English For Presentations Advanced Courses

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Discourse markers I
Discourse markers are used:
1. to show a result - "as a result," "therefore," "thus"
He exerts extra effort to be polite and helpful to his customers. As a result, he has a
high rate of return clients.
2. to repeat an idea - "in other words," "again"
We must respond to our callers as if they were always right. In other words, we
must treat them with utmost courtesy.
3. to add an idea - "also," "in addition," "besides"
Be as clear as possible during your negotiation meeting. In addition, make sure to

document the whole discussion so that everyone will remember the terms of
agreement.
4. to emphasize an idea - "above all," "most importantly"
Our employees are highly skilled, well-trained, and well-respected in their fields.
Above all, they are committed to the company.
5. to confirm an idea - "indeed," "in fact," "of course"
Our manager has offered all kinds of support to new employees. Indeed, it is hard to
imagine anyone being more welcoming than he is.
6. to compare - "equally," "similarly," "likewise"
He is the most hardworking team leader in this organization. Similarly, his team
members are regarded as the companys most industrious employees.
7. to contradict - "however," "nonetheless," "and yet," "still"
They had exerted every possible effort to meet the deadline. And yet, due to
technical difficulties, the project was delayed by a week.
8. to contrast - "on the other hand," "in contrast"
Steve often gets stressed out over his projects. In contrast, his manager, Alice,
always seems relaxed.
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Discourse markers II
Discourse markers are used:
1. to signal a change of subject - "by the way," "incidentally"
Joey: There's a lot of construction going on in our street.

Jill: I know. It's been so dusty!
Joey: Now, they're building a new parking lot across the hospital.
Jill: By the way, some hospital staff are coming to do a health survey in our office
today. They're doing a study on lung diseases.
2. to give a generalization - "as a rule," "generally speaking," "in most cases," "on the
whole"
Lung diseases have become so common in recent years. In most cases, air pollution
is a major cause.
3. to give an example - "for example," "for instance," "to illustrate"
For example, it can give us lung cancer, emphysema or asthma.
4. to summarize ideas - "to summarize," "to sum up," "in short"
In short, dirty air is bad for our health.
5. to correct or clarify an idea - "actually," "what I mean is"
Actually, I would dare say that air pollution is the cause of 99 percent of all lung
diseases.
6. to show a result - "as a result," "therefore," "thus," "in that case"
Therefore, we must lessen air pollution.
7. to show our attitude/feelings towards what we are saying - "frankly," "honestly,"

"fortunately," "sadly"
Fortunately, there are a lot of things we can do to accomplish that.
8. to pause before saying what we want to say - "well," "you know"
Well, I guess so.
You know, you're right!
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Idiomatic expressions with FOOD I
Below is a list of idiomatic expressions with food.
eat humble pie

to be forced to apologize or admit one's
mistake
egg (someone) on
to force someone to do something
gravy train
a job or any other source of income that requires
little work for good pay
hot potato
a sensitive issue or problem
in a nutshell
briefly; in short; in summary
in the soup
to be in a difficult situation; in trouble
just one's cup of tea

something that one likes or is interested in
Note: The opposite of this idiom would be not one's cup of tea, which refers to something
that one doesn't like or is not interested in.
spice things up
to make something more interesting, exciting or lively
spill the beans

to reveal information or the truth about something, especially a secret
take (something) with a pinch of salt

to consider something as not totally true or reliable
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Idiomatic expressions with FOOD II
Below is a list of idiomatic expressions with food.
put all your eggs in one basket

to depend or rely on one thing; to focus one's resources on
one possibility
bear fruit
to produce results
big cheese
a very important and influential person
(someone's) bread and butter

a person's main source of income or livelihood
bring home the bacon

to earn a living, especially for a family
butter someone up/butter up to someone

to be very nice to someone in order to get something in return
as cool as a cucumber
very calm and relaxed, especially in a difficult situation
cream of the crop

the best of a certain group
cry over spilled milk

to get upset over something that can no longer be undone
be the toast of (a group or a place)

to be the person who is most favored by a group of people or by the people in a place
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Verb tenses: A review
Verb tenses: A review
PAST PRESENT FUTURE

The manager called The manager calls for The manager will call
for a meeting a meeting. for a meeting
yesterday. tomorrow.
The manager calls for
a meeting every week. The manager is going
to call for a meeting
The manager calls for tomorrow.
meetings.
Use Use
Use
To talk about actions To talk about actions
To talk about actions that happen in the that will happen at a
that started and ended present, habits or later time; plans and
in the past regular actions, and predictions
facts
Form Form
SIMPLE Form
base form (plural) will + verb
regular verb + -d or -ed they work will work
used, worked
-s (singular) is going to + verb
irregular verb (change she works is going to work
spelling)
had, said, went am going to + verb
am going to work
are going to + verb

are going to work
Time expressions
Time expressions
tomorrow, next week,
yesterday, last month, next month, later, etc.
last week, last year, a
while ago
CONTINUOUS The programmers Right now, the The programmers will
were arguing about programmers are be arguing about the
technology when the arguing about the technology to use for
project leader entered technology to use for their latest project.
the conference room. their latest project.
The programmers are
going to be arguing
about the technology
to use for their latest
project.
Use
Use Use
To talk about actions To talk about actions To talk about

