RC BEAM DESIGN

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan
Lecture-03
Design of Reinforced Concrete
Members for Flexure and Axial
Loads
By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
www.drqaisarali.com
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1
Topics Addressed
General
Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Flexure Load only
Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Axial Compressive

Load only

Load with Uniaxial Bending

Load with Biaxial Bending
1
General
While transmitting load from floors and roof to the foundations,

frame members (beams and columns) of a RC frame structure
are subjected to one or more of the following load effects :
Axial Load (compression or tension), Flexure, Shear and Torsion
If all of these effects exist together in a RC frame member, Axial
and Flexure loads are considered as one set of effects in the
design process; whereas Shear and Torsion are considered as
another set of load effects.
It means that the design for Axial+ Flexure is not affected by Shear +
Torsion and vice versa.
General
When frame members are designed for the effects of Axial and
Flexure loads (with or without shear+ torsion) , following cases
are possible
Members subjected to Flexure Load only
In this case normal beam design procedures are followed.
Members subjected to Axial Load only
Pure compression member design procedures are used
Members subjected to Combined Axial and Flexure Loads
Interaction diagram procedures, considering Axial and Flexure effects
together, are used.
These cases will be discussed one by one in the next slides
2
Reinforced Concrete
Members Subjected to
Flexure Load only
Contents
Loading Stages Before Collapse

Design of Solid Rectangular Members
Design of Solid T Members
Design of Hollow Rectangular Members
3
Beam Test
In order to clearly understand the behavior of RC members subjected
to flexure load only, the response of such members at three different
loading stages is discussed.
BEAM TEST VIDEO
1. Un-cracked Concrete Elastic Stage:

At loads much lower than the ultimate, concrete remains un-
cracked in compression as well as tension and the behavior of
steel and concrete both is elastic.
2. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) Elastic Stage

With increase in load, concrete cracks in tension but remains un-
cracked in compression. Concrete in compression and steel in
tension both behave in elastic manner.
4
3. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) Inelastic (Ultimate Strength)

Stage
Concrete is cracked in tension. Concrete in compression and steel
in tension both enters into inelastic range. At collapse, steel yields
and concrete in compression crushes.

Stage-1: Behavior
Compression zone
fc
d ft = fr
h M = Mcr
fc = ft << fc'
Strain Diagram ft
b Stress Diagram Compressive Stress
Tension Zone fc'
This is a stage where concrete is at the

verge of failure in tension.
ft = fr = 7.5 fc'
Tensile Stress
Concrete stress-strain diagram
5

Stage-1: Calculation of Forces
Compression zone
fc
C= 0.5fc (b 0.5h)
1/2 h
d
2/3 h M
h
1/2 h
T=0.5ft (b 0.5h)
b ft
C = T ; fc = ft fc = ft = Mc/Ig
M = 0.5fc (b 0.5h) (2/3 h) OR where c = 0.5h
= 1/6 fc b h2 Ig = bh3/12
fc = ft = 6M/(bh2) fc = ft = 6M/(bh2)
The contribution of steel is
At ft = fr , where modulus of rupture, fr = 7.5 fc ignored for simplification.
Cracking Moment Capacity, Mcr = fr Ig/(0.5h) = (fr b h2)/6 If there is no reinforcement,
member will fail in tension.

Stage-2: Behavior
Compression zone
c < 0.003 fc = 0.45fc'
ft > fr
M > Mcr
d fc = 0.45fc'
h
fs =0.5 fy
s = fs/Es fs = 0.5 fy
b Strain Diagram Stress Diagram

Tension Zone
Concrete Cracked
Compressive Stress
fc'
fy 0.45fc'
0.5fy c 0.003
Es
t
6

Compression zone
fc
C = 0.5fc (bc)
c
M
d
h la = d c/3
T= Asfs
Stress Diagram
b
In terms of moment couple (M = 0) C=T (Fx = 0)

M = Tla = Asfs (d c/3) ()fcbc = Asfs
As = M/fs(d c/3) c = 2Asfs / fcb {where fs = nfc and n =Es/Ec}
c = 2Asn/b

Stage-3: Behavior
Compression zone
c = 0.003 fc
ft > >fr
M > >Mcr
fs = fy
d fc = fc, where < 1
h
s = fy/Es T = Asfy
Strain Diagram Stress Diagram
b Compressive Stress
Tension Zone fc'
Concrete Cracked fy
Es
c 0.003
t
Stress-Strain Diagram for Stress-Strain Diagram for Concrete in
Reinforcing Steel in Tension Compression
7

fc 0.85fc
c = 0.003
C = 0.85fcab
a = 1c
d la = d a/2
h
M
T = Asfy
s = fy/Es T = Asfy
Stress Diagram Equivalent Stress Diagram
b
In terms of moment couple (M = 0) C=T (Fx = 0)

