Term Definition

__________ reactions capture energy from the organisms' energy source. Catabolic

Term Definition
________ is the total of all chemical reactions occurring in the cell. Metabolism

Term Definition
_______ reactions build new organic molecules from smaller inorganic and Anabolic
organic compounds.

Term Definition
In thermodynamic studies, energy changes are analyzed in a collection of system; surroundings
matter called a __________. All other matter in the universe is called the
__________.

Term Definition
_________ is the science that analyzes energy changes in a collection of Thermodynamics
matter.

Term Definition
A reaction in which the forward rate is equal to the reverse rate is said to be equilibrium
at __________.

Term Definition
Cells must efficiently transfer energy from their energy-trapping systems to energy cycle
the systems actually carrying out work and also use various metabolic
processes to replace the energy used in doing work. This is called the
__________.

Term Definition
In order for the cell to be able to input energy into necessary endergonic ATP
reactions, energy-generating processes such as photosynthesis, fermentation,
and respiration are used to produce __________.

Term Definition
Disruption of an enzyme's structure with loss of activity caused by extremes denaturation
of pH, temperature, or other factors is called _________.

Term Definition
A molecule that binds to an enzyme at a location other than the active site noncompetitive
and thereby alters the enzyme's shape, making it inactive or less active is
a(n) __________ inhibitor.

Term Definition
A molecule that binds noncovalently to an enzyme at the active site and competitive
thereby prevents a substrate from binding and reacting is a(n) __________
inhibitor.

Term Definition
The molecules formed by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are called products
__________.

Term Definition
The reacting molecules in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction are called substrates
__________.
Term Definition
The __________ __________ is the substrate concentration needed for an Michaelis constant (Km)
enzyme to achieve half maximal velocity.

Term Definition
A complex formed during a reaction that resembles both the substrates and transition
the products is called the __________ state complex. transition

Term Definition
RNA molecules that have catalytic activity are known as ____________. ribozymes

Term Definition
Cells carry out three major types of work; which of the following involves A. Chemical work.
the synthesis of macromolecules as well as the breakdown of substances for
their energy?
A. Chemical work.
B. Transport work.
C. Mechanical work.
D. None of these.

Term Definition
Cells carry out three major types of work; which of the following involves B. Transport work.
nutrient uptake and waste elimination? A. Chemical work.
B. Transport work.
C. Mechanical work.
D. None of these.

Term Definition
Cells carry out three major types of work; which of the following involves C. Mechanical work.
energy for cell motility and the movement of structures within cells?
A. Chemical work.
B. Transport work.
C. Mechanical work.
D. None of these.

Term Definition
T/F True
Energy can be redistributed within a collection of matter (called a system)
or can be redistributed between the system and its surroundings.

Term Definition
__________ is a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system. A. Entropy
A. Entropy
B. Enthalpy
C. Free energy
D. Synergy

Term Definition
The __________ law of thermodynamics states that energy can be neither A. first
created nor destroyed.
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth

Term Definition
The __________ law of thermodynamics states that physical and chemical B. second
 processes occur in such a way that randomness (disorder) increases to a
maximum.
A. first B. second C. third D. fourth

Term Definition
The amount of heat energy needed to raise 1 gram of water from 14.5C to B. calorie
15.5C is called a(n)
A. joule. B. calorie. C. erg. D. thermal unit.

Term Definition
T/F False
The numerical value of the free energy change indicates how fast a reaction
will reach equilibrium.

Term Definition
__________ is the total energy change that accompanies a chemical B. Enthalpy
reaction.
A. Entropy B. Enthalpy C. Free energy D. Synergy

Term Definition
For the reaction A + B C + D, the equilibrium constant (Keq) is defined B. [C][D]/[A][B].
as
A. [A][B]/[C][D].
B. [C][D]/[A][B].
C. [A][D]/[B][C].
D. [B][C]/[A][D].

Term Definition
The change in __________ is the amount of energy in a system that is C. free energy
available to do work.
A. entropy
B. enthalpy
C. free energy
D. synergy

Term Definition
T/F False
The most commonly used practical form of energy used in cells is adenosine
diphosphate.

Term Definition
A reaction that releases energy is __________. A. exergonic
A. exergonic
B. endergonic
C. impossible
D. none of the choices

Term Definition
T/F True
Some endergonic reactions can be made to proceed forward if they are
coupled to hydrolysis of one or more of the phosphates of ATP.

Term Definition
The __________ is the electron acceptor in a redox B. oxidant
reaction. A. reductant
B. oxidant
C. enzyme
 D. product

Term Definition
The __________ is the electron donor in a redox reaction. A. reductant A. reductant
B. oxidant C. enzyme D. product

Term Definition
The standard reduction potential of a redox reaction is a measure of the B. reductant; lose
tendency of the __________ to __________ electrons.
A. reductant; gain
B. reductant; lose
C. oxidant; gain
D. oxidant; lose

Term Definition
T/F True
The equilibrium constant for a redox reaction is called the standard
reduction potential.

Term Definition
Which of the following is used as an electron carrier by living organisms? D. all of the choices
A. NAD+
B. NADP+
C. ubiquinone
D. all of the choices

Term Definition
T/F False
The electron transport chain is based on the principle that redox couples
with more positive reduction potentials will donate electrons to couples with
more negative potentials.

Term Definition
T/F True
One of the components used during photosynthetic electron transport is
ferredoxin, a nonheme iron protein.

Term Definition
Electron transport molecules that only transfer electrons include D. ferredoxin.
A. ubiquinone.
B. NADP.
C. FAD.
D. ferredoxin.