that took place in the that are happening at prolonged action that
past. the moment. will be done at a later
time
Form
Form Form
is + -ing
was + -ing is computing will be + -ing
was listening will be writing
am + -ing
were + -ing am computing (be) going to be + -ing
were listening (be) going to be
are + -ing writing
are computing
Time expressions
at the moment, right

now, currently, etc.
PERFECT They had been They have been They will have been
colleagues for a colleagues for a colleagues for eleven
decade before the decade. years by 2016.
project closed.
They have been They are going to
colleagues since have been colleagues
2005. for eleven years by
2016.
Use Use
Use
To talk about a To talk about actions
completed past action To talk about actions that will be completed
that took place before that were completed at or perfected at a later
another past action a certain time before time
the present or actions
that extend up to the
present time
Form Form
Form
had + past participle will + have + past
had gone has + past participle participle
has flown will have finished
have + past participle (be) going to + have +

have flown past participle
(be) going to have
finished
Time expressions Time expressions

Time expressions
since (for beginnings)

used with simple past for (for duration) by, by the time
through the use of
before and after.
The team had been The team has been The team will have
working on the same working on the same been working on the
project for six months project for six months. same project for six
when the team leader months by September.
got transferred.
Use Use Use
To talk about To talk about repeated To talk about

continuous past or continuous actions continuous actions that
actions that have been in the past or actions will be completed at a
completed before that may still be later time or in the
PERFECT another action (usually continuing in the future. (Will is more
CONTINUOUS used with the simple present or will be frequently used than
past). continued in the future. be going to)
Form Form
Form
had + been + -ing will + have + been +
had been writing has + been + -ing -ing
has been telling will have been signing
has or have + been + (be) going to + have +

-ing been +-ing
have been telling (be) going to have
been signing
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How to use signposts in a presentation
Study the phrases used in signposting.
Karl Wilson is giving a presentation to propose a new inventory control system for his
company.
"Good afternoon, everyone. Allow me to begin by introducing myself. I'm Karl Wilson from
the inventory management department.
"I'm here to present my proposal for a new inventory control system (ICS) software for
Vintage Book Exchange Ltd.
"I've divided my presentation into three sections: The first section will cover the main
reasons why a change in our ICS is essential. The second section will discuss the
proposed new ICS. The third section will show the advantages of the new ICS.
"Let's go straight to the main reasons why we should change our current inventory control
system. We work in a fast-paced industry, and our inventory control system is outdated.
"Take, for instance, the increasing number of errors in textbook inventory. We may run out
of textbook stock without even knowing it.
"As you can see from the screen, retail companies are now turning to more advanced ICS
software such as Barcode Plus.
"This brings us to my proposed inventory control system, Barcode Plus. This system is a
web-based, multi-user software that will streamline our systems.
"I'd like now to discuss the advantages of using Barcode Plus. The Barcode Plus
centralizes inventory control for all our stores. It allows us to check the position of our
stocks online. We can check our billing details. We can also generate different analysis
reports."
"To elaborate further, a more advanced inventory control system will give us more
controls that will help minimize the risk of errors.
"So to recap, based on the facts I've presented, our current ICS is outdated and inefficient.
A more advanced inventory control system like Barcode Plus will enable the company to
eliminate errors in inventory and gain proper systematic control of our items.
"That concludes my presentation this afternoon. I am hoping for your support and
approval. Thank you and good day."
Phrases you can use to signpost in a presentation
Opening the presentation:
Allow me to begin by ...

To start off this presentation, ...
Explaining the purpose of the presentation:
I'm standing in front of you today to ...

I'm here to ...
Introducing the main topics/points:
First, I will ... to be followed by ... and lastly, ...

I will be discussing ... , after which ... , and finally, ...
I've divided my presentation into ...
Starting the first topic:
Let's go straight to ...

Now for our first topic, ...
Let's begin with ...
Giving examples:
Take, for instance, ...

Let us consider the example of ...
Showing visuals:
As you can see from the ...

You'll notice in the ...
Shifting to the next topic:
This brings us to ...

I'd like now to discuss ...
Let me turn now to ...
Giving more details:
To illustrate this point, ...

To elaborate further, ...
Summarizing:
So to recap, ...
To summarize what we've covered, ...
Concluding the presentation:
That wraps up ...

That concludes ...
Allow me to end my ... by ...
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Types of business organizations
Here is a list of the different types of business organizations.
affiliate company
a company related to another organization either
through common ownership or control
conglomerate
a group of companies where the member
companies are engaged in different types of
businesses
consolidation
the combination of two or more companies to form
one organization. Unlike the merger, a new
entity/business name is created with this action.
corporation
a company owned by a group of people or companies. A corporation is recognized by law
to be a single entity. Ownership in a corporation is based on number of shares of stocks.
general partnership
business organization with two or more investors, where each investor is liable for the debts
and taxes of the business. The business is dissolved when at least one partner chooses to
end his relationship with the company. Personal properties of partners may also be
involved in case the company suffers from insolvency.
joint venture
a contractual agreement between two or more business organizations in order to do a
business activity. Each organization keeps its own identity, and the relationship ends when
the business activity ends.
limited liability company (LLC) / limited liability partnership (LLP)