M = Tla = Asfy (d a/2) 0.85fc ab = Asfy
As = M/fy(d a/2) a = Asfy/ 0.85fc b

According to the strength design method (ACI 21.2), the nominal
flexural capacity of RC Members shall be calculated from the
conditions corresponding to stage 3.
ACI code, R21.2.2 The nominal strength of a member that is subjected
to moment or combined moment and axial force is determined for the
condition where the strain in the extreme compression fiber is equal to the
assumed strain limit of 0.003, (i.e. strains at stage 3.)
In other words, the member finally fails by crushing of concrete, even if

steel in tension has yielded well before crushing of concrete.
8

When concrete crushes at c =0.003, depending on the amount of
steel (As) present as tension reinforcement, following conditions are possible
for steel strain (s)
1. s = y Balanced Failure Condition, Brittle Failure
2. s < y Over reinforced condition, brittle failure
3. s > y Under Reinforced Condition, Ductile Failure
For relative high amount of tension reinforcement, failure may occur

under conditions 1 & 2, causing brittle failure. It is for this reason that ACI
code restricts maximum amount of reinforcement in member subjected to
flexural load only.

To ensure ductile failure & hence to restrict the maximum amount of
reinforcement, the ACI code recommends that for tension controlled sections
(Beams) s = t = 0.005
9
Singly Reinforced:
Flexural Capacity
Mn = Asfy (d a/2) [Nominal capacity]
Mn = Asfy(d a/2) [Design capacity]
To avoid failure, Mn Mu
For Mn = Mu; Asfy(d a/2) =Mu ;
As = Mu/ {fy (d a/2)} and a = Asfy/0.85fcb
c = 0.003 fc 0.85fc
C = 0.85fcab
a = 1c
d la = d a/2
h
M
T = Asfy
s = fy/Es T = Asfy
Stress Diagram Equivalent Stress Diagram
b
Singly Reinforced:
Maximum reinforcement (Asmax):
From equilibrium of internal forces,
Fx = 0 C = T
0.85fcab = Asfy (a)
From similarity of triangles, in strain diagram
at failure condition,
c/u = (d c)/s
c = du/(u + s)
substituting a = 1c , As = max b d and s = t , in equation (a) yields;
max = 0.85 1(fc/fy) u/ (u + t)
10
Singly Reinforced:
For ductility in Tension Controlled sections (Beams)
s = t = 0.005 (ACI Table 21.2.2)

and at failure u = 0.003 (ACI R21.2.2),
c = du/(u + s) c = 0.375d and, a = 1c = 10.375d
Therefore, when a = 10.375d, As = Asmax in equation (a). Hence equation (a)
becomes,
0.85fc10.375db = Asmaxfy
Asmax = 0.318751bd fc/fy (b)
Singly Reinforced:
Asmax = 0.31875 1bd fc/fy (b)
For 1 = 0.85; fc = 3 ksi ; and fy = 40 ksi

Asmax = 0.0203 bd; which means 2 % of effective area of concrete
1 = 0.85; fc = 3 ksi ; and fy = 60 ksi

Asmax = 0. 0135 bd; which means 1.35 % of gross area of concrete
11
Singly Reinforced:
Maximum flexural capacity ( Mnmax):
Table 1: Maximum factored flexural capacity (Mn in in-kips) of singly reinforced RC rectangular beam for
specified material strength and dimensions (fc = 3 ksi, fy = 40 ksi)
b (in)
h (in) Mn for b=12 in Mn for b=15 in Mn for b=18 in
12 740 (2.32) 925(2.90) 1110(3.47)
h (in) 2462(4.72)
Assuming 18 1970(3.78) 2955(5.67)
distance from
2511(4.27)
Centre of the 20 3139(5.33) 3767(6.40)
main bar to
outer tension 3790(5.24) 4738(6.55)
24 5685(7.86)
fiber=2.5
6201(6.71)
30 7751(8.38) 9301(10.06)
Note: The values in brackets represents Asmax in in2.
Singly Reinforced:
Flexural capacity at other strains
We know that the ductility requirement of ACI code does not allow us to utilize
the beam flexural capacity beyond Mnmax. The code wants to ensure that
steel in tension yield before concrete crushes in compression.
However, if we ignore ACI code restriction, let see what happens.

