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VocabularyList

ACCRETIONDerivedfromtheLatinaccrescerewhichmeanstogroworincrease,itisthegradualandimperceptibleaddition
ofsoilorothermaterialbythenaturalprocessesofwaterbornesedimentationorbytheactionofcurrentsagainstshoresand
banks.Accretionisthewashingupofsand,siltorsoilsoastoformfirmground,calledalluvion.Incommonpracticetheterms
alluvionandaccretionhavebeenusedalmostinterchangeably.Usually,however,alluvionmeansthedeposititselfwhile
accretionusuallydenotestheact.

ACCURACYDegreeofconformitywithastandard,oracceptedvalue.Accuracyrelatestothequalityofaresult,andis
distinguishedfromprecisionwhichrelatestothequalityoftheoperationbywhichtheresultisobtained.

ADVERSEPOSSESSIONThepossessionofland,undersuchcircumstancesasindicatethatsuchpossessionhasbeen
commencedandcontinuedunderanassertionofrightsonthepartofthepossessoragainsttheoriginalowners.Tobe
adverse,possessionmustbeactual,continued,visible,notorious,distinctandhostile.Titleobtainedbyadversepossession
isafeesimpletitle.PossessionoflanddoesnotoperateadverselyagainsttheUnitedStatesora
State.TitletoGovernmentlandcannotbeacquiredbyadversepossessionhowever,undertheActofDec.22,1928,Public
No.645,70thCong.,apatentmaybeobtainedtopubliclandsheldfor20yearsundercoloroftitle.

AGONICLINEDerivedfromtheGreekwordmeaningwithoutangle.ThislinejoinspointsontheEarthssurfacewherethe
magneticdeclinationiszero.

ALIQUOTPARTSLegalsubdivisions,exceptfractionallots,orfurthersubdivisionofanysmallerlegalsubdivision,except
fractionallotsbydivisionintohalvesorfourthsadinfinitum

ALLUVIUMThesoilthatisdepositedalongariverortheseabygradualandimperceptibleactionofthewater

ALLUVIONThesoilthatisdepositedalongariverortheseabygradualandimperceptibleactionofthewater

ALTIMETERAninstrumentthatindicatesdirectlytheheightaboveareferencesurface.

ALTITUDETheverticalanglebetweentheplaneofthehorizonandthelinetotheobjectwhichisobservedordefined.In
astronomyandsurveying,thealtitudeispositiveiftheobjectisabovethehorizon,andnegativeifbelowit.Insurveying,a
positivealtitudeisalsotermedanangleofelevationanegativealtitude,anangleofdepression.Inphotogrammetricsurveying
andairportzoning,altitudeappliestotheelevationaboveadatumofpointsinspace(asopposedtopointsontheground
surface)aboveadatum,usuallymeansealevel.

ALTITUDEMETHODOutdatedandlessaccuratemethodtoapproximateoneminuteofanarc.Thispositionofthesuns
center.

AMBIGUITYPATENTAnambiguitywhichappearsonthefaceoftheinstrument,andarisesfromthedefective,obscure,or
insensiblelanguageused.
AMERICANCONGRESSONSURVEYINGANDMAPPINGACSMTheformerAmericanCongressonSurveyingandMapping
(ACSM)wasaninternationalprofessionalassociationrepresentingtheinterestsofthoseengagedinmeasuringand
communicatingspatialdatarelatingtotheEarth'ssurface.In2012,ACSMlegallymergedintotheNSPS.

AMERICANLANDTITLEASSOCIATIONTheAmericanLandTitleAssociation,foundedin1907,isthenationaltrade
associationandvoiceoftheabstract*andtitleinsuranceindustry.ALTAmemberssearch,reviewandinsurelandtitlesto
protecthomebuyersandmortgagelenderswhoinvestinrealestate.

APPARENTTIMENonuniformtimebasedontheapparentpositionofthesun.

ARITHMETICMEAN:Simplythemeanoraverage,sumofthecollectionofnumbersdividedbythenumberofnumbersinthe
collection.

ASTRONOMICTRIANGLE:thesphericaltriangleformedbythegreatcirclesconnectingacelestialobject,thezenith,andthe
celestialpole.

ATOMICSECONDtimeittakesforthecesiumfrequencytooscillate9,192,631,770times

ATOMICTIMEtimebasedofftheelectronictransitionfrequencyinthemicrowave,optical,orultravioletregionofthe
electromagneticspectrumofatomsasafrequencystandardforitstimekeepingelement.

AUTUMNALEQUINOXthepointofintersectionoftheellipticandthecelestialequator,occupiedbythesunasitchangesfrom
northtosouthdeclinationaboutSeptember23.