a type of company whose owners receive limited liability and tax benefits of a corporation,
without having to follow all corporation requirements. Many professional organizations,
such as law and accounting firms, are LLCs.
limited partnership
similar to general partnership, but partners are liable to debtors only to the extent of their
individual investments
merger
the combination of two or more entities combined to form one organization but, unlike a
consolidation, each company keeps its own identity
non-profit organization / not-for-profit organization

an organization that exists for various causes, such as education or human welfare.
Shareholders or partners of such an organization do not get dividends or any other financial
benefit. Examples are religious and civic groups.
parent company / holding company

a company that controls the common stocks, management, and operations of another
company, called a subsidiary
S corporation
a corporation where 50% of the stocks are owned by very few people. S corporations enjoy
the legal benefits of a corporation but is taxed like a general partnership.
sole proprietorship / single proprietorship

a business organization with only one investor who is solely responsible for all the liabilities
and taxes of the business
subsidiary / controlled company

a company that is controlled by a parent/holding company
trust
a legal entity that holds the ownership, but not the control, of the assets of another entity
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Business structures
Here is a list of terms related to business structures:
accountability
responsibility
business structure
describes whether your business is a sole proprietorship, a
partnership, or a corporation
chain of command
the line of power, from the person who holds the most
authority and accountability in a company, to the person who
holds the least of both
cooperative
a business owned by its employees and clients, who all hold
equal profit shares and voting rights
corporation
a business owned by many people, whose shares in the profits are determined by the
amount of ownership they hold
corporate structure
a description of the different departments and positions in a company
organizational chart
a picture that shows a company's corporate structure
partnership
a business owned by two people
rank-and-file employees
the workers at the bottom ranks of a corporate structure
sole proprietorship
a business owned by one person only
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Adjectives with prepositions: OF
The following adjectives are used with "of":
adjective +
sample sentences
preposition
proud of Carlo is proud of his designs.
ashamed of He is not ashamed of his work.
sure of We are sure of his success.
fond of Amelie is fond of math.
She is capable of working on complicated
capable of
formulas.
incapable of I am incapable of the work that Amelie does.
jealous of / We are all jealous of Amelie's skills. / We are
envious of all envious of Amelie's skills.
short of Our team is short of time.
aware of You are all aware of the deadline.
The product needs to be recalled while the
unaware of
market is still unaware of its defects.
Consumers are tired of hearing about
tired of
defective products.
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Adjectives with prepositions: TO
The following adjectives are used with "to":
adjective +
sample sentences
preposition
similar to Ann's management style is similar to Joan's.
Ann is not opposed to Joan's ideas for the
opposed to
project.
amenable to Ann is amenable to almost all of Joan's plans.
Their disagreements are limited to the time
limited to
line.
The key to fulfillment is finding a job that is
related to
related to your skills and interests.
Cathy's work is unrelated to her abilities. She
unrelated to works in finance but she has always been
better at artistic activities.
We are all accustomed to receiving praise
accustomed to /
from our manager. / We are all used to
used to
receiving praise from our manager.
unaccustomed
We are unaccustomed to being criticized. /
to /
We are unused to being criticized.
unused to
engaged to Harry is engaged to Sally.
married to William is married to Kate.
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How to describe company structure
Study the phrases used in describing company structure.
The HR manager of Elixir Computers is conducting a new-hire orientation. He describes the

structure of the company in his presentation.
"Good morning, everyone! My name is Gabriel Dubois. Welcome to Elixir Computers. You
are now part of the third largest computer company in the world. On your first day as the
newest members of Elixir, you will learn about the company's structure. Everyone, please
take a look at the screen.
"We are a subsidiary of the Oasis Group. The Oasis Group owns Elixir Computers,
Renegade Communications, and North Wind Solutions. Our parent company is a
multimillion dollar conglomerate with 50,000 employees around the world. At the head of
the organizational tree are our stockholders, followed by the Board of Directors, and
then the CEO, Helene Van Dyke. Under the CEO are the presidents of the Oasis
subsidiaries: Daniela Santos for Elixir Computers, Pierre Roy for Renegade
Communications, and Giles Schiffer for North Wind Solutions.
"Elixir is divided into four major departments, each headed by a vice president: Sales and
Marketing, Research and Development, Customer Relationship Management, and
Administration. Within the departments are managers overseeing several teams of
employees.
"The Sales and Marketing Department, led by Demetrio Esposito, deals with campaigns
and strategies that aim to widen our client base and strengthen our company image. The
Research and Development Department, led by Kazuo Takei, is responsible for creating
new technology and increasing our stock of knowledge on existing technology. The
Customer Relationship Management, led by Marguerite Pepin, is in charge of providing
customer service and technical support. The Administration section, led by Robert
McGregor, covers human resources, finance, and operations."
Phrases you can use to describe company structure
To show relationships:
At the head of the organizational tree are ... followed by ... and then the ...
under the ...
headed by ...
led by ...
is under ...
overseeing / oversees ...
(Name of company) is divided into ... each headed by ...
within the departments are ...
To describe activities and objectives:
_____ deals with ... that aim to ...

