of Plastics e Dietrich Brann7 \Siumple Miethods for} Identification of Plastics Dietrich Brawn With the Plastics Identification Table. by Hansjirgen Saechtling Second Edition eneetinrasniyer seal she ett in sian a, etoRertttentenemm EE See ngraggemecionse SRO mt Tepittemmactermreesttcaet, SSanaa keane 90 05396 Preface to the Second Edition ‘The Fiat Editon of hs small amass book was well received by users and reviewos: thas alo been ease ted int vera languages. Ths stows that inte of ll the modern, and unfortunately often quit expen- Sie, analy ethos nl advances fn the el of ‘osthumeatl sal, hee til exists» need foe sim ‘le methods for the Meniethn of plastic. ‘The Second Fain, therefore, did not requice vey substantial changes. table on polymer bends ras aldodocase these materials have. become Important inlastlly. Some ado tess were ‘led to Chapter 6 which dese specie ents. tion tests for fferen types of plastics Chapter 5, on systematic analytes! procedures, was enlarged and row incorporates the Plastics Mention Table of De: Hansjtrgen Saciing (currently in its 8th Ei- tion. am gratefl to Drs Saechting fr aresing to {he cason of hs table in my ook and abo fr bis vice and ngetions comcering alin il Yvi= Somol the tx "With this edition, os withthe eae one, Y owe tanks to Hanser Ptshors (Car Hanser Ver) a ‘epsilyto Dr, W. Gene fr thei excellent coopera tom austin the pdt a his oe. ho rept ny invitation tothe users ofthe book to wate me out thee expevinces with these alti proce= Aires and to send me seston for adtons or Inpeoversnts Darmstadt, Avtar 1985 Diewich BeasPreface to the First Edition : 4 u Process a users of plasis often nee 0 deter= nin he choi mare ofa pestis sample. Ta con {tut othe prodacers of pasts, however, they usually lack specially eaipyd laboratories ans tf with faye experience "The complete tendieation of a high molecular ‘cg ongante compound iefen a ater complicated Joke which ca sometimes he sed oy ath the apenditre of 8 considerae aesouat of tor. For tmny pasta gations often gate sient 0 Altera the cls of plastics to whieh am unkown elon for example, whether isa polyolefin Or pobyai. To answer seh questions one need Ihave only elativey simple means at had and se Fusincntry knowledge of chon Several oe o less compehesive sf nsre= tion for ean ont simple ales of plsin ray be found ithe Htrature. hese inca the Pasties Ticnicaton ‘Table by tiansargen Seechiing (8h ‘stn by Coe laser Pubishers, 1979), which ince ‘any yenrs has boon a vale nation for the Mctifeaton pst srtng from thett apse lance, With te kind permission f the author the table fs buen included fm his book. However, some of thse re rather bie a thers are expesimentally to demanding, Many simpler testing methods aso ‘over hroghout the techie ratte and are not alwayscasiy aces have thereto tid to collet inthis book aselec- tio posses from the Iiteratre aa from my tren eareofexpience These ae inteaded erable the echnicn, te engineer oF The ech salespet= 2 ety kon a aes OF Sno canot expt sch ple mets te {pee orton etcore oe hw ott ne SeiPeo the seninstion of th pate steal be Soni of fle, pair, stable other ies, whi are ofen present onl in vey sal ‘Shouna equres more extensive pial och tal hepa ot tn may indo combinaons of aerish or copays ‘Sm aye be seid wih ing si Th Schone acta Yo tne tore aad ith nay ‘Ti te nt seq inh cei ent eet yt cry tle laboratory operation ptclry remind the reer {oe cae nthe baling of hen arent, abd Spe tame fy esr a ae {ken into esse pote ot a pertinence inte too. Te sesry ne ad Gprer tc risschln ut ofthese tocar ot “ooparstiveexperinents wth saps wn pl {ie A election of plates spl vase fn {he Sicey of Pais Engineers, Broke Centr, Croesis The cand otal the tet minions inthis tock and ave ta thm i teacher of “Pat expeience hat boon cal om in wig thea chi Comments or rocoetendatons fa ‘tition mrad in book arene wane ‘We hope tt ths mame wil ose the gp be swoon the ath age snl coated bok on te aly fps, which rule an extensive bac {od in hems phys a aos a Et somptions wid usally Ht hemes oc‘in