EVOLUTION OF

PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

OF MULTISTOREY BUILDINGS

Yogendra Singh
Department of Earthquake Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee
9/12/2017 9/12/2017 STAGE - 1

EVOLUTION OF EVOLUTION OF
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

V
? Lack of Knowledge
on Earthquake
V Elastic Forces
Reduced for
Design by R
Demand and Building
Capacity

Inelastic
Vdes Linear Elastic Vdes
Response
Building Response

yield max

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INTENDED PERFORMANCE IN EVOLUTION OF

IS:1893-2002 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN
Page 2 (Foreword):
Demand Reduced
It is not intended in this standard to lay Sa Based on Inelastic
Capacityof building
down regulation so that no structure shall
suffer any damage during earthquake of
all magnitudes. It has been endeavored
to ensure that, as far as possible,
Performance Point
structures are able to respond, without
structural damage to shocks of moderate
intensities and without total collapse to
shocks of heavy intensities. Sd
des
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PERFORMANCE BASED DESIGN PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES

Desired level of seismic performance of the

Design methodology in which structural building expressed in terms of structural and
design criteria is expressed in terms of non-structural damage.
achieving a performance objective. Based on
- Threat to life safety of occupants
WHILE - Post earthquake serviceability
IN CONVENTIONAL DESIGN In terms of
Limits are applied on member forces. - Inelastic member deformations
- Inter-storey Drift
- Floor Acceleration
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AVAILABLE GUIDELINES FOR PBD AVAILABLE GUIDELINES FOR PBD

Codes for new construction
include many provisions that
encourage or require the
development of designs with features
important for good seismic
performance, including regular
configuration, structural continuity,
ductile detailing, and materials of
appropriate quality. Many existing
buildings were designed and
constructed without these features
and contain characteristics, such as
unfavorable configuration and poor
detailing, that preclude application of
regulatory or building code provisions
for their seismic evaluation or
9/12/2017 retrofit. 9/12/2017

HAZARD LEVELS (ASCE 41-13) HAZARD LEVELS (DBD09)

Probability of Mean Return Seismic

Exceedance Period (years) Hazard Level
50%/30 years 43
50%/50 years 72 SE
20%/50 years 225 BSE-1E
10%/50 years 475 DBE
5%/50 years 975 BSE-2E
2%/50 years 2,475 MCE/BSE-2N

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 PERFORMANCE LEVELS (ASCE 41-13)
Building Performance levels
STRUCTURAL
Nonstructural Structural Performance Levels PERFORMANCE
performance
Levels
SP-1
immediate
SP-2
Damage
SP-3
Life
SP-4
Reduced
SP-5
Collapse
SP-6
Not
LEVELS
Occupancy Control safety Safety Prevention Considered (ASCE 41-13)
(Range) (Range)
NP-A 1-A 2-A NR NR NR NR
Operational Operational

NP-B 1-B 2-B 3-B NR NR NR

Position Immediate
Retention Occupancy
NP-C 1-C 2-C 3-C 4-C 5-C 6-C
Life Safety Life Safety

NP-D NR 2-D 3-D 4-D 5-D 6-D

Not
Considered

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PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES EQUIVALENT TO NEW

BUILDING STANDARDS (ASCE 41-13) PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES (DBD09)

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ANALYSIS PROCEDURES FOR PBD

MATERIAL NONLINEARITY

Demand Capacity Ratio Method

(DCR LSP or LDP)
Non-Linear Static Procedure
(NSP)
Non-Linear Dynamic Procedures
(NDP or NL-THA)

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Unconfined and confined concrete
 CONFINING OF CONCRETE
CONFINING OF
CONCRETE

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CONFINING OF CONCRETE MATERIAL NONLINEARITY

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Reinforcing Steel

MATERIAL NONLINEARITY SECTION NONLINEARITY

Reinforcing Steel RC Sections

SECTION NONLINEARITY SECTION NONLINEARITY

y fy
dp

d d
'