_____ is responsible for ...
_____ is accountable to ...

_____ is in charge of ...
_____ covers ...
_____ is assisted by ...
_____ is supported by ...
_____ reports to ...
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Business phrasal verbs
Here is a list of phrasal verbs commonly used in business:
get by
survive with difficulty
The company is earning very little, but we are able to
get by -- this year.
go under
become bankrupt
If things do not get better, we will surely go under.
put off
wait for a later time before doing something
We have to lessen our expenses. We cannot put this
off any longer.
step down
to leave a responsibility; to resign from a position
If you cannot manage the company, you need to step down and let others do it.
take on
to accept a responsibility/to hire
Nobody wants to take on the position of president. (to accept responsibility)
Michael needs to take on good salespeople to increase the company's income. (hire)
take over
to get the control of something from somebody else
Company X wants to take over this company by buying the majority of the shares.
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10 commonly used idiomatic expressions
Below are ten commonly used idiomatic expressions in English.
a piece of cake
very easy
cold turkey
to quit completely and immediately
for good
permanently
hang out
stay often at a place or with a group
hold on
wait
keep something in mind

remember
kind of
a little
right away
now
take place
happen
used to
regularly did something in the past
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Present participle vs. past participle
Participles are words that look like verbs but are used as adjectives.
1. The present participle ends in "-ing." It describes what an object does or what an object
is used for.
The water sparkles; it is sparkling water.
This water is for drinking; it is drinking water.
2. The past participle takes the perfect form of the verb, e.g. taken, gone, been. It
describes the action that was done to the object.
John edited the draft of this report last night. This is an edited report.
That's the approved budget. The officers discussed and approved it yesterday.
3. Other examples:
The story bores me. It's a boring story. I am bored.
That magic trick amazed the crowd. It's an amazing trick. The amazed crowd
applauded.
What did you use for washing these clothes? I used a washing machine. Here are
the washed clothes.
The teacher prepared an interesting lesson. Her interested students discussed it for
a long time.
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How to talk about trends
Study the words and phrases used to talk about trends.
To keep up with the green trend, the upper management of Capistrano Communications
held a meeting to discuss policies that they should modify in order to operate in a more
environmentally friendly manner.
Chris, the CEO of Capistrano Communications, invited Portia, an environmental consultant,

to give upper management some input on the basics of running a green office.
Chris: I've heard a lot about the green trend, and I wondered if you could tell us what it's
all about. I see plenty of companies jumping on the bandwagon. I'm wondering if it's really
worth the cost to run an environmentally friendly office.
Portia : I'm glad you asked, Chris. Going green, or operating an environmentally friendly
office, is in these days because it not only saves your company money but also helps
conserve the environment.
Chris: That sounds promising -- but are you sure it isn't just a fad?
Portia: I can assure you right now that this trend will gain even more popularity in the years
to come. Many companies have already gone green, and in the future, many more will
follow suit.
Chris: I see. How does it work? What small things could we do to get started?
Portia: A lot of companies start by conserving energy. Managers remind their employees to
turn computers off and unplug any electrical equipment not in use. Lights are turned off
when offices are empty.
Chris: Those are great ideas. What else?
Portia: There is a significant decrease in the use of paper in the business world. To save
forests and money as well, companies are going paperless by digitizing their documents
and circulating them through email.
Chris: Hmm. Okay, please go on.
Portia: Fewer companies are using paper cups and paper plates. They make their
employees bring their own mugs, plates, and silverware to the office.
Chris: Those all sound good to me. I think we should adopt these practices. Now what do
the others think?
Phrases and words used to describe trends:
A lot of companies/people are jumping on the bandwagon.

_____ is "in" these days.
This trend will even gain more popularity.
Many companies/people have already done it and many more will follow suit.
There is a significant increase/decrease in _____.

Fewer/more companies/people are _____.
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Idiomatic expressions with HAND
The following are idiomatic expressions that use "hand":
at hand
soon; near
by hand
without using a machine
firsthand
direct from the source
get out of hand

become uncontrollable
hand in
submit
hand in hand
together
in good hands
well cared for; well managed
lend a hand
help
on hand
presently available
on the other hand

however; but
(one's) hands are tied

one is not free to do something
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Adjectives with prepositions: ABOUT, FOR, IN, WITH
The following adjectives are used with "about," "for," "in" or "with":
adjective +
sample sentences
preposition
We are all anxious about the launching of our new
anxious about
product.
We are confident about our existing clients' response
confident about
to the new product.
doubtful about Our boss is doubtful about its appeal to new clients.
Jim is very sure about the positive results of his
sure about
performance evaluation.
He is very optimistic about getting a promotion next
optimistic about
month.
pessimistic Chloe is pessimistic about her promotion because
about her sales have decreased this quarter.
Our company is famous for its fast and efficient
famous for
service.
It is possible for us to complete repairs within 24
possible for
hours.
impossible for It is impossible for us to be late.
interested in Martha is interested in becoming a research analyst.
proficient in She is proficient in research and statistics.
bored with Sandra gets easily bored with easy assignments.
Diana is very patient with new employees. She is in
patient with
charge of their training.
Stephen gets impatient with employees who are not
impatient with comfortable with technology. He doesn't enjoy helping
them with the software.
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Verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives
Some verbs are often followed by gerunds, and some are often followed by
infinitives.
1. The following verbs are often followed by gerunds:
admit enjoy mind recommend