AVULSIONAriverssuddenchangeinflowalignmentoutfromitspreviousleftandrightbankstoanewchannel,leavingan
identifiableuplandareabetweentheabandonedchannelandthenewchannel.Thenewflowalignmentwillgenerallybea
shortcutinchannellengthbecauseofhydraulicconsiderations.TheU.S.SupremeCourtinIowav.Nebraska143US359
distinguishedavulsionfromrapiderosion,butsomeStatecourtshaveestablisheddifferent
definitions.SeeGoinsv.Merryman183Okla.155.Frequentlytheelementsofsuddenandperceptiblechangesareincludedin
thedefinitions

AZIMUTHThehorizontaldirectionreckonedclockwisefromthemeridianplane

BEDInmining,astratumintheearthscrustwhichhasbeenformedinanapproximatelyhorizontallayer.Ifofrock,itistermed
bedrock.

BUREAUOFLANDMANAGEMENT(BLM)AnagencyoftheDepartmentoftheInterior,itwascreatedJuly16,1946,pursuant
toPresidentialReorganizationPlanNo.3of1946,whichconsolidatedthefunctionsandactivitiesoftheGeneralLandOffice
andtheGrazingService.

CADASTRALCADlinesestablishedandmarkedonthegroundbysuitablemonumentswhichareusedasstartingandclosing
pointsinsurveysofthepublicdomainoftheUnitedStates.

CALIFORNIALANDSURVEYORSASSOCIATION(CLSA)ThegoaloftheCaliforniaLandSurveyorsAssociationistopromote
andenhancetheprofessionofsurveying,topromotethecommongoodandwelfareofitsmembers,topromoteandmaintain
thehighestpossiblestandardsofprofessionalethicsandpractice,andtoelevatethepublic'sunderstandingofourprofession.
CLSArepresentsalllandsurveyors,whethertheyareemployeesorproprietors,whetherinthepublicorprivatesector.

CELESTIALSPHEREanimaginarysphereofinfiniteradius,describedaboveanassumedcenter,anduponwhichimagined
positionsofcelestialbodiesareprojectedalongradiipassingthroughthebodies.Forobservationsonbodieswithinthelimitsof
thesolarsystem.

CFACTOR(PHOTOGRAMMETRIC)Anempiricalvaluewhichexpressesthecontourplottingcapabilityofagivenstereoscopic
system,generallydefinedastheratioofflightheighttothesmallestcontourintervalaccuratelyplottable.Notaconstantbut
dependentonconditionspresent,itisusedindeterminationofflyingheightorasaroughcomparisonofphotogrammetric
systems.

CIVILTIMERefertostatutorytimescalesdesignatedbycivilianauthorities,ortolocaltimeindicatedbyclocks

CLOSUREERRORDeterminedforclosedandclosedloopedtraverses.Itcanbedividedbythenumberofstationsonthe
traverseorthecorrectionateachstationcanbecalculatedaccordingtothedistancefromtheoriginofthesurvey

CLOSURERATIOAccidentalerrorswhenmeasuringinaclosedloopareproportionaltothenumberofsetupsandtheorder
taken.

COMBINATIONFACTORGEODETICToderiveacombinedadjustmentfactor(CAF),wemultiplythescalefactorbythe
elevationfactor.TxDOThascalculatedaverygeneralcombinationfactor.

COMMONLAWDEDICATIONLandthatisdedicatedtopublicuse.

COMMONREPORTTheCIAprovidedinaccurateinformationtotheWhiteHouse,Congress,theJusticeDepartment.

CONCLUSIVEEVIDENCEOutweighstheneedtorelocatealostcorneroftheoriginalsurvey.

CONFORMALCONICALPROJECTIONALambertconformalconicprojection(LCC)isaconicmapprojectionusedfor
aeronauticalcharts,portionsoftheStatePlaneCoordinateSystem,andmanynationalandregionalmappingsystems.

CONFORMALCYLINDRICALPROJECTIONAmapprojectioninwhichthesurfacefeaturesofaglobearedepictedasif
projectedontoacylindertypicallypositionedwiththeglobecenteredhorizontally

CONTOURLINEAnimaginarylineofconstantelevationonthegroundsurface.Itcanalsobethoughtofasthetraceformed
bytheintersectionofalevelsurfacewiththegroundsurface

CONVERGENCEANGLE:Theanglesubtendedbytheeyebaseoftheobserverattheobjectviewed

CONVEYANCESEQUENTIAL:writtendeedsinwhichjuniorandseniorrightsexist
betweenadjoiningparcels

CONVEYANCESIMULTANEOUS:Ameansofdefiningmultipleunitsoflandinasinglesurveydocumentinsuchawaythatall
theirboundarieshaveequallegalstatus.Acommonexampleofsimultaneousconveyanceisthemodernsubdivision.

