Chapter 37 C. gills.

D. cardiovascular system.
1. Which of the following increases the surface area
available for gas exchange? 8. Parapodia are
A. finely divided inner lung surface A. gills on a lobster.
B. tubular body shape, as in annelids B. gill covers on a fish.
C. finely divided gills C. extensions of the body wall in polychaete worms.
D. all of these choices increase surface area D. internal spaces in a planarian used in digestion and
respiration.
2. Which of these organisms is able to use several body E. tentacles on a hydra.
surfaces, such as gills, skin, and
lungs, for respiration? 9. Opercula are
A. humans A. gills on a lobster.
B. birds B. gill covers on a fish.
C. amphibians C. extensions of the body wall in polychaete worms.
D. reptiles D. internal spaces in a planarian used in digestion and
respiration.
3. Which of the following steps is/are needed for E. tentacles on a hydra.
mammalian inhalation?
A. contraction of the diaphragm 10. Gills are used in respiration by all of the following
B. decrease in thoracic pressure aquatic animals EXCEPT
C. rib cage is lifted A. clams.
D. expansion of thoracic cavity B. fishes.
E. all of the steps are necessary C. lobsters.
D. polychaete worms.
4. The entrance and exit of air into and out of the lungs
is called 11. Oxygen rich water flowing in the opposite direction
A. breathing. to oxygen poor blood in order to maximize the diffusion
B. external respiration. across the surfaces of a gill is a concept called
C. internal respiration. A. reverse expiration.
D. cellular respiration. B. pneumonectomy.
E. air conditioning. C. countercurrent flow.
D. partial pressure saturation.
5. The type of respiration in which gases are exchanged E. hemoglobin saturation shift.
between the blood and the tissue fluid is termed
A. breathing. 12. Air that moves out during expiration has ____
B. external respiration. compared to air breathed in.
C. internal respiration. A. warmed and gained moisture
D. cellular respiration. B. warmed and lost moisture
E. fermentation. C. cooled and gained moisture
D. cooled and lost moisture
6. Which of the following statements is NOT true about E. neither cooled nor warmed
obtaining oxygen from an aquatic environment?
A. Water is more dense than air, so animals use more 13. Which is NOT a major function of the respiratory
energy to gain oxygen in water. tract?
B. Water contains only about half as much oxygen as air. A. warming incoming air before it reaches the lungs
C. Gases pass more easily across a moist, thin surface. B. moistening incoming air
D. Fishes use about 25% of their energy on breathing. C. filtering out dust and water particles
E. Fishes use highly vascularized tissues and the D. conducting air with higher O2 to lungs and conducting
respiratory pigment hemoglobin to aid in obtaining air with higher CO2 back out
oxygen from the water. E. transferring and extracting nutrients

7. In small aquatic animals such as hydra and planarians, 14. The earthworm is a terrestrial animal that uses its
the most common structure used for gas exchange is ________ in respiration.
A. lungs. A. parapodia
B. body surface. B. tracheoles
C. body surface 22. The Greek root word meaning "tongue" is the basis
D. gills for the term
E. lungs A. glottis.
B. trachea.
15. The grasshopper is a terrestrial animal that uses its C. larynx.
________ in respiration. D. diaphragm.
A. parapodia E. pharynx.
B. tracheae
C. body surface 23. Which statement is NOT true about the human
D. gills respiratory system?
E. lungs A. The glottis is closed by the forward movement of the
soft palate during swallowing.
16. During hibernation, an amphibian uses its ________ B. The glottis is the passageway through the larynx by
in respiration. which air enters the trachea.
A. parapodia C. Food and air both enter the pharynx, presenting a
B. tracheoles potential danger to respiration.
C. body surface D. Air reaching the lungs has been warmed to body
D. gills temperature by passage through the nose and upper
E. lungs respiratory passageways.
E. Cilia and hairs in the nose help to screen out foreign
17. Vascularized outgrowths of the digestive system used materials in the air.
in respiration in terrestrial vertebrates are
A. parapodia 24. The Latin root word meaning "windpipe" is the basis
B. tracheoles for the term
C. gills A. glottis.
D. lungs B. trachea.
C. larynx.
18. Which of these organisms uses positive pressure in D. diaphragm.
ventilating the lungs? E. pharynx.