Term Definition
Which of the following is not true about enzymes? A. Enzymes are D. all of the choices
catalysts that speed up reactions.
B. Enzymes are proteins that can be denatured by changes in pH or
temperature.
C. Enzymes are highly specific for the substrates they react with and
catalyze only one or a limited set of possible reactions with those substrates.
D. all of the choices

Term Definition
T/F True
Each enzyme normally has specific pH and temperature optima at which
they function best.
Term Definition
T/F False
The Michaelis constant (Km) of an enzyme is the substrate concentration
that produces maximum velocity.

Term Definition
T/F True
Enzyme activity can be greatly affected by the pH and the temperature of
the environment in which the enzyme must function.

Term Definition
T/F False
When the amount of enzyme present is held constant, the rate of a reaction
will continue to increase as long as the substrate concentration increases.

Term Definition
T/F True
Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction but do not alter equilibrium
constants.

Term Definition
T/F False
Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by increasing molecular motion,
thereby providing kinetic energy to drive the reaction.

Term Definition
Enzymes are usually named based on E. the substrates they act on and the type
A. the substrates they act on. of reaction they catalyze.
B. their molecular structure.
C. the type of reaction they catalyze.
D. all of the choices.
E. the substrates they act on and the type of reaction they catalyze.

Term Definition
The most specific term usually used to describe a substance in a biological C. enzyme.
system that increases the rate of a reaction without being permanently
changed by the reaction is a(n) A. catalyzer.
B. catalyst.
C. enzyme.
D. rate increaser.

Term Definition
The substrate of an enzyme binds at the B. active site.
A. affinity site.
B. active site.
C. determinative site.
D. reaction site.

Term Definition
A complete enzyme that consists of a protein component and a nonprotein C. holoenzyme.
component is called a(n)
A. apoenzyme.
B. heteroenzyme.
C. holoenzyme.
D. multienzyme.

Term Definition
A nonprotein component of an enzyme that is loosely attached to the protein B. coenzyme.
component is referred to as a(n) A. apoenzyme.
B. coenzyme.
C. holoenzyme.
D. prosthetic group.

Term Definition
The nonprotein component of an enzyme that is firmly attached to the D. prosthetic group.
protein is called a(n)
A. apoenzyme.
B. coenzyme.
C. holoenzyme.
D. prosthetic group.

Term Definition
If an enzyme consists of a protein component and a non-protein component, A. apoenzyme.
the protein component is referred as the A. apoenzyme.
B. coenzyme.
C. holoenzyme.
D. prosthetic group.

Term Definition
If all available enzyme molecules are binding substrate and converting it to B. maximal
produce as rapidly as possible, the reaction is said to be proceeding at
__________ velocity.
A. terminal
B. maximal
C. optimal
D. infinite

Term Definition
A(n) _______________ increases the rate of a reaction without being B. catalyst
permanently altered by the reaction.
A. catalyzer B. catalyst C. enzyme D. rate increaser

Term Definition
Enzymes function as catalysts by C. bringing the substrates together at the
A. bringing the substrates together at the active site, in effect active site, in effect concentrating them
concentrating them. and bringing the substrates together at
B. bringing the substrates together at the active site correctly oriented for the active site correctly oriented for the
the reaction. reaction.
C. bringing the substrates together at the active site, in effect concentrating
them and bringing the substrates together at the active site correctly
oriented for the reaction.
D. none of the choices

Term Definition
Enzymes catalyze a reaction by C. decreasing the activation energy of the
A. decreasing the amount of energy released by the reaction.B. increasing reaction.
the amount of energy released by the reaction.C. decreasing the activation
energy of the reaction.D. increasing the activation energy of the reaction.

Term Definition
The energy required to bring the substrates of a reaction together in the B. activation energy.
correct way to reach the transition state is called
A. free energy. B. activation energy. C. enthalpy. D. entropy.

Term Definition
 T/F False
One important ribozyme located in mitochondria is responsible for
catalyzing peptide bond formation during protein synthesis.

Term Definition
Which of the following is a reason for metabolic regulation? A. Maintain D. All of the choices.
cell components at appropriate levels.
B. Conserve materials.
C. Ensure efficient use energy stores.
D. All of the choices.

Term Definition
In metabolic channeling, the regulation of metabolic pathways is controlled B. location
by the __________ of metabolites and enzymes involved in the pathway.
A. amount B. location C. activity D. all of the choices

Term Definition
Metabolic channeling involves the localization of __________ in different C. substrates and enzymes
parts of a cell in order to influence the activity of metabolic pathways.
A. activators B. repressors C. substrates and enzymesD. inhibitors

Term Definition
When the end product of a pathway inhibits catalysis of the first step of that B. feedback inhibition.
pathway, this phenomenon is called A. reversible covalent modification.
B. feedback inhibition.
C. metabolic channeling.
D. non-competitive inhibition.

Term Definition
Enzyme activity can be controlled by D. all of the choices
A. allosteric regulation. B. covalent modification.
C. feedback (end product) inhibition. D. all of the choices

Term Definition
In allosteric regulation, effector molecules usually bind A. reversibly and C. reversibly and noncovalently.
covalently.
B. irreversibly and covalently.
C. reversibly and noncovalently.D. irreversibly and noncovalently.

Term Definition
In a branched pathway with many end products, an abundance of one of the B. the first committed step in the branch
end products will usually inhibit A. the first step in the set of pathways. of the pathway leading to the production
B. the first committed step in the branch of the pathway leading to the of that particular product.
production of that particular product.
C. the last step before the branch leading to the production of that
particular end product.
D. the last step in the production of that particular product.

Term Definition
T/F True
Isoenzymes are different enzymes that catalyze the same reaction but can be
regulated independently of one another.