CORNERApointonthesurfaceoftheearth,determinedbythesurveyingprocess,whichdefinesanextremityonaboundary
ofthepubliclands

CORNERCLOSINGAcornerestablishedwhereasurveylineintersectsapreviouslyfixedboundaryatapointbetween
corners.Theclosingcornerislocatedbylawattheactualpointofintersectionwithoutregardtoitsmonumentedlocation.

CORNERLOSTAcornerwhosepositioncannotbedetermined,beyondreasonabledoubt,eitherfromtracesoftheoriginal
marksorfromacceptableevidenceortestimonythatbearsontheoriginalposition,andwhoselocationcanberestoredonlyby
referencetooneormoreinterdependentcorners.

CORNEROBLITERATEDAnobliteratedcornerisoneatwhosepointtherearenoremainingtracesofthemonument,orits
accessories,butwhoselocationhasbeenperpetuated,orthepointforwhichmayberecoveredbeyondreasonabledoubt,but
theactsandtestimonyoftheinterestedlandowners,competentsurveyors,orotherqualifiedlocalauthorities,orwitnesses,or
bysomeacceptablerecordevidence.

DATAATTRIBUTE:Tabularortextualdatadescribingthegeographiccharacteristicsoffeatures.

DATASPATIAL:Datawithoutinherentlyspatialqualities,suchasattributes.

DATUMInordinarysurveyusage,adefinedreferenceforsurveymeasurements.Thepluralformisdatums

DAYLIGHTSAVINGSTIME:isthepracticeofadvancingclocksduringsummermonthsbyonehoursothatlightisextendedin
theeveninghours,andsacrificingnormalsunrisetimes.

DECLINATIONAnangleofdifference

DEEDCORRECTION:itisadeedthatservestocorrectandnegateamistakemadebetweenpartiesthathavecontractedan
originaldeedagreement.

DEEDPATENT:Theofficialdocument(sometimesreferredtoasletterspatent)thatissenttoanapplicantbytheU.S.Patent
andTrademarkOfficewhentheapplicant'spatentissues.

DEEDQUITCLAIM:(QCD)Adeedinthenatureofareleasecontainingwordsofconveyanceaswellasrelease.Itconveys
anyinterestthemakermayhaveinthepropertydescribedwithoutanyrepresentationsorliabilityofanykindastotitleconveyed
orencumbrancesthatmayexistthereon.

DEEDTRUST:Adocumentthatembodiestheagreementbetweenalenderandaborrowertotransferaninterestinthe
borrower'slandtoaneutralthirdparty,atrustee,tosecurethepaymentofadebtbytheborrower.

DENDROLOGYThescientificstudyoftreesandotherwoodyplants

DOMINANTTENANT:Thepartythatisbenefitingfromtheeasement

DOUBLECENTERINGAmethodofprolongingalinefromafixedpointwherebythebacksightistakenwiththetelescopein
thedirectposition.Thetelescopeisplacedintheindirectpositionandtheforesightismade.Thepointatwhichthevertical
crosshairintersectsthehubisthenmarked.Thetransitisthenrotated180totakeabacksightwiththetelescopeinthe
indirectposition,andasecondprojectedpointwiththetelescopeinthedirectpositionismarkedonthehub.Apointmidway
betweenthetwomarkedpointsisthetruepointontheprolongedline.

EASEMENTAPPURTENANTatypethatstayswithaproperty,evenifthepropertychangeshands

EASEMENTINGROSS:apersonalinterestinthelandofanother.Itisapersonalrightandhasnoconnectionwithotherland

EASEMENTAUGMENTING:aneasementthataugmentsoraddstothevalueofafeeparcel

EASEMENTSENCUMBERING:todenytherighttocrossorotherwiseusesomeoneelse'slandforaspecifiedpurpose.

ELAPSEDTIME:Themeasureddurationofanevent.

ELLIPSE:aregularovalshape,tracedbyapointmovinginaplanesothatthesumofitsdistancesfromtwootherpoints(the
foci)isconstant,orresultingwhenaconeiscutbyanobliqueplanethatdoesnotintersectthebase.

ELLIPSOIDThesurfacegeneratedbyrotationofanellipseaboutoneofitsaxes.

ELONGATION:thelengtheningofsomething

EMINENTDOMAINTherightofgovernmentalagenciestotakeprivatepropertyforpublicuse.

ENGINEERSLEVELAprecisionlevelinginstrumentforestablishinghorizontallineofsight,usedtodeterminedifferencesof
elevation.

EQUALFOOTINGDOCTRINE(STATES):EqualfootingisaconstitutionallawdoctrineuponwhichStatesadmittedtothe
UnitedStatesaregiventhesamelegalrightsasthepreexistingstates.

EQUATIONOFTIME:thedifferencebetweenmeansolartime(asshownbyclocks)andapparentsolartime(indicatedby
sundials),whichvarieswiththetimeofyear.