A. turtle
B. cat 25. From the trachea, air next passes into the _______
C. frog during inhalation in a human.
D. crow A. nose
B. larynx
19. The Greek root word meaning "partition wall" is the C. alveoli
basis for the term D. bronchioles
A. glottis. E. bronchi
B. trachea.
C. larynx. 26. The Greek root word meaning "throat" is the basis
D. diaphragm. for the term
E. pharynx. A. glottis.
B. trachea.
20. Which of these organisms has a method of complete C. larynx.
ventilation not found in the others? D. diaphragm.
A. turtle E. pharynx
B. cat
C. frog 27. Trace the path of an inhaled air molecule.
D. crow A. nasal cavityglottislarynxtracheapharynx
bronchibronchiolesalveoli
21. There is unidirectional flow of air for greater B. nasal cavitypharynxlarynxglottistrachea
absorption of oxygen in bronchibronchiolesalveoli
A. birds. C. nasal cavitypharynxglottislarynxtrachea
B. amphibians. bronchibronchiolesalveoli
C. reptiles. D. nasal cavitypharynxglottislarynxtrachea
D. mammals. bronchiolesbronchialveoli
E. nasal cavitypharynxglottistrachealarynx
bronchibronchiolesalveoli 35. Which part of the respiratory system is composed of
C-shaped cartilaginous rings and cilia?
28. The Greek root word meaning "gullet" is the basis A. pharynx
for the term B. larynx
A. glottis. C. trachea
B. trachea. D. bronchioles
C. larynx. E. alveoli cavitypharynxglottistrachealarynx
D. diaphragm. bronchibronchiolesalveoli
E. pharynx.
36. The Latin root word meaning "cavity" is the basis for
29. Air in the bronchioles next enters the ______ during the term
inhalation in a human. A. epiglottis.
A. nose B. alveoli.
B. larynx C. larynx.
C. alveoli D. diaphragm.
D. bronchioles E. pharyngeal.
E. bronchi cavity--pharynx--glottis--trachea--larynx--
bronchi--bronchioles--alveoli 37. The greatest surface area for gas exchange occurs
within the
30. The Greek root words meaning "over" and "tongue" A. trachea.
are the basis for the term B. bronchi.
A. epiglottis. C. bronchioles.
B. alveoli. D. alveoli.
C. larynx.
D. diaphragm. 38. Which part of the respiratory system will have the
E. pharyngeal. least amount of cartilage and the thinnest walls?
A. larynx
31. Which respiratory organ normally allows both air B. trachea
and food passage? C. bronchi
A. bronchi D. bronchioles
B. trachea E. pharynx
C. larynx
D. pharynx 39. Expired air will contain ____ than inspired air.
E. nasal cavity A. less oxygen but more carbon dioxide
B. less oxygen and less carbon dioxide
32. The vocal cords are found in the C. more oxygen and more carbon dioxide
A. bronchi. D. more oxygen but less carbon dioxide
B. nose. E. the same amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide
C. larynx.
D. lungs. 40. Oxygen-poor blood becomes oxygen-rich blood in
E. pharynx. the capillary beds of the
A. trachea.
33. The Adam's apple is actually a part of the B. bronchi.
A. pharynx. C. bronchioles.
B. larynx. D. alveoli.
C. glottis. E. larynx.
D. vocal cords.
E. trachea. 41. With negative pressure breathing, the muscles that
move the ribs and diaphragm are distant from the
34. Food is prevented from entering the trachea by the absorptive alveolar surfaces. What difficulty(ies) would
A. pharynx. occur if the muscles were around each alveolus and had
B. larynx. to expand each alveolus to suck in air?
C. bronchioles. A. Muscle tissue would get in the way of absorption of
D. saliva. gases across the air-to-capillary border.
E. epiglottis.
B. Interspersed muscle tissue would take up much space B. trachea.
and the lung-muscle volume would have to be much C. alveoli.
larger. D. tissue cells.
C. Since muscle cells only contract and relax, it would E. blood.
be difficult for a few cells to cause alveolar expansion.
D. Adding a third tissue to the intimate alveolar-capillary 48. Most of the oxygen picked up by the blood in the
complex would increase the problems with disorders and lungs
diseases. A. dissolves in the plasma.
