Experiment 1

Drawing the motherboard layout of Pentium IV and studying the

chipset.
 Experiment 2

Installation of Scanner, Printers and Modems

Install a scanner
Applies to Windows 7

There are two ways to install a scanner in this version of Windows. The method you choose depends on whether you want to
connect the scanner directly to your computer (called a local scanner), or use a scanner that's shared on a network.

Installing a local scanner

Most scanners sold today connect to your computer with a universal serial bus (USB) cable. But don't plug it in yet! Some
scanners require you to install driver software before connecting the USB cable, so always follow the setup instructions that
came with your device.

If your USB scanner didn't come with specific setup instructions, plug it in to your computer and Windows should automatically
install it. If it's an older model, you might have to install it manually. For instructions, see Working with the Scanner and
Camera Installation wizard.

Installing a network scanner

Network scanners are typically found in the workplace. Before you begin, it's helpful to know the scanner model and
manufacturer name.

1. Open Network by clicking the Start button , and then clicking Control Panel. In the search box, type network, and
then, under Network and Sharing Center, click View network computers and devices.
2. Locate the scanner, right-click it, and then click Install.
3. Follow the instructions to finish adding the scanner.

Install a printer
. here are several ways to connect a printer to your computer. Which option you choose depends on the device itself, and
whether you're at home or at the office.
Always consult the information that came with your model for specific instruction

Applies to Windows 7

Local printers
The most common way to install a printer is to connect it directly to your computer. This is known as a local printer.

If your printer is a universal serial bus (USB) model, Windows should automatically detect it and begin installation when you
plug it in.

If you're installing a wireless printer that connects to your computer over a wireless network (Wi-Fi), you can use the Add a
device wizard to install the printer.

If it's an older model that connects using the serial or parallel port, you might have to install it manually.

To install (add) a local printer

1. Open Devices and Printers by clicking the Start button , and then, on the Start menu, clicking Devices and Printers.
2. Click Add a printer.
3. In the Add Printer wizard, click Add a local printer.
4. On the Choose a printer port page, make sure that the Use an existing port button and the recommended printer port are
selected, and then click Next.
5. On the Install the printer driver page, select the printer manufacturer and model, and then click Next.
If your printer isn't listed, click Windows Update, and then wait while Windows checks for additional drivers.

If none are available and you have the installation CD, click Have Disk, and then browse to the folder where the
printer driver is located. (For additional help, consult the printer manual.)

6. Complete the additional steps in the wizard, and then click Finish.

Network printers
In the workplace, many printers are network printers. These connect directly to a network as stand-alone devices. Inexpensive
network printers are also made for the home.

To install a network, wireless, or Bluetooth printer

If you're trying to add a network printer at the office, you'll usually need the name of the printer. If you can't find it, contact your
network administrator.

1. Open Devices and Printers by clicking the Start button , and then, on the Start menu, clicking Devices and Printers.
2. Click Add a printer.
3. In the Add Printer wizard, click Add a network, wireless or Bluetooth printer.
4. In the list of available printers, select the one you want to use, and then click Next. (If your computer is connected to a
network, only printers listed in Active Directory for your domain are displayed in the list.)
5. If prompted, install the printer driver on your computer by clicking Install driver. If you're prompted for an
administrator password or confirmation, type the password or provide confirmation.
6. Complete the additional steps in the wizard, and then click Finish.
Install a modem
You must be logged on as an administrator or a member of the Administrators group in order to complete this procedure. If your
computer is connected to a network, network policy settings may also prevent you from completing this procedure.
1. Open Phone and Modem Options in Control Panel.
If you are prompted for location information, specify the dialing information for your location, and then click OK.
2. On the Modems tab, click Add.
3. Follow the instructions in the Install New Modem Wizard.
Note
To open Phone and Modem Options, click Start, click Control Panel, and then click Network and Internet Connections.
Under See Also, click Phone and Modem Options.
If the Install New Modem Wizard does not detect your modem, or you cannot find it listed, click Related Topics for
instructions about installing an unsupported modem.
If you are installing an external modem, and a cable is not provided, refer to the manufacturer's instructions for cable
requirements. Most common cables will work, but some cables do not have all of the pins connected. Do not use the 9-to-25
pin converters that come with most mouse hardware, because some of them do not carry modem signals.

