SPACE NO.
COOLING SEASON: T = __105__ F HEATING SEASON: T = __70__ F
LAUNDRY C-9
LOAD INSUL U U
ADJACENT COMPARTMENT A TO T QS QL QT TO T QW
KEY KEY COEFF DIR COEFF DIR
A/C CABIN 1 57 156 78 -27 0.23 -969 0 -969 70 0 - - -
ENG. STOREROOM 2 53 156 115 10 0.28 437 0 437 30 40 0.187 1167
SOLAR 3 63 96 125 20 0.11 211 0 211 0 70 0.09 605
CLEAN LINEN 4 5 104 105 0 - - 0 0 0 60 10 0.354 368
DECK CADET S.R. 5 6 104 78 -27 0.313 -879 0 -879 70 0 - - -
PASSAGEWAY 6 5 96 78 -27 0.376 -975 0 -975 70 0 - - -
SYMBOLS KEY
A = Boundary Area [ft2] U = Heat Transfer Coefficient [Btu/ft2/hr/F] 1 = Deck Over 6 = Inboard Bulkhead
QS = Heat Load, Sensible [Btu/hr] T = Space Design Temp. [F] 2 = Deck Under 7 = Lights
HEATING & COOLING
QL = Heat Load, Latent
QT = Heat Load, Total
[Btu/hr]
[Btu/hr]
TO = Temperature of
Adjacent Space / Outside
[F] 3 = Outboard Bulkhead / Shell
4 = Forward Bulkhead
8 = Equipment
9 = Personnel
LOAD CALCULATIONS
QW = Heat Load, Winter [Btu/hr] T = Temperature Difference [F] 5 = After Bulkhead 10 = Infiltration
HULL OR JOB NO.:
CALCULATED BY: CHECKED BY: REV. SHEET NO. OF
46
Figure 6-7: Psychrometric Chart
47
Figure 6-8: Cooling Analysis
SYSTEM NO. DC CLASS COIL SIZE QTY COIL ENTERING AIR TEMP COIL LEAVING AIR TEMP COIL FLOW TOTAL COIL LOAD
/ F DB / F WB / F DB / F WB GPM TONS
COIL NO.: FAN SIZE: FAN TOTAL PRESS.: IN. WG TOTAL AIR: CFM MIX TEMP: F DB
AIRSIDE P: IN. WG FAN MOTOR HP: HP FAN AIR: CFM REPL AIR: CFM REPL TEMP: F DB
FAN MOTOR HEAT: BTU/HR FAN BYPASS AIR: CFM RETURN AIR: CFM RETURN TEMP: F DB
NOTES:
COOLING
ANALYSIS
HULL OR JOB NO.:
CALCULATED BY: CHECKED BY: REV. SHEET NO.
48
Figure 6-9: Heating Analysis
SYSTEM NO. FAN AIR: CFM TOTAL AIR: CFM T1 = SPACE DESIGN TEMP: F DB T4 = OFF-COIL TEMP: F DB
FAN BYPASS AIR: CFM REPL AIR: CFM T2 = REPL AIR TEMP: F DB T5 = LIGHT LOAD TEMP: F DB
RETURN AIR: CFM T1 = LIGHT LOAD MIX TEMP: F DB T6 = WINTER MIX TEMP: F DB
AIRFLOW (CFM) SPACE LOAD (BTU/HR) REQUIRED T (F) HEATER DATA
SPACE LIGHT LIGHT TIN TOUT PWR
COOL HEAT WINTER REHEAT
SPACE NAME NO. LOAD WINTER LOAD REHEAT CFM (F) (F) (kW) NO. REMARKS
NOTES:
HEATING
ANALYSIS
HULL OR JOB NO.:
CALCULATED BY: CHECKED BY: REV. SHEET NO.
49
Figure 6-10: Supply System Analysis
NOTES:
SUPPLY SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
CALCULATED BY: HULL OR JOB NO.:
CHECKED BY: REV. SHEET NO.
50
Figure 6-11: Exhaust System Analysis
NOTES:
EXHAUST SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
CALCULATED BY: HULL OR JOB NO.:
CHECKED BY: REV. SHEET NO.
51
BIBLIOGRAPHY/REFERENCES
Technical and Research Bulletin No. 4-7, Thermal Insulation Report
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
Recommended Practices for Merchant Ship HVAC Design Calculations
Appendix A presents a discussion of psychrometric analysis which was not included in the body of the bulletin. This
analysis demonstrates the link between the air conditioning design requirements of a system to the chilled
water/refrigeration equipment performance. In addition, the psychrometric analysis accompanied with a psychrometric
chart provides a graphic representation of the air conditioning process.