appreciate finish miss resent
avoid imagine postpone resist
consider involve practice resume
deny keep (continue) quit risk
dislike mention recall suggest
2. The following verbs are often followed by infinitives:
agree claim intend prepare

aim decide learn pretend
appear/seem deserve manage (be able) promise/vow/swear
beg/demand expect need refuse
care fail offer/volunteer strive
choose hope/wish/long plan tend
3. There are no fixed rules for determining whether a verb is followed by a gerund or an
infinitive. We learn them by exposure and practice.
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How to describe a product
Study how the products are described in the sample advertisements:
The XYZ 3000 Camera
Our new model, the XYZ 3000 is the latest in our line of point and shoot cameras for casual
users.
The XYZ 3000 has a big LCD which gives you a better view of your subject. It has an
improved optical zoom lens which lets you take sharper, clearer pictures.
The XYZ 3000 with its compact, lightweight design fits easily into any small hand bag or
pocket and comes in 5 exciting new colors.
Sunflower Bleach
Spotless Cleaning Products presents Sunflower Bleach. Sunflower Bleach cleans and
disinfects without leaving a harsh smell or drying your sensitive skin.
Sunflower Bleach is made from organic, biodegradable ingredients that won't harm the
environment. It is strong enough to kill germs and bacteria, but mild enough for your skin.
Now you can clean your house without worrying about harsh smells or harmful chemicals.
Some phrases you can use to describe products
To state its features:

The product has (features) ... The XYZ 3000 has a big LCD.
It has (features). It has an improved optical zoom lens.
To say what material the product is made of:

It is made of (material). This ladder is made of steel.
You use "made of" when the original material has not changed.
To say what material the product is made from:

It is made from (material). Sunflower Bleach is made from recycled materials.
You use "made from" when the original material has changed.
To say what the product can do:

It has (feature) which (verb) ... It has an improved lens which lets you take clearer pictures.
It can (verb). It can help you work better.
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How to persuade customers to buy a product
Read and study the sales presentation below.
E-products Inc. is launching Smart ElectroCig at an international expo for smoking

substitutes. Warren Chomsky, manager of the E-products Inc. innovations department,
gives a presentation on the new product.
Good morning, ladies and gentlemen! I'm Warren Chomsky, manager of the innovations
department of E-products, Inc. I'd like to thank you all for joining us.
I am standing in front of you today to introduce our company's latest product. But before
that, allow me to ask you a couple of questions. Who among you are smokers? Aren't you
tired of trying to kick the habit by using alternatives that are not effective? But now Smart
ElectroCig is here!
Smart ElectroCig is the best new cigarette alternative in the market. It gives you the same
look, feel and satisfaction you get from smoking ordinary cigarettes, except it's better
because it's not bad for your health!
Unlike your ordinary cigarette, Smart ElectroCig does not contain harmful substances such
as tobacco, tar, carbon monoxide and other carcinogens. It only emits a water-based vapor
composed of propylene glycol, a safe, organic compound found in vegetables. It has a
scent that imitates the smell of tobacco but quickly goes away. Just imagine the
convenience of being able to smoke anywhere -- without the horrible smell that sticks to
your clothes! And the most important ingredient of Smart ElectroCig is nicotine. Let me
show you how it works.
I have here with me the ElectroCig Starter Kit. It comes with six cartridges, an atomizer,
charger, spare battery, and of course, an owner's manual. The first thing you have to do is
disassemble the cigarette by unscrewing the cartridge from the battery. After that, connect
the battery to the charger and leave it for an initial charge of eight hours. Once the indicator
light at the tip of the battery stops blinking, disconnect it from the charger and screw it back
to the cartridge. Check if the indicator light at the tip of the cigarette is glowing. If it is, then
you're all set! Once you take a drag, the atomizer inside the cartridge containing the liquid
solution will start to heat the air inside and cause a vaporized liquid to come out.
All of this, ladies and gentlemen, for the affordable price of $59.95!
You can start living a healthier life by getting yourself a Smart ElectroCig! With Smart
ElectroCig, you can quit smoking without actually quitting!
Once again, I'd like to thank you all for joining us. Have a great day!
Here are some phrases to use in persuading customers to buy a product.
For greeting the audience:

Good evening, ladies and gentlemen! I am _____ a representative of _____.
Hello, everyone! My name is _____ and I am the manager of _____.
For addressing the need of the audience:

Aren't you sick of _____?
Haven't you ever wanted to _____?
Don't you wish _____?
For introducing the product:

Worry no more, because _____ is here!
I have something here that can solve your problems. Introducing: _____!
For describing how easy it is to use the product:

All you have to do is
It's so easy to use! Just ...
For convincing the audience of the product's affordability:

Now, would you believe that this only costs _____?
You can have all this for only _____!
For ending the presentation:

Thank you so much for your time. Have a nice evening!
That's all, ladies and gentlemen. Good day!
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Sports-related idioms used in business
The following is a list of some business idioms that are related to sports.
Sports and business are similar in many ways. Both

involve teamwork and money. Both need strategy
and planning. Both are very competitive.
It's no wonder then that many idioms used in

business are related to sports.
at this stage of the game

at this time; after everything that has already been
done
game plan
strategy
in good shape
in good financial condition
level the playing field

to make conditions fair for everyone
no sweat
no problem; it can be done very easily
not by a long shot

not at all
play the game

to act in the expected way
two can play at that game

This idiom is usually said when someone does something bad to you. It means that if a
person can do a bad thing to you, you can do the same bad thing to that person.
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Passive verb forms
Most sentences are active. We use the passive form when we want to emphasize the
person or thing receiving the action. Listed below are the different passive verb
forms.
1. Simple tenses: linking verb + past participle
a. Simple present
Active: Ben swims five laps every morning.
Passive: Five laps are swum by Ben every morning.
b. Simple past
Active: Ben swam five laps yesterday morning.
Passive: Five laps were swum by Ben yesterday morning.
c. Simple future
Active: Ben will swim five laps tomorrow morning.
Passive: Five laps will be swum by Ben tomorrow morning.
2. Continuous tenses: "be" verb + "being" + past participle
a. Present continuous
Active: Kathryn is designing the brochure.
Passive: The brochure is being designed by Kathryn.
b. Past continuous
Active: Kathryn was designing the brochure when her boss sent new
instructions.
Passive: The brochure was being designed by Kathryn when her boss sent
new instructions.
c. Future continuous (rarely used in the passive form)
Active: Kathryn will be designing the brochure until Ben comes to help her.
Passive: The brochure will be being designed by Kathryn until Ben comes to
help her.
3. Perfect tenses: "have" verb + "been" + past participle
a. Present perfect
Active: Jeff has invited Rita to the company dinner.
Passive: Rita has been invited by Jeff to the company dinner.
b. Past perfect
Active: Jeff had invited Rita to the company dinner before he invited Harry.
Passive: Rita had been invited by Jeff to the company dinner before he invited
Harry.
c. Future perfect
Active: By tomorrow, Jeff will have invited Rita to the company dinner.
Passive: By tomorrow, Rita will have been invited by Jeff to the company
dinner.
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How to describe market trends
Take note of the words and phrases used to talk about market trends.
Veronica is explaining market trends to Betty.
Betty: Hey, Veronica. You look happy today.
Veronica: Yes, I've got a great reason to be happy. The economy's starting to show signs
of recovery.
Betty: That is good news! What signs are we talking about?
Veronica: Well, this graph shows that the Financial Select Sector SPDR Fund rose 6.4%.
Betty: Veronica, I'm sorry, but that doesn't really mean anything to me.
Veronica: I'm talking about the prices of bank stocks. The Financial Select Sector SPDR
Fund is like a basket that has all the bank stocks in it. Prices of bank stocks in general have
increased. I invested in one before the recession, so I'm glad it's going up now.
Phrases for talking about market trends
Going up:
Dow climbs 2.3% in broad rally, Nikkei gains 2.2%
European stocks advanced Wednesday
basic resources stocks rebounded from their lows
commodities ticked higher
gold pushed above $922 an ounce
Going down:
crude slides to 8-week low
the dollar edged lower
Korean Won continues to plummet
Colombia's stock market rally is likely to peter out
Staying flat:
the unemployment rate held steady last month
after settling Monday at $59.69 per barrel
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How to describe economic trends
Study the words and phrases you can use to describe trends.
In business, a trend is the relatively constant movement of a variable over a period of

time.
A trend may be:
going up
staying flat
going down
Trends are usually shown by the direction of movement of a line on a line graph, or by the
difference between bars on a bar chart.
Here is an example of a line graph:
Here is an example of a bar chart:
The two examples present the same data. From January to June, the trend is rising. From
July to December, the trend is falling.
Rising and falling are verbs (or action words) telling us how the movement is going.
Here are some words for describing economic trends.
Verbs: boom, bounce, climb, elevate, escalate, go up, grow, increase, pick up, rally, reach
a high, recover, rise, rocket, soar
Nouns: a boom, a bounce, a climb, an elevation, an escalation, a growth, an increase, a

rally, a recovery, a rise
Verbs: flatten out, hold steady, level off, remain constant, stabilize
Nouns: a flattening out, a level, a constancy, a stability
Verbs: bottom out, collapse, crash, decline, decrease, drop, fall, falter, go down, plummet,
plunge, slide, slump
Nouns: a bottom, a collapse, a crash, a decline, a decrease, a drop, a fall, a plummet, a

plunge, a slide, a slump
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Phrasal verbs about money
The following are phrasal verbs about money:
cough up
to give/spend money unwillingly
Mr. Smith needs to cough up a lot of money for
the holiday celebrations.
lay out
to spend a lot of money
Last year, we laid out $250,000 for the
antismoking campaign.
save up
to keep money for future use
I spent the whole year saving up for my trip to Japan.
put aside
to save money for a specific purpose
You should put aside some money for emergency purposes.
scrape by
to live on very little money
James doesn't earn much, so his family scrapes by the whole year.
dip into
to use a small amount of money set aside for a purpose
I try not to dip into my college fund.
pay back
to return borrowed money
There's no shame in borrowing money -- just make sure you pay back the debt on time.
tide over
to have enough money up to a certain time
My temporary job is helping tide over my family until I get a permanent one.
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Business and money idioms
Here are some business and money idioms:
bottom line
final result; net income
cost an arm and a leg