EQUIPOTENTIALHAVINGEQUALPOTENTIALLYORPOWER

EROSIONInriparianlaw,thewashingawayoflandbytheseaorariversflow.Usuallyconsideredasanimperceptibleaction,
therateoferosionmaybequiterapidintotaleffectandmaybedistinguishedfromavulsionbytheabsenceofidentifiable
uplandbetweenformerandnewchannels

ERRORSACCIDENTALRandomerrorsthatoccurwithoutregardtoanyknownphysicallaworpattern.Theiroccurrenceis
assumedtofallwithinadistributionpatterninaccordwiththetheoryofprobability.

ERRORSCOMPENSATINGAnerrorthattendstooffsetacompanionerrorandthusobscureorreducetheeffectofeach.

ERRORSCUMULATIVEanerrorwhosedegreeorsignificancegraduallyincreasesinthecourseofaseriesofmeasurements
ofconnectedcalculations

ERRORSRANDOMErrorsthatoccurwithoutknownphysicallaworpattern.Intheory,smallerrorsoccurmorefrequentlythan
largeerrorsandthereareasmanypositiveerrorsasnegativeerrors.

ERRORSSYSTEMATICAnerrorthatoccursaccordingtoaknownpatternorlaw.Systematicerrorscanbecompensatedfor
partiallybycorrectionsandappropriatemeasuringtechniques.

ESTOPPELThestoppingofapersonfromassertingaclaimbyreasonofhisownpreviousrepresentationswhichrefutehis
newclaim.Thenewclaimmayinfactbetrue,however,hemaybepreventedfromexertingthatclaimbyestoppel.

ETALAnabbreviationofetalii,andothers,oretalius,andanother.

ETALIAnabbreviationmeaningandothers

ETCONAnabbreviationmeaningandhusband.

ETSEQAnabbreviationforetsequentesoretsequentia,andthefollowing.Areferencetop.3etseq.meanspagenumber
3andthefollowingpages.Itisalsoabbreviatedetsqq.,insomeworks,whenthereferenceistomorethanonefollowing
page

ETUXAnabbreviationforetuxor,andhiswife.

EVIDENCEPLAINTIFF:Aftertheopeningstatements,theplaintiff'slawyer(orinacriminalcase,thestate'sorcityattorneyor
attorneygeneral)willcallwitnesses,eachofwhomwilltakeanoathandgivetestimony.Duringtheexamination(questioningof
witnesses),exhibits(suchaswritings,photographs,plans)maybeofferedasevidenceinthetrial.Ifthejudgerulestheexhibits
aretobereceivedintoevidence,jurorsmayexaminethemandtheywillbetakenintothejuryroomduringdeliberation.

EVIDENCEWITNESS:someonewhohas,whoclaimstohave,oristhought,bysomeonewithauthoritytocompeltestimony,to
haveknowledgerelevanttoaneventorothermatterofinterest.Inlawawitnessissomeonewho,eithervoluntarilyorunder
compulsion,providestestimonialevidence,eitheroralorwritten,ofwhatheorsheknowsorclaimstoknowaboutthematter
beforesomeofficialauthorizedtotakesuchtestimony.

EXTRINSICEVIDENCE:Evidencethatrelatestoacontract,butisnotcontainedwithinthedocumentitself(forexample,
circumstancessurroundingthenegotiationsofthecontract).Thisevidenceisnotadmissibleunlessthereisanambiguityinthe
contract.

FEESIMPLETheestatewhichamanhaswherelandsareownedbyhimandhisheirsabsolutely,withunconditionalpowerof
dispositionduringhislife,anddescendingtohisheirsandlegalrepresentativesuponhisdeathintestate.Feesimpletitleto
publiclandsinconveyedbyapatent,approvedclearlist,deedorgrantwithoutcondition

FIDUCIALMARKSThosemarks,whichdefinetheaxeswhoseintersectionfixestheprincipalpointofthephotograph

FLOWCHART:atypeofdiagramthatrepresentsanalgorithm,workfloworprocess,showingthestepsasboxesofvarious
kinds,andtheirorderbyconnectingthemwitharrows.

G.I.S.GeographicInformationSystems

G.P.S.GlobalPositioningSystem

GEODESICTheshortestlineconnectingtwogivenpointsonthesurfaceofanellipsoid.

GEODETICSURVEYING:Aprecisesurveyofconsiderableextentwhichtakesintoaccounttheshapeoftheearth.

GEOIDThefigureoftheearthconsideredasasealevelsurfaceextendedcontinuouslythroughthecontinents.Itisa
theoreticallycontinuoussurfacethatisperpendicularateverypointtothedirectionofgravity(theplumbline).Itisthesurfaceof
referenceforastronomicobservationsandforgeodeticleveling.