dp
y

Steel Sections RC Sections

MEMBER NONLINEARITY MEMBER NONLINEARITY

RC Sections RC Sections

MEMBER NONLINEARITY MEMBER NONLINEARITY

L p kL c L sp 2 L sp

Lsp 0.022 f ye d bl

f
k 0.2 u 1 0.08
f
y

Lc = length from the critical section to the

point of contra-flexure

RC Sections RC Sections
MEMBER NONLINEARITY CHORD ROTATION

c s s
c
c d c d
cy sy
y or
c d c

cc su
u or /2
c d c

y H Lsp
2
y /2
3

u y u y L p H

RC Sections

CHORD ROTATION ELASTO-PLASTIC IDEALISATION

INELASTIC CYCLIC BEHAVIOUR INELASTIC CYCLIC BEHAVIOUR

STRUCTURAL STEEL REINFORCED CONCRETE

INELASTIC CYCLIC BEHAVIOUR CYCLIC BACK-BONE CURVE
ASCE 41-2013

MASONRY Backbone curve

BACKBONE CURVE
ASCE 41-2013

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USABLE STRAIN LIMITS

ASCE 41-2013

10.3.3.1 Usable Strain Limits Without confining

transverse reinforcement, the maximum usable strain at
the extreme concrete compression fiber shall not exceed
0.002 for components in nearly pure compression
and 0.005 for other components, Maximum
compressive strains in longitudinal reinforcement shall not
exceed 0.02, and maximum tensile strains in longitudinal
reinforcement shall not exceed 0.05. Monotonic coupon
test results shall not be used to determine reinforcement
strain limits. If experimental evidence is used to determine
strain limits, the effects of low-cycle fatigue and transverse
reinforcement spacing and size shall be included in testing
procedures.
9/12/2017 RC Sections
 MODELLING OF COUPLED BEHAVIOUR OF JOINTS
SHEAR WALLS

BEHAVIOUR OF JOINTS LUMPED PLASTICITY MODEL OF A

FRAME

Moment
Hinges

Shear
P-M-M Hinges
Hinges

SIMPLIFIED MODELING OF BEAM- BEHAVIOUR OF SHEAR-WALLS

COLUMN JOINTS
PLASTIC HINGES IN SHEAR-WALLS CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD
ASCE 41-2013

Base Shear Sa
LS CP
IO

Damage Limited Safety

Control
Roof displacement Sd

Capacity curve Capacity Spectrum

Conversion to AD format S ai Vi /(W1 )
S di Ti 2 S ai g /( 4 2 ) S di roof /( PF11 , roof )

4. APPLY GRAVITY LOADS

STEPS FOR CAPACITY CURVE GENERATION
1. CREATE A COMPUTER MODEL
2. CLASSIFY EACH MEMBER IN THE CATEGORY OF
PRIMARY OR SECONDARY
3. APPLY LATERAL STOREY FORCES
A SINGLE LOAD AT TOP
PARABOLIC DISTRIBUTION AS SUGGESTED
BY CODE
IN PROPORTION TO FIRST MODE SHAPE
IN PROPORTION TO FIRST MODE SHAPE
UPTO FIRST YIELDING AND THEN ADJUST TO
DEFORMED SHAPE
EFFECT OF HIGHER MODES ALSO INCLUDED
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5. OBTAIN MEMBER FORCES FOR LATERAL AND
GRAVITY LOADS INCLUDING P-DELTA EFFECTS
6. ADJUST LATERAL FORCES SO THAT A GROUP
OF ELEMENTS IS STRESSED TO WITH 10% OF
YIELD STRENGTH
7. RECORD BASE SHEAR, ROOF DISPLACEMENT,
MEMBER FORCES AND MEMBER
DISPLACEMENTS
8. REVISE THE MODEL USING ZERO OR VERY
SMALL STIFFNESS FOR THE YIELDING
ELEMENTS
9. APPLY A NEW INCREMENTAL LOAD ON THE
REVISED MODEL
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DEMAND CURVE
10. CALCULATE CUMULATIVE BASE SHEAR, ROOF
DISPLACEMENT, MEMBER FORCES AND DEMAND CURVE IS ELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA
MEMBER DISPLACEMENTS REDUCED TO THE DAMPING RATIO
CORRESPONDING TO THE DEFORMATION STAGE OF
11. REPEAT TILL THE STRUCTURE BECOMES
THE BUILDING
UNSTABLE OR THE DEFORMATION OF
MEMBERS IS SUCH THAT LOSS OF GRAVITY
LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY TAKES PLACE

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ESTIMATION OF DAMPING DUE TO ESTIMATION OF DAMPING DUE TO
NON LINEAR DEFORMATIONS NON LINEAR DEFORMATIONS

