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approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E1418 - 05. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
10.1520/E1418-10. the ASTM website.
Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
employed, the developer is applied prior to the drying step. types of developers are suitable for use in the visible penetrant
After application of the developer, a suitable development time water-washable process.
is allowed to permit the entrapped penetrant to exit from the 6.3.1 Aqueous Developers, normally supplied as dry powder
discontinuities. The test surface is then examined visually particles to be either suspended or dissolved (soluble) in water.
under adequate illumination to determine the presence or The concentration, use, and maintenance shall be in accordance
absence of indications. with the manufacturers recommendations (see 7.1.7.1).
4.2 The selection of specific water-washable penetrant pro- (WarningAqueous developers may cause stripping of indi-
cess parameters depends upon the nature of the application, cations, if not properly applied and controlled. The procedure
conditions under which the examination is to be performed, should be qualified in accordance with 9.2.)
availability of processing equipment, and type of materials to 6.3.2 Nonaqueous, Wet Developers, normally supplied as
perform the examination. (WarningA controlled method for suspensions of developer particles in a volatile solvent carrier
applying water and disposing of the water is essential.) and are ready for use as supplied. They are applied to the
4.3 Processing parameters, such as precleaning, penetration surface by spraying after the excess penetrant has been
time and wash times, are determined by the specific materials removed and the surface has dried. Nonaqueous wet develop-
used, the nature of the part under examination (that is, size, ers form a white coating on the surface of the part when dried
shape, surface condition, alloy) and type of discontinuities and serve as a contrasting background for visible penetrants
expected. (see 7.1.7.2). (WarningThis type of developer is intended
for application by spray only.)
6.3.3 Liquid Film Developers, solutions or colloidal suspen-
3
Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. sions of resins/polymer in a suitable carrier. These developers
Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Lane, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
4
will form a transparent or translucent coating on the surface of
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
the part. Certain types of film developers will fix indications
Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098
5
Available from the Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 and may be stripped from the part and retained for record
Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20005. purposes (see section 7.1.7.3).
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be qualified at the temperature of intended use as described in effectiveness of the examination. For metals unless otherwise
9.2. specified, perform etching when evidence exists that previous
7.1.2 Surface Conditioning Prior to Penetrant cleaning, surface treatments, or service usage have produced a
ExaminationSatisfactory results can usually be obtained on surface condition that degrades the effectiveness of penetrant
surfaces in the as-welded, as-rolled, as-cast, or as-forged examination. (See Annex A1.1.1.8 in Test Method E165 for
conditions (or for ceramics in the densified condition). When precautions).
only loose surface residuals are present, these may be removed NOTE 2When agreed between purchaser and supplier, grit blasting
by wiping with a clean lint-free cloth. However, pre-cleaning without subsequent etching may be an acceptable cleaning method.
of metals to remove processing residuals such as oil, graphite, (WarningSand or shot blasting may possibly close indications and
Incoming Parts
Spray Dip
Developer
DRY DEVELOP (Aqueous)
Dry
(See 7.1.6) (See 7.1.7)
Developer, Dry,
DEVELOP DRY Nonaqueous or
Liquid Film Dry
(See 7.1.7) (See 7.1.6)
EXAMINE
Visible (See 7.1.8) Examine
Mechanical
Water Rinse Detergent
Wash
POST CLEAN
(See 7.1.10 and Prac-
tice E165, Annex
on Post Cleaning.)
