appendix F

Glossary of Formulas

Analysis of Variance
degrees of freedom in one-way dftreat
K  1
ANOVA, p. 238 dferror
Ntot  K
dftot
Ntot  1
degrees of freedom in factorial dfA
A  1
ANOVA, p. 281 dfB
B  1
dfAB
(A  1)(B  1)
dferror
Ntot  (A)(B)
dftot
Ntot  1
degrees of freedom in one-factor dfsubjects
Nt  1
repeated-measures ANOVA, p. 255 dftreat
Nk  1
dferror
(Nt  1)(Nk  1)
dftot
Ntot  1

MS treat
F value in one-way ANOVA and F

repeated-measures ANOVA, p. 239 MS error

MS A
F values in factorial ANOVA, p. 281 FA

MS error
MS B
FB

MS error
MS AB
FAB

MS error

SS
mean square, p. 238 MS

df
1
X tot 2 2
total sum of squares, p. 234 SS tot

X 2tot 
N tot
1
X t 2 2
1
X tot 2 2
between-treatments sum of SS treat

c d 
squares, p. 234 Nt N tot

405
406 Appendix F

1
Xcell 2 2 1
Xtot 2 2
between-cells sum of squares, p. 276 SScells

c d 
Ncell Ntot
1
Xk 2 2 1
Xtot 2 2
between-subjects sum of squares, p. 254 SSsubjects

c d 
Nk Ntot
1
Xt 2 2
error sum of squares for SSerror

c
Xt2  d
Nt
one-way ANOVA, p. 235
1
Xcell 2 2
error sum of squares for SSerror

c
Xcell
2
 d
Ncell
factorial ANOVA, p. 278

error sum of squares for SS error
SS tot  SS subjects  SS treat

repeated-measures ANOVA, p. 255
sum of squares for the SSAB
Ncell
3 1X
X
AB

X
A B

224

X
gm
interaction effect in factorial Check:
ANOVA, p. 277 SS AB
SS cells  SS A  SS B

1
X 1 2 2 1
X 2 2 2
sum of squares for a main SS
 p
N1 N2
effect in factorial ANOVA, p. 276
1
Xk 2 2 1
Xtot 2 2
 
Nk Ntot
where 1 and 2 denote levels of a factor and
K denotes the last level of a factor

Chi Square
1O  E 2 2
basic formula, p. 297 x2

c d
E
degrees of freedom for a df
(R  1)(C  1)
chi square table, p. 308 where R
number of rows
C
number of columns

N 1AD  BC 2 2
shortcut formula for a 2  2 x2

table, p. 301 1A  B2 1C  D2 1A  C 2 1B  D2
where A, B, C, and D designate the four cells of the
table, moving left to right across the top row and
then across the bottom row

Coefficient of Determination
p. 99 r2

Confidence Intervals
about a sample mean, p. 159
 t 1s
2
LL
X

 t 1s
2
a X
UL
X a X

about a mean difference LL
1X

X
1

2  t 1s

2
2 a X 1X 2
(independent samples), p. 213 UL
1X 1  X


2  t 1s

2
2 a X 1X 2
 Glossary of Formulas 407

about a mean difference LL
1X
2  t 1s
2

Y
UL
1X
2  t 1s
2
a D
(paired samples), p. 214
Y
a D

Correlation

1z X z Y 2
Pearson product-moment r

N
definition formula, p. 92

XY
 1X
2 1Y
2
N
r

1S X 2 1S Y 2
computation formulas, pp. 93, 94

N
XY  1
X2 1
Y2

r

2 3N
X 2  1
X2 2 4 3N
Y 2  1
Y2 2 4

N2
testing significance from t
1r 2
B1  r2
.00 (or use Table A), p. 186
df
N  2
6
D2
rs
1 
N 1N 2  12
Spearman rs
computation formula, p. 337

Degrees of Freedom See specific statistical tests.