GEOLOGICALIGNEOUSformedthroughthecoolingandsolidificationofmagmaorlava.Igneousrockmayformwithor
withoutcrystallization,eitherbelowthesurfaceasintrusive(plutonic)rocksoronthesurfaceasextrusive(volcanic)rocks.

GEOLOGICALMETAMORPHIConceigneousorsedimentaryrocks,buthavebeenchanged(metamorphosed)asaresultof
intenseheatand/orpressurewithintheEarthscrust.Theyarecrystallineandoftenhaveasquashed(foliatedorbanded)
texture.

GEOLOGICALSEDIMENTARYformedbythedepositionofsediment,ascertainrocks.

GREENWICHHOURANGLEtheangle,measuredwestward,fromtheupperbranchofthemeridianofGreenwichtothe
meridianoverwhichthebodyislocatedatthatmoment.

GREENWICHTIMEoriginallyreferredtothemeansolartimeattheRoyalObservatoryinGreenwich,London,whichlater
becameadoptedasaglobaltimestandard.

GRIDDISTANCEThedistancebetweentwopointsobtainedbyinversecomputationfromgridcoordinatesofthepoints.It
differsfromthegeodeticlengthbytheamountofsmallcorrectionbasedonthescalefactorfortheline

HISTOGRAMThisissimplyabargraphshowingthesizesoftheobservations(ortheirresiduals)versustheirfrequencyof
occurrence.Itgivesanimmediatevisualimpressionofthedistributionpatternoftheobservations(ortheirresiduals).

HORIZONTALDISTANCEParalleledistancetoacommonplane.

HOURANGLEMETHODInthismethod,onlythehorizontalcirclereadingandprecisetimeneedtoberecordedwhenthestar
issighted.

HYPERBOLAasymmetricalopencurveformedbytheintersectionofacircularconewithaplaneatasmalleranglewithits
axisthanthesideofthecone.

ISOGONICCHARTAchartshowingisogoniclinesproperlylabeledwiththeirmagneticdeclinations.Linesofequalannual
changeinthedeclinationsarealsogenerallyshown.

LATITUDEThedistanceontheearthssurface,northorsouthoftheEquator,expressedineitherlinearorangular
measurements.2)Thenorthsouthcomponentofatraversecourse.

LIFEESTATEtheownershipoflandforthedurationofaperson'slife.

LITTORALFromtheLatinlitus.Oforpertainingtotheshore,especiallyofthesea.Acoastalregion

LOCALCIVILTIMEtheofficialtimeinalocalregion(adjustedforlocationaroundtheEarth)establishedbylaworcustom

LOCALHOURTimeofcurrentposition.

LOCALHOURANGLEIssimilartoGHA,exceptitisobservedfromtheupperbranchoftheobservers.

LONGITUDEThedistanceontheearthssurface,eastorwestofadefinedmeridian,usuallythemeridianofGreenwich(0o
Longitude),expressedineitherangularmeasure,suchas90oWestLongitude,orintime,suchas6hoursWestofGreenwich

MAGNETICBEARINGAzimuth(orbearing)referredtomagneticnorthorsouth

MAGNETICDECLINATIONThebearingofmagneticnorthataparticulardate.

MAPPINGANGLEGAMMA

MAPPINGANGLETHETA:Thedifferencebetweengeodeticnorthandgridnorthatagivenplace.

MEDIANNotingorpertainingtoaplanedividingsomethingintotwoequalparts,especiallyonedividingathingintoleftandright
halves.Ingeometry,astraightlinefromthevertexofatriangletomidpointontheoppositeside.

MERCATORMAPPROJECTIONAmapmakingsysteminwhichpointsontheellipsoidareprojectedontoacylinderwhose
axisisintheplaneofthecentralmeridianofthemapandthroughtheearthscenter.Themeridiansappearasparallellinesand
parallelsareatrightanglestothem.Thescaleatanypointisthesamenorthandsouthwhichisachievedbymathematical
calculationofparallelspacing.Generallyusedformaritimepurposes.

METESANDBOUNDSAmethodofdescribingaparceloflandbycitingtheownersofabuttinglandsanddescribingthe
lengthofeachcourseofaboundaryasalongsomeapparentline,suchas,alongastreamoralongtheroad.Inmodern
usage,ametesandboundsdescriptionincludesthebearingsanddistancesofeachcourse.

MillsUpto5acresofpubliclandmaybeclaimedforthepurposeofprocessingminerals.Millsitesarelimitedtolandsthatdo
notcontainvaluableminerals.
Modebroadtermreferringtoaphenomenonwhereaparticularsurveyadministrationmodecausesdifferentdatatobe
collected.
MomentofTimeanindefinitelyshortperiodoftime

MONUMENTARTIFICAL:Arelativelypermanentobjectmadebyhumans,suchasfences,walls,houses

MONUMENTNATURAL:anaturalornatural/culturalfeatureofoutstandingoruniquevaluebecauseofitsinherentrarity,
representativeofaestheticqualitiesorculturalsignificance.I.E.rivers,lakes,streams,mountains,trees.

