CHM431 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

EXP 1: CALORIMETRY: HESSS LAW

Name : Nurul Iman Amani Bt Che Awang
Students ID : 201417996
Lab partner : Siti Farah Wahida Ismail (2014773321)

Lecturer : Mr Mohd Sufri Bin Mastuli

Date of Experiment: 2th October 2017

Date of submission: 23rd October 2017

 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2017
Calorimetry: Hesss Law

Objective:

A) To compare the heat capacities of a coffee cup and a copper calorimeter.

B) To determine the standard enthalpy of formation of magnesium oxide, f

Introduction:

According to Hesss Law, the heat of reaction for a given reaction (in KJ mol -1) can be
determined by using the values of heat of reaction for other reactions.One of the reactions can
be expressed as the combination of the other two reactions. Therefore, the heat of reaction of
the one reaction should be equal to the sum of the heats of reaction for the other two.

In the present experiment, the enthalpy of formation of Magnesium Oxide will be calculated
from the algebraic sums of the following reactions.

The algebraic sum of the following reaction.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) (2)

MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2O (l) (3)

H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) (4)

_________________________________________________________________________

Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s) (1)

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The heat capacity of calorimeter can be obtained by measuring the temperature change.

qhot = qcold + qcal

qhot = mhc (Th Tf) = heat lost by hot water

qcold = mcc (Tf Tc) = heat gained by cold water

qcal = Ccal (Tf Tc) = heat gained by calorimeter

Where c = specific heat for water = 4.18 Jg-1 C

Ccal = heat capacity of the calorimeter
Th = temperature of hot water
Tc = temperature of cold water
Tf = final temperature after mixing
m = mass of water (cold or hot)

Apparatus:

1. Thermometer
2. Styrofoam cup with cover
3. 100cm3 beaker
4. 100cm3 graduated cylinder

Chemicals:

1. 2.0M hydrochloric acid

2. Magnesium oxide powder
3. Magnesium powder
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Method:

A. Reaction 1: Heat Capacity of Calorimeter

1. 50cm3 of tap water is transferred into a calorimeter by using a burette. The
thermometer and cover is replaced on the calorimeter. The water temperature is
recorded for four minutes at one minute intervals.
2. 50cm3 of hot water is measured by using a graduated cylinder and poured into a
beaker. The water temperature is recorded and poured completely into a calorimeter at
the fifth minute. The lid is replaced and the thermometer is used to stir the water. The
temperature is recorded every 15 seconds for the next three minutes.
3. Step 1 and 2 is repeated using the copper calorimeter. (cannot be done due to
insufficient equipment)

B. Reaction 2: Magnesium and Hydrochloric Acid

1. 1.1g of magnesium powder is weighed and recorded.
2. 50cm3 of 2M HCl is drained from a burette into the calorimeter. The thermometer and
cover is replaced. Temperature of HCl is recorded every minute for four minutes.
Magnesium powder is poured into the HCl at the fifth minutes. The lid is replaced and
thermometer is used to stir the water. The temperature is recorded for the next three
minutes at 15 seconds intervals.

C. Reaction 3: Magnesium Oxide and Hydrochloric Acid

1. 1.8g of magnesium oxide is weighed and recorded.
2. 50cm3 of 2M HCl is drained from a burette into the calorimeter. The thermometer and
cover is replaced. The temperature of HCl is recorded every minute for four minutes.
Magnesium oxider is poured into the HCl at the fifth minutes. The lid is replaced and
thermometer is used to stir the water. The temperature is recorded for the next three
minutes at 15 seconds intervals.
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DATASHEET EXPERIMENT 1

CALORIMETRY: HESSS LAW

Temperature of hot water (C) 58

Mass of Mg (g) 1.0756
Mass of MgO (g) 1.7273

Calorimeter (Styrofoam)
Time (s) T (C)
0 min 22
1 min 22
2 min 22
3 min 22
4 min 22
15 39
30 39
45 39
60 39
75 39
90 39
105 39
120 39
135 38
150 38
165 38
180 38
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Mg & HCl MgO & HCl
Time (s) T (C) Time (s) T (C)
0 min 22 0 min 22
1 min 22 1 min 22
2 min 22 2 min 22
3 min 22 3 min 22
4 min 22 4 min 22
15 37 15 23
30 41 30 23
45 48 45 23
60 75 60 23.2
75 76 75 23.5
90 78 90 24
105 78 105 24
120 81 120 24.2
135 81 135 24.5
150 81.8 150 24.5
165 81 165 24.5
180 81 180 24.9
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Discussion:
1. Result has been recorded in previous page.
2. The graph of the reaction is plotted as below:

Extrapolation of temperature vs time for an

exothermic process
90

80

70

60
Temperature (C)

50
Cofee cup calorimeter

40 Mg and HCl
MgO and HCl

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Time (min)
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3. Calculation of heat capacity of both calorimeter.

Heat capacity for coffee cup calorimeter

qhot = qcold + qcal

qhot = 50g X 4.18 J/gC X (58.0-39.0) C

= 3,971 J

qcold = 50g X 4.18 J/gC X (39.0-22.0) C

= 4,089 J

3,971 = 4,089 + qcal

qcal = -118 J

qcal = CT

-118 J = C (39.0-22.0) C

C = -6.941 J/C

Based on the experiment, it is assumed that the coffee cup calorimeter is a perfect
insulator. In other words, it is assumed that there is no heat is lost to the surrounding
neither to the cup itself, and the water gains all the heat lost by the reaction.