prelinary esting. OF cour thi sees} ‘trom of the comprominehatween the expe iallfort and the effeiet yield of simple qualiive nya proces "Th dcop atest of spe methods for Ae analysts of plate teria was the subject 0 eset projec of the German Pate lita x= ‘ie out ih the final support ofthe Arbeit poncisbattIngsrlier Forsehung-Verelnigungen Ninh program there were several cvlhorators Sno T want to thank, espesilly Dr. Art 0 Telped me i putting the text tpeter Fal thank De W, Ge for nianyvakable ecompendatons nd rE immergt for sere ansaton a thisbook, amt, Spring 1982, Dict ra Contents 1 Poticy and Thee Appearance u 2 General latvaducton othe Analysis of Phin 32 21" Analyte Procedure « 2 2.2, Sample Preparation 2.02.0 3 3 Prtininay Tess «sess 35 SED Soly 92.0000. 35 32 Densiy sc. 41 S55 navi dn tenting 20S aa SST PyalyasTess | 46 332 Flme Teas a 333, Melting Behavior st 4 Testing for Hetoroats st Anabel Procedures ces 68 SH Analy Groups oe Groat Chena Haring CContining Pastis 64 Group tt Nittogen-Contining Piss 64 Group Hl SultueContining Poymer 66 Group IV Psi without Heteroatoms 66 6 Specie Menten Tess os. 0 Genera etieton Reactions 7” G1 LisbermanneStore-Morawski Reston vevericcrsecerssa.- 70 64.2. Colo Reaction wih Dili tminobensaldeye n 613. Theis indophenol Test 0.0 71 ‘14 Pormaldchye Test n 62 SpaciePlatiee sesso n 521 Palyoltinn 2 622 Polytyrene 121: 6623, Polyethyhmetharyite 624 Potycrylonitite 6.25. Polinyl acetate «| 625 Pobjnylateono! 627 Polyner Containing hiring 628. Pohoymetiyiene 629 Potvearbonates = 62.10 Potyamiaes oe 6211 Polyurethanes =. 6212 Phenolics sesso los 62.13 Aminopisic 2.18 psy Resins oS 62:15 Polyester: mo {62.15 Calllose Detivatves 1.2) 6217 Sicones {62.18 Roberts Panes 1 Chemists. ™ ‘Acie a Bases Inorganic Chemis Oxganiosohents (OrganieReapents Misctianeon| 8 Laboratory Aids and Equipment... ‘sie Equipment... Optional Equipment 0... 9 Gide for Further Reading 10, Poymer Acronyms Inde Pst Ldentiation Table ‘coimide ack ever pocket 1 Plastics and Their Appearance Pastis ae high ocular weight (racromsci n potyere)enasie substances that have ly bso Synthesizd fom loe meleeaie weight cop. ‘They may to have been obtained by cheat rn ‘ition of high olen vwcight natura meals (Gspeitly clisane)-The raw materia are ston Petree, ara as den They can Be ected ‘bith, water, soa elovide wo cpt restive monomers. The most iporant indi sya recesses fr the preparation of psi fom sono rors may he cei scerdng to the meshana th formation reason ofthe poly, sch poly Imeizton ad condensation teacton, Since sera chemically identical or sina plist ca be prepared Jn several ferent ways an tm diferent tate "als ths aiieation haste mening or the analy ‘iso unknown pests samples. On the other ha ‘akon to chemical investigations the appearance of {pls ae wel its her on eting ekalat ‘formation forts eaicstin. "There ate phy ineractons Between the nic ‘vidul macromolecules that ens 4 patie rat Fin just thre are hotween the mets 9 ow ‘molecular weight compu. These psa nr ‘Sonate responsible fr eaesin and relied pope ties atrenth arden steing hen, Plastics that consist of neds theadike oles (coveral Indred manometer (am) fg ant a fe8 nt a er Apne Anti of a mavometer in diameter) or 9 molecules that ave nt strongly crinkle usu Ioftened on sting I many eases hey el tthon ® pojmene mates heated ave a eet Temperature, the azomolectes whieh are more oF Jews vented eth sespect to eachother at nw temper tuner can ge past eich other to fen a nt el tively high vaso. Depending onthe degree oder ‘Sti mactemoscent inthe sod tate, poset ‘ising Fete pry erystaine and mal i= fred) amorphons plstis (sc Fig), This degree ‘tint natmarat age es hy hte i pyc ‘for sso has am fect othe Behavior of the pas ‘cou ating ae on ts saa Plastics that soften on heating ans tat 10 flow are cled theromplastin, On cooling, sch plastioe tocome sol gin This proces can be tepeated a) nce. Prem ser excepto x when the che ken stot (expres in teres ofthe emportue at Sehich chemi Jecompesiion stats) i ower than 1 cohesion between the