E. All of the choices are correct. B. unites with hemoglobin.
C. forms microscopic bubbles.
42. Which association is NOT correct? D. diffuses back across the alveoli.
A. larynx--voice box E. combines with bicarbonate ions.
B. trachea--windpipe
C. alveoli--gas exchange 49. Transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
D. pharynx--vocal cords blood and tissues occurs
E. hair and mucus--nasal passages A. in the alveoli of the lungs.
B. in the bronchioles of the lungs.
43. In humans, the lungs are caused to inflate when the C. in the blood capillary beds in the tissues.
A. rib muscles contract. D. in the lymph capillary beds in the tissues.
B. diaphragm muscle contracts. E. directly between red blood cells and tissue cells.
C. rib muscles and diaphragm contract.
D. diaphragm relaxes. 50. The exchange of gases between the lungs and the
E. rib muscles and diaphragm relax. blood occurs by the process of
A. diffusion.
44. As exhalation occurs in a human, all of the following B. osmosis.
occur EXCEPT C. filtration.
A. Air moves from the trachea through the larynx and D. active transport.
can cause the vocal cords to vibrate. E. ionic bonding.
B. The diaphragm moves upward in the chest.
C. The diaphragm moves by relaxation of its muscle. 51. By what route does CO2 leave the body?
D. Air is exhaled as a result of decreased pressure within A. pulmonary artery -> alveolus -> bronchus ->
the lungs. bronchiole -> trachea -> pharynx -> larynx
E. The alveoli are compressed and air is forced out of B. pulmonary vein -> bronchiole -> alveolus ->
them. bronchus -> trachea -> pharynx -> larynx
C. pulmonary artery -> alveolus -> bronchiole ->
45. Oxygen is transported in blood most efficiently by bronchus -> trachea -> larynx -> pharynx
A. being dissolved in the plasma. D. pulmonary vein -> alveolus -> bronchus ->
B. chemical conversion to water. bronchiole -> trachea -> larynx -> pharynx
C. combining with hemoglobin. E. pulmonary artery -> alveolus -> bronchiole ->
D. combining with carbon dioxide to form bicarbonate bronchus -> trachea -> pharynx -> larynx
ions.
E. as a free oxygen ion or radical. 52. Carbonic anhydrase
A. is a digestive enzyme.
46. How is most carbon dioxide transported in the B. is dissolved in plasma.
blood? C. speeds up the conversion of carbonic acid to carbon
A. as gas bubbles of CO2, just as in carbonated soft dioxide and water.
drinks D. speeds up the conversion of carbon dioxide to
B. as bicarbonate ions (HCO3) oxygen.
C. on the free hemoglobins since they have lost their E. speeds up the conversion of oxyhemoglobin.
oxygen in the tissues
D. as carbon monoxide 53. Blood richest in oxygen is found in the
E. as carbon compounds and oxygen radicals A. inferior vena cava.
B. superior vena cava.
47. The highest carbon dioxide concentration will be C. pulmonary arteries.
found in (or at) the D. pulmonary veins.
A. atmosphere. E. systemic capillaries.
54. The breathing rate is controlled by chemoreceptors
that mainly detect
A. levels of oxygen in the alveolar air space.
B. levels of oxygen in the blood.
C. levels of carbon dioxide in the alveolar air space.
D. levels of carbon dioxide in the blood.
E. conscious control of our brain.
55. The rate of breathing is chiefly dependent on
chemical factors in the blood, of which the most
important is
A. oxygen concentration.
B. carbon dioxide concentration.
C. hemoglobin concentration.
D. nitrogen concentration.
E. acidity.
56. Aortic and carotid bodies are
A. the same as the SA and AV nodes.
B. types of valves in the heart.
C. present in the lungs.
D. sensitive to changes in CO2 and H+ in the blood.
E. sensitive to oxygen changes.
57. When trying to stimulate breathing, it is better to
give a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen than only
oxygen because
A. pure oxygen causes you to breathe too rapidly.
B. carbon dioxide and oxygen together exert a greater
pressure than an equal amount of oxygen.
C. carbon dioxide buildup in the blood stimulates the
respiratory center in the brain.
D. oxygen causes lactic acid buildup, and the change in
pH prevents breathing.
E. oxygen alone could lead to spontaneous human
combustion.
58. Hemoglobin is useful because it
A. transports oxygen with a higher efficiency.
B. transports carbon dioxide with high efficiency.
C. transports food molecules and releases them to cells
in need of nutrients.