From the calculation, the heat capacity of coffee cup calorimeter is -6.941 J/C.
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4. Heat of reaction of reaction 2
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Mol of Mg = mass / molar mass Mol of HCL = mass / molar mass

= 1.0756 / 24.31 = 50 / 36.5

= 0.0442 mol = 1.3699 mol

1 mol Mg 1 mol of MgCl2 2 mol of HCl 1 mol of MgCl2

0.0442 mol 0.0442 mol 1.3699 mol 0.6850 mol

0.0442 mol is the limiting reactant.

q = m CT

q = (1.0995) (4.18) (37-22)

= 68.94 J

Hrxn = q / n

Hrxn = 68.94 J / 0.0442 mol

= -0.156 kJ / mol
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Heat of reaction of reaction 3

MgO(s) + 2 HCl(aq) MgCl2 + H2O

Mol of MgO = mass / molar mass Mol of HCL = mass / molar mass

= 1.7273 / 40.31 = 50 / 36.5

= 0.0429 mol = 1.3699 mol

1 mol Mg 1 mol of MgCl2 2 mol of HCl 1 mol of MgCl2

0.0429 mol 0.0429 mol 1.3699 mol 0.6849 mol

0.0429 mol is the limiting reactant.

Q = m CT

q = (1.7273) (4.18) (23 22)

= 7.220 J

Hrxn = q / n

Hrxn = 7.220 J / 0.0429 mol

= -0.168 kJ / mol

The amount of heat reaction for reaction 2 is -0.156 kJ / mol while the amount of heat
reaction of reaction 3 is -0.168 kJ / mol
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5. Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s) (1)

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) (2)

MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2O(l) (3)
H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) (4)

Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO(s)

6. Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) H = -0.156 kJ/mol

MgCl2 (aq) + H2O(l) MgO(s) + 2HCl(aq) H = +0.168 kJ/mol

H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) H = -285 kJ/mol

H = (-0.156) + (+0.168) + (-285)

H = -284.98 kJ/mol

According to Hesss Law, the enthalpy in any given reaction, is the sum of the enthalpies of
the sub reactions. Thus, we can produce chemical equation on the formation of Magnesium
Oxide by referring to the chemical equations for reaction 2,3 and 4 of the experiment.

7. Percentage Yield

Percent Yield = 100%

= -284.98 kJ/mol / - 601.8 kJ/mol X 100%

= 47.36 %
Percent error = 100% 47.36%
= 52.64%
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Errors

In conducting the experiment, there are some possible error may occur and affect the result;
The instrument used such as Styrofoam cup, beaker and graduated cylinder are not cleaned
enough and dried properly which can affect the temperature of the reaction. The stirring
process of the mixture is been done by using thermometer instead of a glass rod.
Measurements that are taken may also not truly accurate due to analytical balance round off
and thermometer round off. Moreover, the mixture may not perfectly mix and there might be
fingerprint left on the wall of the beakers that will contribute to inaccuracy in data reading.

Besides, during experiment, there are some chemical changes are not being observed.
a) Whether the gas evolved are presented or not
b) Whether there are exothermic reaction and endothermic reaction occur.

Safety Precaution that need to be highlighted throughout the experiment.

Chemical such as Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) is very dangerous chemical and corrosive.
While Magnesium Oxide is dangerous chemical when we inhale it. Thus, it is important to
protect our body by wearing proper attire, goggles and gloves when handling the
chemicals. Other than that, chemical waste must be disposed in a disposable container and
make sure it is been kept in the fume chamber.

Suggestions to improve the accuracy of result:

When conducting the experiment, there is some factor that can be considered to
improve the accuracy of results and reduce the percentage error. Each procedure must be
repeated at least twice for a better result. Multiple trials can be used to detect the incorrect
data by using standard deviation and graphing analysis to find an agreeing result. Instead of
using the glass rod to stir, we can also use the magnetic stirrer to ensure that the chemicals are
mixed thoroughly. The vernier temperature probe also can be used to ensure the temperature
is recorded more accurately.
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Conclusion

According to Hesss Law, The enthalpy in any given reaction, is the sum of the
enthalpies of the sub reactions. The calorimeter was used to determine the enthalpy changes in
different reactions, relating their transferred heat with the change in temperature in solutions.
The enthalpies of the formation of Magnesium Oxide is been calculated by using
thermochemical equations and Hesss Law. In conclusion, the heat capacity of coffee cup
calorimeter is -6.941 J/C and the enthalpy change value of formation MgO is -284.98
kJ/mol. There was an occurrence of percentage error of about 52.64% due to improper
techniques during conducting the experiments.
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Question

1. b. Calorimeter is a device that have chemical or physical reaction take place. Heat will
enter into the calorimeter from the surrounding. Besides, it is also leave the calorimeter
into the surrounding. This is because any heat liberated by the reaction must be pick up
by the calorimeter. The thermometer is used to measure the changes of the temperature
of the chemical reaction.
2.
a. qreaction = -(qcal + qsol)
= - (CT + m CT )
= - [(4.18J/gC)(13.0C) + 0.800g X 4.18J/gC X 13.0C)]
= - 97.81 J
b. qreaction = -(qcal + qsol)
= - (CT + m CT )
= - [(4.18J/gC)(4.62C) + 1.120g X 4.18J/gC X 4.62C)]
= - 40.94 J
3. The temperature will decrease and not accurate. This is because the coffee cup cannot
function as a heat insulator anymore and the heat loss to the surrounding will increase.
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References

Chang, R & Cruickshank, B. (2005). Chemistry Eighth Edition. McGraw-Hill International

Edition.

Helmenstine, A. M. (2017). Heat of Formation Table for Common Compounds. Retrieved

from https://www.thoughtco.com/common-compound-heat-of-formation-table-
609253 on 17 th October 2017.

Hess's Law. (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://scilearn.sydney.edu.au/chemcal/S1GenChem/CalorimetrySyd/HessLaw.html
on 17 th October 2017.