Experiment 3

Study of SMPS (ATX)

It means Switch Mode Power Supply. There are two types of SMPS are there. 1. AT ( Advanced Technology ). 2. ATX
(Advanced Technology Extended). It is used to Convert the 220v AC or 110V AC Power into 12v,5v and Other DC voltages
which are required the Peripherals inside the CPU Like Motherboard, Harddisk Drive, Floppy Disk Drive, CD or DVD Drives
etc.,
To perform this operation, it receives the AC power, converts into DC with the help of a Bridge Rectifier, and stabilizes the DC
Voltage separately. Then, with the help of a Switching Transformer it converts the voltage into 12v,5v and other Voltages.
Again they will be Stabilized in the Secondary Part and then Connected to the Peripherals with the help of the Cables with
Connectors.
The main difference between AT and ATx Power Supply is, AT works with a Mechanical Switch. The switching is not
programmable in the AT Model. But in the ATX it works with the Logical Switching Circuit, which can be switched by the
various sources like, Power Switch, Alarm, Keyboard, Mouse, Password, Wake on lan etc.,
 Experiment4

Hard Disk Partitioning

1. Open the Disk Management console by typing diskmgmt.msc at an elevated command prompt.

2. In Disk Managements Graphical view, right-click an unallocated or free area, and then click New Simple Volume.
This starts the New Simple Volume Wizard.
3. Read the Welcome page and then click Next.

4. The Specify Volume Size page specifies the minimum and maximum size for the volume in megabytes and lets you
size the volume within these limits. Size the partition in megabytes using the Simple Volume Size field and then click
Next.

5. On the Assign Drive Letter Or Path page, specify whether you want to assign a drive letter or path and then click Next.
The available options are as follows:
 Assign The Following Drive Letter Select an available drive letter in the selection list provided. By default, Windows
7 selects the lowest available drive letter and excludes reserved drive letters as well as those assigned to local disks or
network drives.
Mount In The Following Empty NTFS Folder Choose this option to mount the partition in an empty NTFS folder.
You must then type the path to an existing folder or click Browse to search for or create a folder to use.
Do Not Assign A Drive Letter Or Drive Path Choose this option if you want to create the partition without assigning
a drive letter or path. Later, if you want the partition to be available for storage, you can assign a drive letter or path at
that time.

6. Use the Format Partition page to determine whether and how the volume should be formatted. If you want to format
the volume, choose Format This Volume With The Following Settings, and then configure the following options:
File System Sets the file system type as FAT, FAT32, or NTFS. NTFS is selected by default in most cases. If you
create a file system as FAT or FAT32, you can later convert it to NTFS by using the Convert utility. You cant,
however, convert NTFS partitions to FAT or FAT32.
Allocation Unit Size Sets the cluster size for the file system. This is the basic unit in which disk space is allocated. The
default allocation unit size is based on the size of the volume and, by default, is set dynamically prior to formatting. To
override this feature, you can set the allocation unit size to a specific value. If you use many small files, you might
want to use a smaller cluster size, such as 512 or 1,024 bytes. With these settings, small files use less disk space.
Volume Label Sets a text label for the partition. This label is the partitions volume name and by default is set to New
Volume. You can change the volume label at any time by right-clicking the volume in Windows Explorer, choosing
Properties, and typing a new value in the Label field provided on the General tab.
Perform A Quick Format Tells Windows 7 to format without checking the partition for errors. With large partitions,
this option can save you a few minutes. However, its usually better to check for errors, which enables Disk
Management to mark bad sectors on the disk and lock them out.
Enable File And Folder Compression Turns on compression for the disk. Built-in compression is available only for
NTFS. Under NTFS, compression is transparent to users and compressed files can be accessed just like regular files. If
you select this option, files and directories on this drive are compressed automatically.
7. Click Next, confirm your options, and then click Finish.

The Windows 7 Disk Management tool will now show the space configured as a new partition.
 Experiment 5

Study of HDD: Identify various components of HDD and

write their functions.
A hard disk drive (often shortened as hard disk, hard drive, or HDD) is a non-volatile storage device that stores digitally
encoded data on rapidly rotating rigid (i.e. hard) platters with magnetic surfaces. Strictly speaking, drive refers to the
motorized mechanical aspect that is distinct from its medium, such as a tape drive and its tape, or a floppy disk drive and
its floppy disk. Early HDDs had removable media; however, an HDD today is typically a sealed unit (except for a filtered
vent hole to equalize air pressure) with fixed media.