D. acts as a carrier for hormones.
E. All of the choices are correct.
59. As the temperature increases, the amount of oxygen
carried by hemoglobin will
A. increase gradually to carry off the additional heat.
B. decrease.
C. remain the same since temperature is unrelated to
oxygen demand.
D. increase immediately to 100 % of the hemoglobin
capacity.
E. increase for active individuals but remain constant for
inactive people.
60. The highest oxygen concentration will be found in
(or at) the
A. atmosphere.
B. trachea.
C. alveoli.
D. tissue cells.
E. blood.
61. Comparing the graphs of saturation of hemoglobin in
the lungs and in the tissues [textbook page 677], it is
apparent that
A. hemoglobin becomes nearly completely saturated in
the lungs and then loses all oxygen as it passes through
tissues.
B. cooler tissues allow more saturation of hemoglobin.
C. higher pH of tissues allows more saturation of
hemoglobin.
D. lower pH and higher temperature of tissue promotes
the release of oxygen by hemoglobin.
E. All of the choices are correct.
62. A pressurized airplane cabin and an oxygen tent over
a patient in a hospital both address the need of a person
for oxygen. How do these compare?
A. The oxygen tent increases the air pressure to increase
the PO2.
B. Airplane cabin pressure lowers the partial pressures
for normal breathing.
C. Both use the same mechanism to force hemoglobin to
increase affinity for oxygen.
D. The oxygen tent increases concentration of O 2 while
the airplane maintains total air pressure without
changing concentrations.
63. Which is NOT a correct association of respiratory
problems and symptoms?
A. laryngitisupper respiratory infection that causes
hoarseness or loss of voice
B. tonsillitisinflammation of the uvula often cured by
removal of the useless tissue
C. cancerpersistent hoarseness without the presence of
upper respiratory infection.
D. sinusitispain and tenderness in lower forehead and
over the cheeks
E. pneumonialungs fill with fluid
64. Which is NOT a correct association of lower
respiratory problems and causes or symptoms?
A. chronic bronchitisongoing inflammation and
possible infection of bronchi with loss of cilia
B. pulmonary fibrosisloss of lung elasticity due to
breathing silica, coal dust, asbestos, etc.
C. emphysemareduced lung and chest volume due to
collapsed alveoli and over-ventilation
D. pulmonary tuberculosisa bacterial infection that the A. alveoligas exchange
body tries to isolate and seal off B. glottispassage of air
system C. epiglottisspeech
D. nasal cavitiesfilter, war, and moisten air
65. Many lung ailments are "not curable but treatable."
Which is more curable? 72. Chemical content of the blood is monitored by which
A. advanced lung cancer with metastases of the following?
B. standard tuberculosis A. chemoreceptors in the aortic body of the aorta
C. asthma B. chemoreceptors in the carotid body of the carotid
D. emphysema areteries
C. the medulla oblongata
66. A lung disease caused by bacteria which become D. All of the choices monitor chemical content of the
encapsulated is called blood.
A. emphysema.
B. pneumonia. 73. The highest concentration of oxygen in the human
C. rheumatic fever. blood is found in the
D. tuberculosis. A. aorta.
E. pulmonary fibrosis. B. pulmonary artery.
C. pulmonary vein.
67. Which of the following diseases is caused by D. alveoli.
exposure to particles inhaled primarily in the workplace
(silica, coal dust, etc.)? 74. Of the following conditions, which is NOT a disease
A. emphysema of the upper respiratory tract?
B. pneumonia A. sinusitis
C. rheumatic fever B. tonsillitis
D. tuberculosis C. laryngitis
E. pulmonary fibrosis. D. pneumonia

68. The removal of the lung is called 75. A disease in which the alveoli are distended and their
A. tracheotomy. walls damaged so that surface areas for gas exchange is
B. respiratory distress syndrome. reduced is
C. bronchitis. A. bronchitis.
D. pneumonectomy. B. emphysema.
E. emphysema. C. pulmonary tuberculosis.
D. pneumonia.
69. Respiration involves which of the following?
A. breathing 76. The circulatory system of an insect plays no role in
B. external gas exchange between air and blood in the the transport of respiratory gases.
lungs True False
C. internal gas exchange between the blood and tissue
fluid 77. The iron in a hemoglobin molecule is actually what
D. All of the choices are involved in respiration. binds the oxygen.
True False
70. Aquatic organisms
A. have to work harder to obtain oxygen than do land 78. Animals must continually acquire oxygen and release
organisms carbon dioxide because they do not have a storage area
B. have to expand more energy in respiration because for gases.
water is more dense than air True False
C. work harder to obtain oxygen because water saturated
with oxygen has only a fraction of the oxygen found in 79. While air carries more oxygen in a given volume
air than does water, air presents a problem in respiration
D. All of the choices are true with respect to aquatic since it dries out the respiratory tissues unless treated
organisms. before reaching them.