to be very expensive
feather one's own nest

to use one's position to get money for oneself
in the pipeline
being prepared; in progress
keep one's head above water

to have just enough money to stay in business
make ends meet

to have enough money to pay for the things one needs
money talks
those who have money also have power
money to burn
a lot of extra money
monkey business
dishonest practices
put one's money where one's mouth is

to stop talking and start doing something
selling like hotcakes

getting sold quickly, in large numbers
tighten one's belt

to spend less money
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First conditional
The first conditional is also called "the real conditional" because it talks about real
possibilities.
1.The first conditional describes what will happen if a condition is met.
If you prepare well, you will win the account.
2. The first conditional sentence is formed by combining CONDITION (simple present

tense) + RESULT (simple future tense).
If you dont lower the price, the client will reject the proposal.
Unless you lower the price, the client will reject the proposal.
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Mixed second and third conditional
The mixed second and third conditional says that a present situation is the cause of
a past result/action.
1. The mixed second and third conditional says that if a present situation were not true, the
past action would have been different.
If John did not love his job, he would have quit a long time ago.
(Present situation: John loves his job. Past action: He did not quit his job.)
If Nellie had her cell phone, she would have called you already.
(Present situation: Nelli doesn't have her cell phone with her. Past action: She did not
call you.)
2. The mixed second and third conditional sentence is formed by combining CONDITION
("if" + simple past tense) + RESULT ("would have" + past participle).
If I were good at math, I would have been an accountant.
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Conditionals using COULD
The use of "could" changes the level of certainty expressed in a conditional

sentence.
1. In the second conditional, replace "would" with "could" to express less certainty about a
hypothetical future result.
If I learned another language, I would get a better job.
If I learned another language, I could get a better job.
2. In the third conditional, replace "would" with "could" to express less certainty about a
hypothetical past result.
You would have gotten the job if you had gone to the interview.
You could have gotten the job if you had gone to the interview.
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How to discuss economics
Study the phrases Jerome and Liza use to discuss the economic situation.
Jerome and Liza are attending a human resource planning conference. Over lunch, their
conversation turns to the global unemployment problem.
Liza: Well, the situation is that developed countries have an average unemployment rate of
9 percent. From the way things are going, it seems likely that advanced economies would
have to keep struggling to create enough jobs for the work force.
Jerome: I read that the number of jobless people worldwide has gone over 210 million, with
an increase of 35 million from last year. That is a huge leap! As things are, that number will
continue to rise as a result of the continuous expansion of the work force. When is this
problem foreseen to end?
Liza: The International Monetary Fund believes it will last until 2011. Studying past global
recessions, it says developed countries must do more to jump-start job markets.
Jerome: I know the United States has started offering tax rebates to employers willing to
take on the long-term unemployed.
Liza: Yes. Policies like that would help. If more countries enforce policies to support the
labor market, this will increase the chances of an earlier recovery.
Jerome: What other policies do you think should be crafted?
Liza: The recent trend shows that around 40 million young women and men enter the
global labor market each year. Countries must target job creation for young people.
Jerome: True. And, with productivity levels so low for many countries, there is an urgent
need for governments to establish basic social protection programs to cushion the poor
against the effects of the economic slowdown.
Liza: I agree. There is an urgent need for stronger social dialogue among countries too.
Jerome: Yes. No country is isolated from this problem anymore.
Some phrases you can use when talking about economics
To talk about the present situation:
As things are ...

The situation is ...
Currently, the (company/industry/country) is experiencing ...
To give explanations:
This is due to ...

The reason for this is ...
As a result of ...
To make predictions:
From the way things are going, it seems likely that ...
We expect that ...
Studying past figures, we believe ...
The forecast is that ...
To talk about trends:
The trends show that ...

It looks like things are headed ...
To talk about expected results:
We hope that this will result in ...

If we do this, it increases the chances of ...
We believe this will ...
Judging from past figures, we should be able to ...
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Idiomatic expressions with TIME I
The following are idiomatic expressions that use "time":
against time
with a quickly approaching deadline
I would love to rest, but I can't; I'm working against time.
do/serve time
to spend time in prison to serve a sentence
He did not pay his taxes for several years, so he will have to
do time.
from time to time

occasionally
My boss visits our overseas branches from time to time.
make time
to set aside time for a specific purpose
After finishing your presentation slides, you should make
time to proofread them.
some other time

on another date or time
Sorry, but I'm busy today. Maybe we can meet some other time.
take a time-out
to take a short break
You need to take a time-out. Youve been working for six hours straight!
take ones time

to not hurry
I took my time studying the results of the lab tests because I wanted to be sure about them.
take time
to need or use a lot of time
It takes time to learn how to use the new computer software.
take time off

to not report to work or school
Today, Brenda took time off from work to visit the doctor.
time in
to officially report to work
My colleagues and I time in at 8:00 a.m. every day.
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Idiomatic expressions with TIME II
The following are idiomatic expressions that use "time":
a bad time
an inconvenient time, usually because one is busy with
something else
I hope I didnt catch you at a bad time. I just need to ask a
quick favor.
a hard time
difficulty
We had a hard time doing the project because the client did not
really know what he wanted.
have the time of one's life

enjoy very much
I am having the time of my life; I don't want to go home yet.
in due time
after some time
You might not appreciate my advice now, but in due time, you will.
it's high time