A hard disk is a sealed unit containing a number of platters in a stack. Hard disks may be mounted in a horizontal or a
vertical position. In this description, the hard drive is mounted horizontally.

Electromagnetic read/write heads are positioned above and below each platter. As the platters spin, the drive heads move
in toward the center surface and out toward the edge. In this way, the drive heads can reach the entire surface of each
platter.

Hard drive physical component

PLATTERS:
Platter is a circular, metal disk that is mounted inside a hard disk drive. Several platters are mounted on a fixed spindle
motor to create more data storage surfaces in a smaller area. The platter has a core made up of aluminium or glass
substrate, covered with a thin layer of Ferric oxide or cobalt alloy. On both sides of the substrate material, a thin coating is
deposited by a special manufacturing technique. This, thin coating where actual data is stored is the media layer.
Hard drive platters

When the magnetic media is applied to the surface of the substrate material, a thin lubricating layer is applied to protect
the material. This complex three layered media is discussed in detail as follows:

THE SUBSTRATE MATERIAL:

The bulk material of which platters are made up, forms the base on which media layer is deposited. The substrate has no
specific function but to support the media layer. The most commonly used material for making this physical layer is an
Aluminium alloy. This alloy is rigid, lightweight, stable, inexpensive, easy to work with and is readily available. Earlier,
since the gap between the heads and the platter was relatively high, the platter surface being smooth and flat was less of an
issue. However, as technology advances, the gap between heads and platters is decreasing and the speed that the platters
spin at is increasing. For this reason demand for alternatives on the platter material are increasing. Glass platters are
replacing aluminium platters because they provide improved rigidity, better quality, thinner platters, and thermal stability.
MEDIA LAYER:
The substrate material forms the base upon which actual recording media is deposited. The media layer is a thin coating of
magnetic material applied to the surface of the platters and where the actual data is stored. Its thickness is only a few
millionths of an inch.
Special techniques are employed for the deposition of magnetic material on the substrate material. A thin coating is
deposited on both sides of the substrate, mostly by vacuum deposition process called magnetron sputtering. Another such
method is electroplating, using a process similar to that used in electroplating jewelry.
PROTECTIVE LAYER:
On the top of the magnetic media, is applied a super-thin, protective, lubricating layer. This layer is called the protective
layer because it protects the disk from damage caused by accidental contact from the heads, head crash or other foreign
material from entering the drive
PLATTER DIVISIONS:
In order to get maintain the organized storage and retrieval of data the platters are organized into specific structures. These
specific structures include tracks, sectors, and clusters.
TRACKS:
Each platter is broken into thousands of tightly packed concentric circles, known as tracks. These tracks resemble the
structure of annual rings of a tree. All the information stored on the hard disk is recorded in tracks. Starting from zero at
the outer side of the platter, the number of tracks goes on increasing to the inner side. Each track can hold a large amount
of data counting to thousands of bytes.
SECTORS:
Each track is further broken down into smaller units called sectors. As sector is the basic unit of data storage on a hard
disk. A single track typically can have thousands of sectors and each sector can hold more than 512 bytes of data. A few
additional bytes are required for control structures and error detection and correction.
CLUSTERS:
Sectors are often grouped together to form Clusters.
READ/WRITE HEADS:
The heads are an interface between the magnetic media where the data is stored and electronic components in the hard
disk. The heads convert the information, which is in the form of bits to magnetic pulses when it is to be stored on the
platter and reverses the process while reading.

Hard disk heards

Hard disk heards

The heads are the most sophisticated part of the hard disk. Each platter has two read/write heads, one mounted on the top
and the other one at the bottom. These heads are mounted on head sliders, which are suspended at the ends of head arms.
The head arms are all fused into a singular structure called actuator, which is responsible for their movement.

THE SPINDLE MOTOR:

Spindle motor plays an important role in hard drive operation by turning the hard disk platters. A spindle motor must
provide stable, reliable, and consistent turning power for many hours of continuous use. Many hard drive failures occur
due to spindle motor not functioning properly

Spindle motorparts
HARD DISK LOGIC BOARD:
Hard disk is made with an intelligent circuit board integrated into the hard disk unit. It is mounted on the bottom of the
base casting exposed to the outer side. The read/write heads are linked to the logic board through a flexible ribbon cable.