Deviation Score, p. 56 XX

 or Xm

Effect Size Index

m1  m2
definition, p. 77 d

s

 m
X
one-sample design, p. 184 d

s

X
X

1 2
two independent samples, d

1s

2
N1
N2, p. 211 N1
B 2 X 1X 2

X
X

1 2
two independent samples, d

N1  N2, p. 211 s 12 1df1 2  s 22 1df2 2
B df1  df2

Y
X

d

1N 1sD
2
two paired samples, p. 212

K1
1MStreat  MSerror 2
s treat B Ntot
ANOVA for all means, pp. 247, 290 f


s error 1MSerror
408 Appendix F

X
X

1 2
for two means, pp. 246, 290 d

2MSerror

x2
chi square (2  2), p. 301 f

BN

MannWhitney U Test
N 1 1N 1  12
value for U, p. 322 U1
1N 1 2 1N 2 2  
R 1
2
where
R1
sum of the ranks of the N1 group
1U1  c 2  m U
testing significance for z

larger samples, N  21, p. 323 sU
where c
0.5
N 1N 2
mU

2
1N 1 2 1N 2 2 1N 1  N 2  12
sU

B 12

Mean



X
from raw data, p. 41 m or X
N

f X
from a frequency distribution, p. 44 m or X
N

1N1X

N X


2 2 

2
p  NK X
weighted mean, p. 50


X
1 K
W

N
where N1, N2, and so on are the numbers of scores
associated with their respective means and K is the
last of the means being averaged

Median Location
N1
p. 44
2

Range
of a distribution, p. 53 Range
XH  XL
where XH
highest score
XL
lowest score

interquartile range, p. 55 IQR
75th percentile  25th percentile

Regression

1X  X

2  Y
SY

predicting Y from X, p. 114 Y
r
SX
 Glossary of Formulas 409

straight line, p. 110 Y
a  bX

where a
value at the Y intercept
b
slope of the regression line

Y intercept of a regression
 bX
a
Y

line, p. 110

SY
slope of a regression b
r
SX
line, p. 110
N
XY  1
X2 1
Y 2
b

N
X 2  1
X2 2

Standard Deviation of a Population or Sample (for description)

1X  X

22
deviation-score method S

B N
from ungrouped data, p. 57
1
X2 2

X 2 
N
raw-score method from sorS

R N
ungrouped data, p. 60

Standard Deviation of a Sample (an estimator of S)

1X  X

22
deviation-score method s

B N1
from ungrouped data, p. 61

1
X2 2

X 2 
N
raw-score method from s

R N1
ungrouped data, p. 63

1
f X2 2

f X2 
N
raw-score method from s

R N1
grouped data, p. 63
1
D 2 2

D2 
N
paired samples, p. 206 sD

R N1

Standard Error
of the mean
s
where s is known, p. 152 sX


1N

s
estimated from a single sample, p. 159 sX


1N
410 Appendix F

of a difference between means sX
1X
2
2sX
12  sX
22

equal-N samples, p. 201
a b  a b
2 2
s 1 s 2


B 1N1 1N2
1
X1 2 2
1
X2 2 2

X12  
X22 
N1 N2


R N1 1N2  12
1
X1 2 2 1
X2 2 2

X12  
X22 
a b
N1 N2 1 1
samples with sX
1X
2

unequal Ns, p. 201 R N1  N2  2 N1 N2

s D
paired samples by the sD


direct-difference method, p. 206 1N

1
D 2 2

D2 
N
where s D

R N1

paired samples sD

2sX
2  sY
2  2rXY 1sX
2 1sY
2

when r is known, p. 205

t Test

 m
X
one sample m, p. 177 t

sX

df
N  1

X
X

1 2
independent samples, p. 201 t

sX
1X
2
df
N1  N2  2

Y
X

paired samples t

where r is known, p. 205 2sX
 sY
2  2rXY 1sX
2 1sY
2
2

Y
X


D
paired samples t


sD
sD

using the direct-difference
method, p. 205 df
number of pairs minus one

N2
testing whether a correlation t
1r 2
B1  r2
coefficient is significantly
different from .00, p. 186 df
number of pairs minus two
 Glossary of Formulas 411

Tukey HSD

X
X

1 2
one-way, factorial, and HSD

sX

repeated-measures ANOVA,
pp. 243, 256, 289

where sX
1for N 1
N 2
N t 2

MS error
B Nt

sX
1for N 1  N 2 2
a b
MS error 1 1

B 2 N1 N2

Variance Use the formulas for the standard deviation.

For s 2 square s. For s2 square s.

Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks T Test

value for T, p. 328 T
smaller sum of the signed ranks

1T  c 2  m T
testing significance for z

sT
larger samples, N  50, p. 331
where c
0.5
N 1N  12
mT

4
N 1N  12 12N  12
sT

B 24
N
number of pairs

z Score Formulas
XX
Xm
descriptive, pp. 70, 126 z
; also z

S s

 m
X
probability of a sample mean, p. 152 z

sX

(See also MannWhitney U test and Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks T test.)