it should have happened long ago
It's high time you learned to drive your car.
it's time
now is the scheduled time to do something
It's time for me to get dressed and go to work.
stand the test of time

not become outdated or get broken quickly
Our products are of the highest quality, so they will stand the test of time.
time and time again

repeatedly
I've told you time and time again that you need to get a job.
got time on one's hands

to have nothing else to do
I could help you with what you're doing; I've got time on my hands.
time's up
there is no more time left
Time's up! Let's continue the meeting tomorrow.
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Future perfect continuous tense
The future perfect continuous tense is also called the future perfect progressive
tense.
1. The future perfect continuous tense is formed by combining "shall/will" + "have been" +
verb + "-ing."
She will have been teaching this class for eight years by the time she turns 30.
2. The future perfect continuous tense is used when describing how long a future action will
have been in progress when a future time arrives.
Your friend left you a message to call her back an hour ago. She will have been
waiting for your return call for an hour by now.
Next year, Mr. Santiago will have been heading the company for 55 years, but he
still has no plans to retire.
Tomorrow is my first year anniversary with this company; I will have been working
here for a year already.
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How to make projections
Study the phrases used to make projections.
Michael, the CEO of ThinkGlobal Consulting, is having a planning conference with the
company's board of directors. They are making projections about the company's
performance in the coming year.
Michael: Good morning, everyone! I would just like to announce that the plans we've made
for ThinkGlobal next year are already under way.
Julia: Well, that's good news then! So by the end of next year, we will have expanded our
operations to the Asia-Pacific region.
Bradley: That's right! And our headquarters in Manila will have been fully operational by
the time we start construction on our Tokyo and Shanghai offices.
Diana: Our business expansion will definitely solidify our presence in the Asia-Pacific
market and possibly even help us break into the African market as well.
Jordan: According to our analysts, ThinkGlobal will have overtaken Global Solutions Asia
as the premier HR consulting firm in the Asia-Pacific at the end of the second quarter of
next year.
Michael: To make that a reality, we should make sure that our strategies will be carried out
well.
Julia: Not to worry. I've already had several meetings with the marketing department. They
will come up with new ways for us to attract more clients.
Bradley: Meanwhile, Global Solutions Asia will have been relying on the same strategy for
almost three years by the time we hit the market with our new campaigns.
Jordan: ThinkGlobal will also have been providing a new and bigger array of services by
the time Global Solutions realizes what is happening.
Here are some phrases you can use to make projections.
... will have ... by/at the end of ...

We will have expanded our operations to Europe by the end of 2012.
International Ventures will have earned more than $10 million at the end of this quarter.
Before/By/At/After the end of the year/quarter/first half ... will have

reached/expanded/grown ...
By the end of 2012, we will have expanded our operations to Europe.
Before the third quarter of this year, ProStart Computers will have overtaken SmarTech.
After the second quarter of next year, Loquy Comm will have opened its New York office.
... will (also) have been ... by the time ...

Green Global will have been operating in full swing in Latin America by the time the
company starts expanding into Africa.
By the time ... will (also) have been ...

By the time its competitors catch on, Green Global will also have been releasing its new
products into the market.

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Discourse markers are used:

1. to show a result - "as a result," "therefore," "thus"

2. to repeat an idea - "in other words," "again"

3. to add an idea - "also," "in addition," "besides"

Be as clear as possible during your negotiation meeting. In addition, make sure to

4. to emphasize an idea - "above all," "most importantly"

5. to confirm an idea - "indeed," "in fact," "of course"

6. to compare - "equally," "similarly," "likewise"

7. to contradict - "however," "nonetheless," "and yet," "still"

8. to contrast - "on the other hand," "in contrast"

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Discourse markers are used:

1. to signal a change of subject - "by the way," "incidentally"

Joey: There's a lot of construction going on in our street.

3. to give an example - "for example," "for instance," "to illustrate"

For example, it can give us lung cancer, emphysema or asthma.

4. to summarize ideas - "to summarize," "to sum up," "in short"

In short, dirty air is bad for our health.

5. to correct or clarify an idea - "actually," "what I mean is"

6. to show a result - "as a result," "therefore," "thus," "in that case"

Therefore, we must lessen air pollution.

7. to show our attitude/feelings towards what we are saying - "frankly," "honestly,"

Fortunately, there are a lot of things we can do to accomplish that.

8. to pause before saying what we want to say - "well," "you know"

Well, I guess so.

You know, you're right!

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Idiomatic expressions with FOOD I

Below is a list of idiomatic expressions with food.

eat humble pie

just one's cup of tea

spill the beans

take (something) with a pinch of salt

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Idiomatic expressions with FOOD II

Below is a list of idiomatic expressions with food.

put all your eggs in one basket

(someone's) bread and butter

bring home the bacon

butter someone up/butter up to someone

cream of the crop

cry over spilled milk

be the toast of (a group or a place)

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Verb tenses: A review

Verb tenses: A review

PAST PRESENT FUTURE

are going to + verb

To talk about actions To talk about actions To talk about

at the moment, right

have + past participle (be) going to + have +

Time expressions Time expressions

since (for beginnings)

Use Use Use

To talk about To talk about repeated To talk about

has or have + been + (be) going to + have +

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