Hard disk logic board

DRIVE BAY:
The entire hard disk is mounted in an enclosure designed to protect it from the outside air. It is necessary to keep the
internal environment of the hard disk free of dust and other contaminants. These contaminants may get accumulated in the
gap between the read/write heads and the platters, which usually leads to head crashes.
Hard disk drive bay

The bottom of the disk is also called base casting. The drive mechanics are placed in the base casting and a cover, usually
made up of aluminium is placed on top to enclose heads and platters. The entire contents placed on the base and cover
chamber are collectively known as the head-disk assembly. Once this assembly is opened, it would instantly contaminate
the contents and eventually ruin the drive.
On the bottom of the base casting is present the logic board, which is separated from the base casting using a cushioning
material.
 Experiment 6
Study and installation of display cards: VGA display cards.

Visual Graphics Array card

Alternatively referred to as a display adapter, graphics card, video adapter, video board, or a video controller,
a video card is an internal circuit board that allows a display device such as a monitor to display images from the
computer.

In the picture above, is an example of a video card with three connections or video ports on the back, the
standard VGA connector, S-Video connector, and the DVI connector. In this example, the card connects into
the AGP slot on the computer motherboard.
Video card expansion slots
Over the development of computers, there have been several types of expansion slots used for video cards. Today, the most
common expansion slot for video cards is PCIe, which is replacing AGP, which replaced PCI, which replaced ISA
 Create a restore point in Windows or use a similar backup tool.To create a restore point in Windows click on
"Start" then "Control Panel" then "System and Maintenance" then "Backup and Restore Center." In the left column
of the window, click "Create a Restore Point or Change Settings." Click "Continue" to authorize Windows to open
the system properties window. Make certain that your C drive (or the drive with your operating system) is selected.
In the bottom right corner of the window, click "Create..." Enter a name that you will easily recognize for the restore
point. Windows automatically adds the date and time to the name. Click "Create." Depending on the size of your
hard drive, this may take a few minutes.
The backup doesn't affect the installation of the VGA card, but it provides insurance that your files will be safe if
something goes wrong.
Adjust your BIOs settings to disable the current graphics card. To get to the BIOs screen, you must press a specific
button during the manufacturer's splash screen in the start up process. The splash screen will tell you which button
you need to push (usually F1, F2, F10 or DEL).
In your BIOs, change the Primary Video, Video Adapter or Video Configuration setting to "auto" or "PCI." Save and
exit.
Open the "Device Manager" in Windows. Open the "Display Manger." Select the device by double clicking. Disable
the device by moving the drop down box to "Disable this device." Click "Okay" until you return to the desktop. Shut
down the machine.
Unplug all of the machine's cords and cables. Each case is a little different, but usually there is a pair of screws or
tabs holding the side panel in place. Remove the screws, and remove the side panel. Lay the machine on its side with
the exposed side up.
With the anti-static wristband clipped to an unpainted, metal piece of the case, remove the metal slot cover in the
back of the machine. Unscrew and pull it out. You may need to tap the back of it to loosen it.
Locate the appropriate PCI, PCI Express or AGI slot on your motherboard. With cable connections on the card in the
metal hole, carefully slide the card in place. With your thumbs on either end of the card, press down gently but
firmly to secure the card. Fasten the card in place with the screw from the metal slot cover.
Reassemble the machine and connect the monitor to the new card. Reconnect the power, keyboard and mouse.
Power on your machine and insert the support disk with the device drivers on it. Or download and install the most
updated drivers from the manufacturer's website.
 Experiment 7

Assembling and disassembling of Personal Computer

To Disassemble

1. Prepare all your tools.

a. Long Screw Driver

b. Rubber Eraser
c. Soft Wide Bristle Brush
d. Paper and Pen for documentation

2. Before opening the system case, be sure to turn off the system unit. Turn off and unplug the AVR from the wall
socket as well. After that, unplug all the cables connecting to the back of the system unit. After clearing all the
connected cables, put the system unit on an empty working table.

3. Touch the unpainted part of your system unit with your bare hands to remove the ESD of your body. This is an
important part before opening your system case. You might destroy your RAM, Chipsets and other components of
your motherboard.

4. Remove the screws of the side cover opposite to the side where the ports are. By most system cases, if you are
facing the back of the system unit the right side cover is to be removed. Return the screws back to the screw holes to
avoid losing them.