The use of a Psychrometric chart is essential for air conditioning system design. The chart depicts dry air and moisture
properties at various temperatures. Relative humidity lines are noted on the chart which helps the designer in
determining system compliance with design requirements. Most important is the ease with which properties of air
stream mixtures can be determined. While several properties of air mixture (dry air and water moisture mixture) are
shown on the chart, only two properties are required to locate a point on the chart. Typically, dry and wet bulb
temperatures are used for this purpose. In addition to illustrating the air conditioning process, the cooling coils entering
air conditions can be determined. These conditions (dry and wet bulb temperatures of air entering the coil) are essential
inputs for sizing the coil.
Psychrometric charts used to only be constructed manually by HVAC designers. Currently, psychrometric softwares
offered by several companies are available to designers. The software is user friendly. Charts created with the software
are clear and more accurate than manually constructed charts.
In a PULL THROUGH system, the fan is located downstream of the cooling coil. The fan motor heat increases the
temperature of the air leaving the coil, and as such, the system airflow has to be increased to accommodate the
temperature rise. The sketch below is a graphical presentation of a PULL THROUGH system.
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SNAME Technical and Research Bulletin 4-16 (2015 Interim)
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In a PUSH THROUGH system, the fan is located upstream of the cooling coil. The fan motor heat increases the
temperature of the air entering the coil. In this type of system, the fan motor heat does not affect the system airflow.
The sketch below is a graphical presentation of a PULL THROUGH system.
In order to demonstrate the subtle difference between the two types of systems, the following items remain the same for
both systems:
It should be noted that air conditioning loads for both systems is approximately the same, while the total required heating
load is exactly the same. For the convenience of the Bulletin user, a table of comparison was prepared to highlight the
subtle difference between design particulars of the two systems. See Table A-1 on the next page for the System Design
Comparison.
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Table A-1: System Design Comparison
ITEM PULL THROUGH PUSH THROUGH
Replenishment air 990 CFM 990 CFM
Replenishment air temp deg F 98.0 (95+3 for supply fan rise) 98.0 (95+3 for supply fan rise)
Off-coil temp DB/WB 51.5/50.5 51.5/50.5
Total spaces sensible heat ratio 0.82 0.82
Supply duct load 2.0 deg F 2.0 deg F
System relative humidity 42.2% 42.9%
Fan motor heat load 3.0 deg F downstream of coil 3.0 deg F upstream of coil
Total spaces sensible loads 92416 BTU/HR 92416 BTU/HR
Temp of air supply to spaces 56.5 deg F (51.5+2+3.0) 53.5 deg F (51.5+2)
System airflow 4000 CFM 3500 CFM
Return path load 5.0 deg F 5.0 deg F
Mix air temp (DB/WB) deg F 86.7/69.5 87.2/70.4
Coil entering (DB/WB) deg F 86.7/69.5 90.2/71.3
Air conditioning load 19.5 tons 19.0 tons
Winter mix 63.1 deg F 62.1 deg F
Total required heating 39.3 kW 39.3 kW