macromolecules ve (0 craton betwen the csi, im hi ee, om est fing the pate woes ceil changes ene ‘eavhessatening or ming point, A farther inc foo with Tew ckeptons, thit mscromleees ae Tinar or beach their oly im many Rg, ict song solvent Thi proces an acts he Tieracion botween the saeromolccues; solve Imoloiler insert themselves Between the payer sien In contrast tothermoplite materi thera the so-aled termwscting materia These aftr por ‘ening ito thoi inal sate, are eosin macr ‘moles that can either melt nor disave, Fo sh Prolues one generally starts with Tiga or soluble sv materi of ter lw motel meh Those ‘mayo eroutinked by heating wher without posse ‘etrough ehemeal reactions with tives a eon nent melang conditions. The ress are crs (Gurdened) high molecular weight materials in ‘hrecdimensnel actwork, These gant molecle a be broken dwn into smaler and therefore meltable sn soluble fgments only by chemical destin of fen contain files tht may suey ifleace the appearance and properties of he produts. naly rom dheie physical appearance, we my tscnguish the stores, rabbertke este atrial.coms sual relatively wey comin je tomicees. Croslnkges of nara or sybase hr ave ovr dri the moll or ulna proves: Beane of their ceslnked naire, Bato. thers do not melon heating ntl jos below thelr ‘ocompestion temperate. In thik seme they have Uhterenty rom many otber clatie thermoplastic Inatvach as laticed polyving corde "Table 1 iss the most important characteris of those the groups of polymeric materials nation {octets tavior on hein, deity, an soba {tj can be sod to clfrcriate between these mate ti, Maeve tao be pein ind that les, Pigments or 1inoring gents, for example earbon Eis or elas fers lend to consdeable devistions {tom thse proper Therefore it not always pos fille to idem polymere materials on the fas oF these rte. The densities sted in Table Tare only gh appronimations for some solid ato For ‘amply fom hve densi of sppeonimatly Og ‘om or fos. Siac fears with iategeal kin and ‘ell core Mave denstisbotwoen 0.2 and 0.9 pr? Gin en cannot be recognized font rom he ‘ute pearance isnot pose to discs hore the spec proper= ties of al the erent types of patie teri that voc within he min pre The pasties dry today, by employing copobnerization or chemical ‘nodcstion, beable of preci an extn dinary ‘umber of ombinations Of propery, making the ‘entiation of corresponding pists more comp ‘eds pyseal appearance sds caeieaon sv ‘esmoploste, thermos, oe cater tereore poe hit to dra covlsions about de cet! nature ‘ofthe plastic onl a siple cases. But they often pro- vide a useful aditonal way of characterising the atria the st few year 8 number of procs conse ving oC ature of itereat nis have made thei fsppearance; they ae usually called polymer blends fan polymer alloys." ideatication ing spe imetinde presents considerable beens tame teats and pyrolystet are aly wna ‘ous. Also separation ito diferent rp soning {o the plt-ralte of the pyolyster doesnot permit a dofisie conchson. Insome cases tsps tsp rate polymer mstoes ino hee componets if these havediferentsnutty charsteritics nthe tolde ‘ily the compencnts Howeeritsnatpomibletoreson ‘mend generally appa separation proce "The examination of mistres of Plyamidcs and polyline relatively caty Because the polyamide Sompanent cin be derided hy aid yoy the ‘esting low molecular eight fexgment canbe Mt fie cording to the prosede described in Seton (62:10, Table S Hiss some ofthe mow smportat poly: ‘mor blends together with ti rade name ar ‘Although symbele bers and synthetic laters have the same chemical stuetie a pls, they are ‘noticed among the ltr gp Thr cnfca ‘on wl therefore Be tented! nts book ony ty to secu a plates For example, poenprlatam (oon 6) i ued both for ther prection and te moling steal Tablet 2-5 contin » compilition of the pte lsc in hs volume, Ise cherie abbreviations, Sind some solsted rade same. An extensive tbe of polymer acronyms on ASTM, DIN sid ISO stead ane foundom pages 0-105 (Chapt 1),-| RES. = yaa ‘yoene et os wns seu ‘aay Og ERD ace | oii oad |