5. Once the side cover is removed, turn your system side down where the opened side of the system unit should be
facing upward where you can comfortably look down on the inside of your system case.

6. We are now ready to remove the components inside of the computer. The first thing we need to do is remove the
power supply. To be able to remove the power supply, remove first the molex connectors (the white plastic
connector at the tip of the wires of the power supply) or the motherboard power connector, drive power connectors,
the floppy drive power connector, the sata power connectors and the four pin 12-volt motherboard connector. With
all power connectosr are removed from the motherboard and drives, the power supply is now ok to be removed as
well. Always have the removed components placed in a remote and safe place away from where you are performing
computer disassembly.

7. With the power supply removed, the data cable should be removed next. This includes IDE, SATA, and floppy
drive cables. Secure the removed data cables.

8. Next to remove are the RAM, Video Card and other card peripheral components. Again have them secured in a
safe place and put the screws back. Clean the connector edges of the card peripherals by rubbing the gold colored
edge moderately with a rubber eraser then brushing off the shredding. Do not attempt to clean the edge by blowing
or brushing it off with your fingers. Our body is acidic and you might only cause the edges to tarnish faster.

9. Remove all drives. This will include your hard drive, cd/dvd drives, and the floppy drive.

10. Since all peripherals where removed, the next thing to do is to remove the front panel connectors. This will
include the USB, Front Panel (FP) and Audio header. If you are not sure of which connector is being match to, write
down or document the connections and orientation of the connectors before removing them from the headers.
Remember that not all motherboards have the same header configuration so be careful and watchful while
documenting.

11. After removing the header connectors, we are now ready to remove the motherboard. To remove the
motherboard, locate first all the screws and lightly unscrew all screws alternately. With this technique, we are
reducing the risk of warping or bending our motherboard. It may not have a large impact on the bending of the
motherboard but still it does have even a little. Upon lightly loosening all screws, remove all screws then. Remove
the motherboard by carefully and lightly pulling it away from the I/O shield. Why? because we need to free the ports
that are fitted from the holes in the I/O shield. After freeing the motherboard ports from the I/O shield holes, lift up
the motherboard and put it on the safe place.

12. Clean the system unit chassis with your brush, also clean your motherboard and the rest of the peripherals being
removed.

To Assemble

1. Provided that all peripherals are clean and ready. We are now going to assemble your computer. In assembling
back your computer, what we have done during disassembling is just doing the reverse order to assemble it. Since
the motherboard was last to be removed, it should then be the first to put back. Remove the retaining screws from the
standoff screws of the motherboard and let the motherboard seat on it with the ports facing out towards the I/O
shield. Lightly push the motherboard to set its ports to the holes of the I/O shield. Put the retaining screws on the
motherboard screw holes but do not tighten it yet. Now be careful in doing this one and if this is your first time doing
it, it is best if you lend a hand for assistance. Lightly push the motherboard towards to I/O shield and lightly tighten
the motherboard retaining screws alternately until all screws are tight enough but not too tight. This is to ensure that
your ports are protruding correctly out of the I/O shield.

2. Once the motherboard is secured, put back the FP, Audio, and USB header connectors as you will be using your
documentation for reference.

3. Put back the drives to the correct drive bays.

4. Connect back the RAM, Video Card and other card peripherals to its proper slot inserting it properly and some
cards will require screws to be secured.

5. The data cables (IDE, SATA, floppy cable) should be connected to its proper headers and drives. Remember the
proper configuration of the placement of the cables specially if you are dealing with the IDE cables.
6. After the data cables are properly connected, put back the power supply and secure it with the screws you
removed earlier. After securing the PSU to the chassis, connect the power connectors to the drives and the
motherboard.

7. Once all peripherals are connected properly, have a final inspection by visually checking for loose connection or
improper connection. Once the system unit connections are thoroughly checked and verified, connect the keyboard;
the monitor, and the power connector then power up the computer. This initial powering up of the computer while
the side cover is open ensures us that everything is ok before putting back the side cover. In case something goes
wrong, we can accessibly correct the problem right away. If everything is fine shutdown the computer, unplugged
the AVR and remove the cables connected to the back of your computer. Put the side cover back.

8. Put the assembled computer back to its place and connect the rest of the cables and connectors. Power it up and
see if there are unusual effects of your disassembling/assembling procedure done earlier.