Dry
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aqueous developer or prior to applying nonaqueous wet devel- is to remain on the part prior to examination should not be less
opers. Drying time will vary with the size, nature, and number than 10 min. Developing time begins as soon as the wet
of parts under examination. (aqueous and nonaqueous) developer coating is dry (that is, the
7.1.6.1 Modes of DryingParts can be dried by using a solvent carrier has evaporated to dryness). The maximum
hot-air recirculating oven, a hot- or cold-air blast, or by permitted developing times are 2 h for aqueous developers and
exposure to ambient temperature. Drying is best done in a 1 h for nonaqueous developers.
thermostatically controlled, recirculating hot-air dryer. 7.1.8 ExaminationPerform examination of parts after the
(WarningDrying oven temperature should not exceed 160F applicable development time as specified in 7.1.7.4 to allow for
(71C).) bleedout or penetrant from discontinuities onto the developer
coating. It is good practice to observe the surface while
7.1.6.2 Drying Time LimitsDo not allow parts to remain
applying the developer as an aid in evaluating indications.
in the drying oven any longer than is necessary to dry the part.
7.1.8.1 Visible Light LevelVisible penetrant indications
Excessive time in the dryer may impair the sensitivity of the
can be examined in either natural or artificial light. Adequate
examination.
illumination is required to ensure no loss of the sensitivity of
7.1.7 Developer ApplicationThere are various modes of the examination. A minimum light intensity at the examination
effective application of the various types of developers such as site of 100 fc (1000 lx/m2) is recommended.
immersing, flooding, or spraying. The size, configuration, 7.1.8.2 HousekeepingKeep the examination area free of
surface condition, number of parts to be processed, etc., will interfering debris. Practice good housekeeping at all times.
influence the choice of developer application. 7.1.9 EvaluationUnless otherwise agreed upon, it is nor-
7.1.7.1 Aqueous DevelopersApply aqueous developers to mal practice to evaluate the discontinuity indication based on
the part immediately after the excess penetrant has been the size of the developer stain created by the developers
removed from the part and prior to drying. The dried developer absorption of the penetrant (see Reference Photographs E433).
coating appears as a translucent or white coating on the part. 7.1.10 Post CleaningPost cleaning is necessary in those
Prepare and maintain aqueous developers in accordance with cases where residual penetrant or developer could interfere
the manufacturers instructions and apply them in such a with subsequent processing or with service requirements. It is
manner as to ensure complete and even part coverage. Exercise particularly important where residual penetrant examination
caution when using a wet developer with water-washable materials might combine with other factors in service to
penetrants to avoid possible stripping of indications. Aqueous produce corrosion. A suitable technique, such as machine
developers may be applied by flowing, or immersing the part. wash, vapor degreasing, solvent soak, or ultrasonic cleaning
Atomized spraying is not recommended since a spotty film may be employed (see the annex on post cleaning in Test
may result. It is most common to immerse the parts in the Method E165). In the case of developers, it is recommended
prepared developer bath. Immerse parts only long enough to that if developer removal is necessary, carry it out as promptly
coat all of the part surfaces with the developer, since if parts are as possible after examination so that it does not fix on the part.
left in bath too long, penetrant entrapments may leach out. (WarningDevelopers should be removed prior to vapor
Immediately remove parts from the developer bath and allow degreasing. Vapor degreasing can bake developer on parts.)
to drain. Drain all excess developer from recesses and trapped
sections to eliminate developer pooling, that can obscure 8. Special Requirements
discontinuities. Dry the parts in accordance with 7.1.6. 8.1 Impurities:
7.1.7.2 Nonaqueous, Wet DevelopersNonaqueous, wet 8.1.1 When using penetrant materials on austenitic stainless
developer carriers evaporate very rapidly at normal room steels, titanium, nickel base, or other high-temperature alloys,
temperature and do not, therefore, require the use of a dryer. the need to restrict impurities such as sulfur, halogens, and
After the excess penetrant has been removed and the surface alkali metals must be considered. These impurities may cause
has been dried, apply these developers to the surface by embrittlement or corrosion, particularly at elevated tempera-
spraying in such a manner as to ensure complete coverage with tures. Any such evaluation should include consideration of the
a thin even film of developer. Application of excessive devel- form in which the impurities are present. Some penetrant
oper should be avoided. Dipping or flooding parts with materials contain significant amounts of these impurities in the
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