HYSTERESIS DAMPING CAN BE REPRESENTED AS

EQUIVALENT VISCOUS DAMPING

eq 0 0 . 05
1 E
0 D

4 E s 0

E D = energy dissipated due to damping

E s0 = maximum strain energy
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ESTIMATION OF DAMPING DUE TO

NON LINEAR DEFORMATIONS ADRS SPECTRA
FOR COMPARISON THE DEMAND CAPACITY NEEDS
TO BE PLOTTED IN THE SAME COORDINATES
ACCELERATION-DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE
SPECTRA IS THE CONVENIENT FORMAT FOR THIS
PURPOSE

S di i2 S a i g
Ti 2
S di S ai g
4 2
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CONVERSION OF CAPACITY
CURVE TO CAPACITY SPECTRA

FIRST MODE SPECTRAL COORDINATES ARE

CALCULATED

Vi
roof
S ai W S di
1 ( PF1 1,roof )
1 = modal mass coefficient for mode 1
PF1 = participation factor for mode 1

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 CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD VARIANTS OF PUSHOVER
ANALYSIS
5% demand line
Spectral accln. Sa

Constant T line
CAPACITY SPECTRUM METHOD
Reduced demand line
DISPLACEMENT COEFFICIENT METHOD
ADAPTIVE PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
MULTI MODAL PUSHOVER ANALYSIS
Spectral displacement Sd
Performance point (ap,
dp)

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INELASTIC SPECTRUM APPROACH REDUCTION FACTOR

- REDUCTION FACTOR

1 Tn Ta

Ry 2 1 Tb Tn Tc
Tn Tc

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INELASTIC DESIGN SPECTRUM INELASTIC DESIGN SPECTRUM

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 ACHIEVING TARGETED PERFORMANCE ACHIEVING TARGETED PERFORMANCE
Strengthening Stiffening

ACHIEVING TARGETED PERFORMANCE

Ductility Enhancement FLAT SLAB SYSTEMS

Drop Panel

Column Head

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TRANSFER OF MOMENTS AT TRANSFER OF MOMENTS AT

BEAM-COLUMN JOINT SLAB-COLUMN JOINT

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TRANSFER OF MOMENTS AT PUNCHING SHEAR FAILURE OF
SLAB-COLUMN JOINT SLAB-COLUMN JOINT

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FAILURE OF FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS FAILURE OF FLAT SLAB BUILDINGS

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SHEAR AT SLAB-COLUMN JOINT SHEAR AT SLAB-COLUMN JOINT

Out of total unbalanced moment, part

is transferred through flexure and part
is transferred through torsion v 1 f f = factor for
Shear stress at critical section is unbalanced moment
resultant of gravity and torsional transferred by flexure at
1
actions f slab-column connections
2 b1
Vg M c 1 v = factor for
vn v u 3 b2 unbalanced moment
b0 d J transferred by torsion at
slab-column connections
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MODELLING OF FLAT SLABS MODELLING OF FLAT SLABS
Explicit Transverse Torsional Element Model
Equivalent width of slab
l
Interior Supports l 2 2 c1 1
3

l
Exterior Supports l 2 c1 1
6

MODELLING OF FLAT SLABS INTER-STOREY DRIFT LIMIT

Stiffness of Torsional Element 5

Maximum Inter Storey Drift (%)

Hueste and Wright

ASCE/SEI 41 [NC]
4
9 EC
Kt
ASCE/SEI 41 [C]

l 2 1 c 2 l 2
ACI 318-05
3 3

xx y 3
C 1 0.63 1

y 3 0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Gravity Shear Ratio
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MODELLING OF FLAT SLABS MODELLING OF FLAT SLABS

Elwood et al. (2007)
Q b
a

c
or
Conditions Modelling parameters
Gravity shear Continuity Plastic rotation angle (radians) Residual strength
ratio reinforcement a b ratio (c)
0 Yes 0.035 0.050 0.2
0.2 Yes 0.030 0.040 0.2
0.4 Yes 0.020 0.030 0.2
0.6 Yes 0.000 0.020 0.0
0 No 0.025 0.025 0.0
0.2 No 0.020 0.020 0.0
0.4 No 0.010 0.010 0.0
0.6 No 0.000 0.000 0.0
THANK YOU !!

9/12/2017