True False
71. Which of the following structures is/are miss-
matched with its function?
80. In insects, the circulatory system picks up oxygen
from the tiny air sacs at the end of the tracheoles and
carries the oxygen through the blood to all tissues.
True False
81. The body surface of an earthworm is kept moist by
mucus and excretory fluid so that gas exchange can
occur across it.
True False
82. Spiracles are the valve-like openings on the sides of
an insect's body, through which air enters the trachea.
True False
83. Fish gills are less efficient at removing oxygen from
water than human lungs at removing oxygen from air.
True False
84. Hemoglobin carries most of the oxygen and most of
the carbon dioxide transported in the blood in humans.
True False
85. During inspiration, air pressure in the lungs
decreases and air comes rushing in.
True False
86. When nerve impulses pass to the diaphragm, the
diaphragm relaxes and exhalation occurs.
True False
87. The movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide
between the lungs and the blood depends on diffusion
gradients.
True False
88. The respiratory center of higher animals is located in
the medulla of the brain.
True False
89. As carbon dioxide reacts with water in blood,
hydrogen ions are produced.
True False
90. Hemoglobin is a molecule that has a remarkable
ability to form an irreversible and permanent
combination with oxygen.
True False
91. All blood carried away from the heart is high in
oxygen concentration and low in carbon dioxide
concentration.
True False
92. Chemoreceptors monitor the chemical composition
of the blood, sending information to brain centers that
are able to increase or decrease the rate of respiration to
correct the blood chemistry.
True False
93. Lung disorders such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, or
emphysema can be controlled by antibiotic treatment.
True False
94. Pulmonary tuberculosis in an otherwise healthy
individual may indicate a compromised immune system
or HIV infection.
True False
95. The muscular diaphragm is responsible for creating
the thoracic muscular changes associated with human
respiration.
True False
96. Gas exchange in the lungs and tissues is due to active
transport.
True False
97. Describe the system by which fish move water over
their gills to transfer oxygen from water to blood.
98. Compare the movement of air into and out of the
lungs in a human and in a bird.
99. Compare the gas exchange structures and
mechanisms used in a planarian, a grasshopper, and an
earthworm.
100. List, in correct sequence, and describe the
structures through which air passes in the human
respiratory system during inhalation.
101. Describe the process by which oxygen enters the
blood in the lung and leaves it in the body tissues.
102. Describe the process by which carbon dioxide
enters the blood in the body tissues and leaves it in the
lung.
 Chapter 37 KEY 55. B
56. D
57. C
1. D 58. A
2. C 59. B
3. E 60. A
4. A 61. D
5. C 62. D
6. B 63. B
7. B 64. C
8. C 65. B
9. B 66. D
10. D 67. E
11. C 68. D
12. A 69. D
13. E 70. D
14. C 71. C
15. B 72. D
16. C 73. C
17. D 74. D
18. C 75. B
19. D 76. TRUE
20. D 77. TRUE
21. A 78. TRUE
22. A 79. TRUE
23. A 80. FALSE
24. B 81. TRUE
25. E 82. TRUE
26. E 83. FALSE
27. C 84. FALSE
28. C 85. TRUE
29. C 86. FALSE
30. A 87. TRUE
31. D 88. TRUE
32. C 89. TRUE
33. B 90. FALSE
34. E 91. FALSE
35. C 92. TRUE
36. B 93. FALSE
37. D 94. TRUE
38. D 95. TRUE
39. A 96. FALSE
40. D 97. Answers will vary.
41. E 98. Answers will vary.
42. D 99. Answers will vary.
43. C 100. Answers will vary.
44. D 101. Answers will vary.
45. C 102. Answers will vary.
46. B
47. D
48. B
49. C
50. A
51. C
52. C
53. D
54. D