MonumentRecordwrittenandillustrateddocumentdescribingthephysicalappearanceofasurveymonumentandits
accessories.

MonumentWitnessusedbysurveyorswhentheactualpropertycornerlocationisobstructedbyaphysicalobject,likea
largerock,pilesoftrash,convergingfences,ormeanpitbulldogs.Oftenashedwilllieoverthecorner,eitheranencroaching
shedfromaneighbor,orashedonthepropertywearesurveying.Themonumentitselfshouldlooklikeanordinarymonument,
exceptthatitshouldbemarkedwiththewordswitnessmonument.

N.A.D.of1927TheNorthAmericanDatumof1927(NAD27)wasbasedonsurveysoftheentirecontinentfromacommon
referencepointthatwaschosenin1901becauseitwasasnearthecenterofthecontiguousUnitedStatesascouldbe
calculated

N.A.D.of1983BecauseEarthdeviatessignificantlyfromaperfectellipsoid,theellipsoidthatbestapproximatesitsshape
variesregionbyregionacrosstheworld.Clarke1866,andNorthAmericanDatumof1927withit,weresurveyedtobestsuit
NorthAmericaasawhole.Likewise,historicallymostregionsoftheworldusedellipsoidsmeasuredlocallytobestsuitthe
vagariesofearth'sshapeintheirrespectivelocales.Whileensuringthemostaccuracylocally,thispracticemakesintegrating
anddisseminatinginformationacrossregionstroublesome.Assatellitegeodesyandremotesensingtechnologyreachedhigh
precisionandweremadeavailableforcivilianapplications,itbecamefeasibletoacquireinformationreferredtoasingleglobal
ellipsoid.ThisisbecausesatellitesnaturallydealwithEarthasamonolithicbody.ThereforetheGRS80ellipsoidwas
developedforbestapproximatingtheearthasawhole,anditbecamethefoundationfortheNorthAmericanDatumof1983.

N.A.V.D.of1988theverticalcontroldatumoforthometricheightestablishedforverticalcontrolsurveyingintheUnitedStates
ofAmericabasedupontheGeneralAdjustmentoftheNorthAmericanDatumof1988.

N.G.V.D.of1929TheSeaLevelDatumof1929wastheverticalcontroldatumestablishedforverticalcontrolsurveyinginthe
UnitedStatesofAmericabytheGeneralAdjustmentof1929.Thedatumwasusedtomeasureelevation(altitude)above,and
depression(depth)below,meansealevel(MSL).

NADIR1)Thatpointonthecelestialsphereintersectedbytheplumblineextendeddownwardthatpoint,directlyoppositethe
zenith.2)Thepointonthegroundoratsealeveldatumverticallybeneaththeperspectivecenteroftheaerialcameralens,or
thephotographicimageofthatpoint.

NATIONALGEODETICSURVEYNGS

NETWORKADJUSTMENTLEASTSQUARESMETHODAmathematicalmethodfortheadjustmentofobservations,basedon
thetheoryofprobability.Inthismethod,thesumofthesquaresofallthecomputedcorrectionsismadeaminimum.

NODALPOINTSTwopointsassociatedwithalenssystem,suchthatanyrayintheobjectspacedirectedtowardthefirstor
frontpointwillemergeintheimagespacefromthesecondorrearpointandparalleltoitsformerposition

ORTHOPHOTOGRAPHYAphotographderivedfromperspectivephotographsandequivalenttoaphotographmadeby
orthographicprojection.Inaperfectorthophotography,therearenodisplacementsofimagesbecauseoftiltorrelief.

PACIFICSTANDARDTIME:is8hoursbehindCoordinatedUniversalTime(UTC).Thistimezoneisastandardtimezoneandis
usedin:NorthAmerica.

PARABOLAy=x^2Asymmetricalopenplanecurveformedbytheintersectionofaconewithaplaneparalleltoitsside.The
pathofaprojectileundertheinfluenceofgravityideallyfollowsacurveofthisshape.

PAROLEVIDENCEEvidencegatheredbytestimonyofwitnesses.Sometimesparoleevidence.Awitnesswhogivesverbal
evidenceconcerningpositiveknowledgeofthelocationofanoriginalmonumentpriortoitsdestructionissaidtogiveparol
evidence.

PRECISIONAqualityassociatedwiththerefinementofinstrumentsandmeasurements,indicatedbythedegreeofuniformity
andrepeatabilityofobservations

PRIMAFACIEEVIDENCELatin.Atfirstsightonthefirstappearanceonthefaceofitafactpresumedtobetrueunless
disprovedbysomeevidencetothecontrary.Evidencegoodandsufficientonitsfaceisprimafacieevidence.