The difference in the air conditioning loads is attributed to the supply duct and the return path loads.
Because of the difference in airflows between the two systems, it is expected that these loads will be
different and as a result, there will be a small difference in the air conditioning loads.
55
SYSTEM NO. DC CLASS COIL SIZE QTY COIL ENTERING AIR TEMP COIL LEAVING AIR TEMP COIL FLOW TOTAL COIL LOAD
PULL THROUGH 86.7 / 69.5 F DB / F WB 51.5 / 50.5 F DB / F WB GPM 19.50 TONS
COIL NO.: FAN SIZE: FAN TOTAL PRESS.: IN. WG TOTAL AIR: 4000 CFM MIX TEMP: 86.7 F DB
AIRSIDE P: IN. WG FAN MOTOR HP: HP FAN AIR: 4000 CFM REPL AIR: 990 CFM REPL TEMP: 98 F DB
FAN MOTOR HEAT: BTU/HR FAN BYPASS AIR: NONE CFM RETURN AIR: 3010 CFM RETURN TEMP: 83 F DB
NOTES:
1. Supply air temp = 51.5 + 3 deg fan rise + 2 deg supply duct rise = 56.5 deg F
COOLING
2. System airflow = total sensible load / (1.08 x (78 56.5) ANALYSIS
3. CFM/BTU = system airflow / total sensible load HULL OR JOB NO.:
CALCULATED BY: CHECKED BY: REV. SHEET NO. 1
56
57
SYSTEM NO. FAN AIR: CFM TOTAL AIR: CFM T1 = SPACE DESIGN TEMP: 70 F DB T4 = OFF-COIL TEMP: 51.5 F DB
FAN BYPASS AIR: N/A CFM REPL AIR: 990 CFM T2 = REPL AIR TEMP: 42 F DB T5 = LIGHT LOAD TEMP: N/A F DB
PULL THROUGH
RETURN AIR: 3010 CFM T1 = LIGHT LOAD MIX TEMP: N/A F DB T6 = WINTER MIX TEMP: 63.1 F DB
AIRFLOW (CFM) SPACE LOAD (BTU/HR) REQUIRED T (F) HEATER DATA
SPACE LIGHT LIGHT TIN TOUT PWR
COOL HEAT WINTER REHEAT
SPACE NAME NO. LOAD WINTER LOAD REHEAT CFM (F) (F) (kW) NO. REMARKS
Radio Room 365 365 6314 N/A N/A 22.9 - - 365 63.1 86.0 2.65
Inspector Stateroom 110 110 3650 N/A N/A 37.7 - - 110 63.1 100.7 1.31
Assistant Chief Engr Stateroom 120 120 2905 N/A N/A 29.3 - - 120 63.1 92.4 1.11
Chief Engineer Stateroom 145 145 3825 N/A N/A 31.4 - - 145 63.1 94.4 1.44
Deck Officer Stateroom 100 100 2808 N/A N/A 32.9 - - 100 63.1 96.0 1.04
Masters Office 135 135 2672 N/A N/A 25.3 - - 135 63.1 88.3 1.08
Masters Stateroom 145 145 3825 N/A N/A 31.4 - - 145 63.1 94.4 1.44
Assistant Master Stateroom 100 100 2678 N/A N/A 31.7 - - 100 63.1 94.8 1.00
Officer Stateroom (1) 105 105 2706 N/A N/A 30.8 - - 105 63.1 93.9 1.02
Officer Stateroom (2) 110 110 3456 N/A N/A 36.0 - - 110 63.1 99.1 1.25
Officers Mess 180 180 3126 N/A N/A 23.0 - - 180 63.1 86.1 1.31
Crew Mess 345 345 4911 N/A N/A 20.1 - - 345 63.1 83.2 2.20
Lounge 200 200 5687 N/A N/A 28.6 - - 200 63.1 91.7 1.81
Engine Dept Stateroom (1) 120 120 4374 N/A N/A 40.7 - - 120 63.1 103.8 1.55
Engine Dept Stateroom (2) 130 130 3860 N/A N/A 34.4 - - 130 63.1 97.5 1.42
Deck Dept Stateroom (1) 130 130 4019 N/A N/A 35.6 - - 130 63.1 98.6 1.46
Deck Dept Stateroom (2) 190 190 6005 N/A N/A 36.2 - - 190 63.1 99.3 2.18
Deck Dept Stateroom (3) 120 120 4001 N/A N/A 37.8 - - 120 63.1 100.9 1.44
Deck Dept Stateroom (4) 120 120 4001 N/A N/A 37.8 - - 120 63.1 100.9 1.44
Deck Dept Stateroom (5) 175 175 6005 N/A N/A 38.7 - - 175 63.1 101.8 2.14
Stew Dept Stateroom (1) 105 105 4019 N/A N/A 42.4 - - 105 63.1 105.4 1.41
Stew Dept Stateroom (2) 110 110 3709 N/A N/A 38.2 - - 110 63.1 101.2 1.33
Stew Dept Stateroom (3) 120 120 4375 N/A N/A 40.7 - - 120 63.1 103.8 1.55
Hospital 100 100 3756 N/A N/A 46.7 - - 100 63.1 109.8 1.48
Machinery Control Room 420 420 7884 N/A N/A 24.3 - - 420 63.1 87.4 3.23
NOTES:
1. Space temperature = 70 deg F for all spaces except Hospital
HEATING
2. Hospital space temperature = 75 deg F ANALYSIS
HULL OR JOB NO.:
CALCULATED BY: CHECKED BY: REV. SHEET NO. 3
58
SYSTEM NO. DC CLASS COIL SIZE QTY COIL ENTERING AIR TEMP COIL LEAVING AIR TEMP COIL FLOW TOTAL COIL LOAD
PUSH THROUGH 90.2 / 71.3 F DB / F WB 51.5 / 50.5 F DB / F WB GPM 19.0 TONS
COIL NO.: FAN SIZE: FAN TOTAL PRESS.: IN. WG TOTAL AIR: 3500 CFM MIX TEMP: 87.2 F DB
AIRSIDE P: IN. WG FAN MOTOR HP: HP FAN AIR: 3500 CFM REPL AIR: 990 CFM REPL TEMP: 98 F DB
FAN MOTOR HEAT: BTU/HR FAN BYPASS AIR: NONE CFM RETURN AIR: 2510 CFM RETURN TEMP: 83 F DB
NOTES:
1. Supply air temp = 51.5 + 2 deg supply duct rise = 53.5 deg F
COOLING
2. System airflow = total sensible load / (1.08 x (78 53.5) ANALYSIS
3. CFM/BTU = system airflow / total sensible load HULL OR JOB NO.:
CALCULATED BY: CHECKED BY: REV. SHEET NO. 4
59
60
SYSTEM NO. FAN AIR: 3500 CFM TOTAL AIR: 3500 CFM T1 = SPACE DESIGN TEMP: 70 F DB T4 = OFF-COIL TEMP: 51.5 F DB
FAN BYPASS AIR: NONE CFM REPL AIR: 990 CFM T2 = REPL AIR TEMP: 42 F DB T5 = LIGHT LOAD TEMP: N/A F DB
PUSH THROUGH
RETURN AIR: 2510 CFM T1 = LIGHT LOAD MIX TEMP: N/A F DB T6 = WINTER MIX TEMP: 62.1 F DB
AIRFLOW (CFM) SPACE LOAD (BTU/HR) REQUIRED T (F) HEATER DATA
SPACE LIGHT LIGHT TIN TOUT PWR
COOL HEAT WINTER REHEAT
SPACE NAME NO. LOAD WINTER LOAD REHEAT CFM (F) (F) (kW) NO. REMARKS
Radio Room 320 320 6314 N/A N/A 26.2 - - 320 62.1 88.3 2.65
Inspector Stateroom 100 100 3650 N/A N/A 41.7 - - 100 62.1 103.8 1.32
Assistant Chief Engr Stateroom 100 100 2905 N/A N/A 34.8 - - 100 62.1 96.9 1.10
Chief Engineer Stateroom 125 125 3825 N/A N/A 36.3 - - 125 62.1 98.3 1.43
Deck Officer Stateroom 85 85 2808 N/A N/A 38.5 - - 85 62.1 100.6 1.04
Masters Office 120 120 2672 N/A N/A 28.5 - - 120 62.1 90.6 1.08
Masters Stateroom 125 125 3825 N/A N/A 36.3 - - 125 62.1 98.3 1.43
Assistant Master Stateroom 90 90 2678 N/A N/A 35.5 - - 90 62.1 97.6 1.01
Officer Stateroom (1) 90 90 2706 N/A N/A 35.8 - - 90 62.1 97.8 1.02
Officer Stateroom (2) 100 100 3456 N/A N/A 39.9 - - 100 62.1 102.0 1.26
Officers Mess 155 155 3126 N/A N/A 26.6 - - 155 62.1 88.7 1.30
Crew Mess 300 300 4911 N/A N/A 23.1 - - 300 62.1 85.2 2.19
Lounge 180 180 5687 N/A N/A 32.0 - - 180 62.1 94.1 1.82
Engine Dept Stateroom (1) 110 110 4374 N/A N/A 44.7 - - 110 62.1 106.8 1.56
Engine Dept Stateroom (2) 110 110 3860 N/A N/A 40.4 - - 110 62.1 102.5 1.41
Deck Dept Stateroom (1) 110 110 4019 N/A N/A 41.7 - - 110 62.1 103.8 1.45
Deck Dept Stateroom (2) 160 160 6005 N/A N/A 42.7 - - 160 62.1 104.8 2.16
Deck Dept Stateroom (3) 105 105 4001 N/A N/A 43.2 - - 105 62.1 105.3 1.44
Deck Dept Stateroom (4) 105 105 4001 N/A N/A 43.2 - - 105 62.1 105.3 1.44
Deck Dept Stateroom (5) 150 150 6005 N/A N/A 45.0 - - 150 62.1 107.1 2.14
Stew Dept Stateroom (1) 90 90 4019 N/A N/A 49.3 - - 90 62.1 111.3 1.40
Stew Dept Stateroom (2) 100 100 3709 N/A N/A 42.3 - - 100 62.1 104.3 1.34
Stew Dept Stateroom (3) 110 110 4375 N/A N/A 44.7 - - 110 62.1 106.8 1.56
Hospital 90 90 3756 N/A N/A 51.6 - - 90 62.1 113.6 1.47
Machinery Control Room 370 370 7884 N/A N/A 27.6 - - 370 62.1 89.7 3.24
NOTES:
1. Space temperature = 70 deg F for all spaces except Hospital
HEATING
2. Hospital space temperature = 75 deg F ANALYSIS
HULL OR JOB NO.:
CALCULATED BY: CHECKED BY: REV. SHEET NO. 6
61