PROPORTIONATEMEASUREMENTDOUBLEAmethodforrestoringalostcorneroffourtownshipsoralostinteriorcornerof
foursections.Itisbasedontheprinciplethatmonumentsnorthandsouthshouldcontrolthelatitudinalpositionofalostcorner,
andmonumentseastandwestshouldcontrolthelongitudinalposition.Inthismethodtheinfluenceofoneidentifiedoriginal
cornerisbalancedbythecontrolofacorrespondingoriginalcornerupontheoppositesideofaparticularmissingcorner,which
istoberestored,eachidentifiedoriginalcornerbeinggivenacontrollingweightinverselyproportionaltoitsdistancefromthe
lostcorner.

PROPORTIONATEMEASUREMENTSINGLEAmeasurementthatappliesanevendistributionofadeterminedexcessof
deficiencyofmeasurement,ascertainedbyretracementofanestablishedline,toprovideconcordantrelationsbetweenallparts.

RADIANApproximately 5701744.8" .Ananglesubtendedatthecenterofacirclebyanarcequalinlengthtotheradiusofthe


circle.

REFRACTIONThedeflectionfromastraightpathundergonebyalightrayorotherelectromagneticwaveinpassingobliquely
fromonetransparentmediumintoanotherinwhichitsvelocityisdifferent.

RELICTIONThegradualandimperceptiblerecessionofthewaterresultinginanuncoveringoflandoncesubmerged.Also
knownasdereliction.

RESIDUALThetotalerrorofclosureofatraverseoranyremainingerrorafteralladjustmentsaremade.

REVULSIONTheactionofastreamwhenitsuddenlybreaksthroughitsbanksinanunexpectedmannerandformsanother
channel,orcutsoffalargequantityoflandfromoneownerandaddsittothelandofanother.

RIGHTASCENSIONTheangulardistancemeasuredeastwardontheequatorfromthevernalequinoxtothehourcircle
throughthecelestialbody,from0to24hours.

RIGHTSJUNIORSubordinatetotheseniorrights.Thelaterpatentissuedusuallyhasthesubordinaterightinasituationwhere
alatersurveyisinconflictwithanearliersurvey.Thefirstpatentissuedusuallyhasthesuperior(senior)rightandthesecond
patentusuallyhasthesubordinate(junior)right,regardlessofthedatesoftheoriginalsurveys.

RIGHTSSENIORTherightswhichtakeprecedence.Thefirstpatentissuedusuallytakesprecedenceinasituationwherea
latersurveyisinconflictwithanearliersurvey.Thefirstpatentissuedusuallyhasthesuperior(senior)rightortitleregardlessof
thedatesofthesurveys.

RIGHTSUNWRITTEN:Unwrittenrules,principles,andnormsthathavetheeffectandforceoflawthoughtheyhavenotbeen
formallyenactedbythegovernment.

RIPARIANReferstoariverbank

SCALEFACTORGEODETICAmultiplierforreducingadistanceobtainedfromamapbycomputationofscalingtotheactual
distanceonthedatumofthemap.Inthestateplanecoordinatesystem,scalefactorsareappliedtogeodeticlengthstoobtain
gridlengths,ortogridlengthstoobtaingeodeticlengths.Botharelengthsonasealeveldatum,butthegridlengthsare
affectedbythedistortionofthemapprojection.

SEALEVELFACTORThefactorappliedtogroundmeasurementstoreducemeasurementstosealeveldatum

SERVIENTTENANTThepartyburdenedbytheeasement

SIDEREALHOURANGLEThesiderealhourangle(SHA)ofabodyonthecelestialsphereisitsangulardistancewestofthe
vernalequinoxgenerallymeasuredindegrees.

SIDEREALTIMEThesiderealhourangleisdefinedas360minustherightascension.

SLOPEDISTANCEthedistanceoftheslope.basicallythelengthofthehypotenuseontherighttriangle

STADIAAtechniqueofdistancemeasurementwhereintheobserverreadstheinterceptsubtendedonagraduatedrod
betweentwohairsormarksonthereticleofthetelescope,thedistancetotherodbeingproportionaltotherodintercept.Arod
speciallydesignedforthisuseiscalledastadiarodthemarksonthereticlearecalledstadiawiressuchasurveyiscalleda
stadiasurvey,etc.

STANDARDTIMEThetimeinanyof24timezones,usuallythemeansolartimeatthecentralmeridianofeachzone.Inthe
continentalUnitedStates,therearefourstandardtimezones:Eastern,usingthe75thmeridianCentral,usingthe90th
meridianMountain,usingthe105thmeridianandPacific,usingthe120thmeridian.

STATUTEOFFRAUDSU.S.lawhasadopteda1677Englishlaw,calledtheStatuteofFrauds,whichisadeviceemployedas
adefenseinabreachofcontractlawsuit.Everystatehassometypeofstatuteoffraudsthelaw'spurposeistopreventthe
possibilityofanonexistentagreementbetweentwopartiesbeing"proved"byperjuryorFraud.Thisobjectiveisaccomplished
byprescribingthatparticularcontractsnotbeenforcedunlessawrittennoteormemorandumofagreementexiststhatissigned
bythepersonsboundbythecontract'stermsortheirauthorizedrepresentatives.

THALWEGThedownway,meaningthecoursetakenbyboatsgoingdownstreaminariverorthelinedownthecenterofthe
mainchannelofastreamorasthelineofgreatestslope,cuttingallcontoursatrightangles.

THREADthecenterofthemainordeepestchannelofthestreamatitslowestflow.

TRAVERSEADJUSTMENTCOMPASSRULEAwidelyusedruleforadjustingatraversethatassumestheprecisionin
anglesordirectionsisequivalenttotheprecisionindistances.Thisruledistributestheclosureerroroverthewholetraverseby
changingthenorthingsandeastingsofeachtraversepointinproportiontothedistancefromthebeginningofthetraverse.More
specifically,acorrectionfactoriscomputedforeachpointasthesumofthedistancesalongthetraversefromthefirstpointto
thepointinquestion,dividedbythetotallengthofthetraverse.Thecorrectionfactorateachpointismultipliedbytheoverall
closureerrortogettheamountoferrorcorrectiondistributedtothepoint'scoordinates.Thecompassruleisalsoknownasthe
Bowditchrule,namedfortheAmericanmathematicianandnavigatorNathanielBowditch(17731838).

TRAVERSEADJUSTMENTCRANDALLRULEaspecialcase,leastsquaresbasedmethodforadjustingtheclosureerrorina
traverse

TRAVERSEADJUSTMENTTRANSITRULEaruleforadjustingtheclosureerrorinatraverse

TRIANGULATIONAmethodofsurveyinginwhichthestationsarepointsonthegroundattheverticesofachainornetworkof
triangles.Theanglesofthetrianglesaremeasuredinstrumentallyandthesidesarederivedbycomputationfromselectedsides
orbases,whoselengthsareobtainedbydirectmeasurementonthegroundorbycomputationfromothertriangles

TRILATERATIONAmethodofdetermininghorizontalpositionsbymeasuringthelengthsoftrianglesides,usuallywiththeuse
ofelectronicinstruments.

TRUEBEARINGthecorrectdirectionofalineexpressedasananglelessthan90,eastorwestofthereferencemeridian,
generallyintheformS.50W.Itmaybegrid,magnetic,ortruebearing,accordingtothenatureofthereferencemeridian.

TRUEMERIDIANThedirectionfromanypointalongameridiantowardstheNorthPoleoftheearthisdefinedastruenorth.
Thatis,thenorthaccordingtotheearthsaxis.Truenorthisalsoknownasgeographicnorth.Truesouthisalsodefinedina
similarmanner.Truemeridianisdefinedastheplanethatpassesthroughtruenorthpolesandtruesouthpolesattheplaceof
observation.Truemeridiancanbeestablishedbyastronomicalobservationasitpassesthroughtruenorthandsouth.True
bearingisthehorizontalanglebetweentruemeridianandaline.

USGEOLOGICALSURVEYtheUnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey(USGS,formerlyGeologicalSurvey)isascientificagencyof
theUnitedStatesgovernment.ScientistsoftheUSGSstudythelandscapeoftheUS,itsnaturalresources,andthenatural
hazardsthatthreatenit.

UNIVERSALTIMEastandardtimebasedontherotationoftheEarth.ItisamoderncontinuationofGreenwichMeanTime
(GMT),themeansolartimeonthePrimeMeridianatGreenwich,andGMTissometimesusedlooselyasasynonymforUTC

UPPERCULMINATIONfinal,highest,ordecisivepoint

VERNALEQUINOXequinoxinspring,onMarch20inthenorthernhemisphereandSeptember22inthesouthernhemisphere

VERTICALANGLETheanglebetweenahorizontalplaneandthesurfaceofaconepassingthruthepointofreferencewiththe
apexatthepointofobservation.

WESTERNELONGATIONInastronomy,aplanetselongationistheanglebetweentheSunandtheplanet,withEarthasthe
referencepoint

ZENITHimaginarypointdirectlyaboveaparticularlocation,ontheimaginarycelestialsphere

ZENITHANGLEananglemeasuredfromverticalreference.Zerodegreeistheverticallinepointingup,90degreesisthe
horizontallinepointingeast,and180degreesisstraightdown.

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