We know that
c = du/(u + s) ; a= 0.85c ; As = 0.85fcab/ fs; Mn = Asfs(d a/2) ; fs = Es fy;
For u = 0.003 and assuming various values of s , we can determine As and Mn
12
Singly Reinforced:
Flexural capacity at other strains
Table 2: Flexural Capacity (Mn) of 12 x 24 inch [d=21.5] RC beam at different tensile strain condition
s (in/in) 0.0005 0.001 0.00137* 0.0021 0.003 0.004 0.005** 0.007
c (in) 18.43 16.13 14.76 12.65 10.75 9.21 8.06 6.46
As (in2) 33.06 14.46 9.66 8.22 6.99 5.99 5.24 4.19
fs (ksi) 14.5 29 39.73 40 40 40 40 40
Mn (in-kips) 6551 6143 5846 5304 4734 4214 3790 3147
* Yield strain for grade 40 steel

** ACI limit
Singly Reinforced:
Flexural nominal capacity at other strains
Conclusions
At balance condition, Yield strain = 0.00137, M = 5856; we see no substantial
increase in capacity beyond this point i.e. with further increase in steel reinforcement,
or decrease in strain there is no appreciable increase in flexural capacity.
At ACI code limit of strain = 0.005, M = 3790; we see that there is considerable gap
between moment capacity at balance and moment capacity at ACI limit. Therefore if
ductility is not required, beam capacity can be further increased up to capacity at
balanced point.
However if ductility is also required, we can increase moment capacity (without

changing dimensions) only if we provide reinforcement in compression (doubly
reinforced).
13
Singly Reinforced:
Minimum reinforcement (Asmin):
According to ACI 9.6.1.2, at every section of a flexural member

where tensile reinforcement is required by analysis, the area As
provided shall not be less than that given by minbwd where, min is
equal to 3 (fc)/fy and not less than 200/fy.
Asmin = 3

Doubly Reinforced
Background
We have seen that we can not provide tensile reinforcement in excess of
Asmax = 0.318751bd fc/fy , so there is a bar on maximum flexural capacity.
We can increase Asmax if we increase b, d, fc or decrease fy .
If we cant do either of these and provide reinforcement in excess of Asmax ,
concrete in compression may crush before steel in tension yields.
However if we provide this excess reinforcement also on compression side so

that the compression capacity of concrete also increases, we would be able to
increase the flexural capacity of the member. In this case the member is called
doubly reinforced.
In other words the range of Asmax is increased. In such a case
Asmax = 0.318751bd fc/fy + compression steel.
14

Doubly Reinforced
Flexural Capacity
Consider figure d and e, the flexural capacity of doubly reinforced beam
consists of two couples:
The forces Asfy and 0.85fcab provides the couple with lever arm (d a/2).
Mn1 = Asfy (d a/2) .. (c)

The forces Asfy and Asfs provide another couple with lever arm (d d).
Mn2 = Asfs (d d) .. (d)
Doubly Reinforced
Flexural Capacity
The total nominal capacity of doubly reinforced beam is therefore,
Mn = Mn1 + Mn2 = Asfy (d a/2) + Asfs (d d)
15
Doubly Reinforced
Flexural Capacity
Factored flexural capacity is given as,
Mn = Asfy (d a/2) + Asfs (d d) .. (e)
To avoid failure, Mn Mu. For Mn = Mu, we have from equation (e),
Mu = Asfy (d a/2) + Asfs (d d) .. (f)
Where, Asfy (d a/2) is equal to Mnmax (singly) for As = Asmax
Therefore, Mu = Mnmax (singly) + Asfs (d d)
{Mu Mnmax (singly)} = Asfs (d d)
As = {Mu Mnmax (singly)}/ {fs (d d)} ..... (g) ; where, fs fy
Doubly Reinforced
Cc = Compression force
Maximum reinforcement due to concrete in
compression region,
Cc + Cs = T [ Fx = 0 ] Cs = Compression force
in steel in compression
0.85fcab + Asfs = Astfy region needed to
balance the tension
For Amax ; a = 1c = 0.85 0.375d
force in addition to the
Ast will become Astmax tension force provided

by Asmax (singly).
0.85fc10.375db + Asfs = Astmaxfy
Astmax = 10.31875bdfc/fy + Asfs/fy C
Astmax = Asmax (singly) + Asfs/fy
16
Doubly Reinforced
Maximum reinforcement
The total steel area actually provided Ast as tension reinforcement

must be less than Astmax in above equation i.e. Ast Astmax
Astmax (singly ) is a fixed number, whereas As is steel area actually

placed on compression side. (For more clarification, see example)
Note that Compression steel in the above equation may or may not yield
when tension steel yields.
Doubly Reinforced
Conditions at which fs = fy when tension steel yields.
By similarity of triangle (fig b), compression steel strain (s) is,
s = u (c d)/ c .. (h)
For tensile steel strain (s) = t = 0.005 (for under reinforced behavior):
c = 0.375d
Substituting the value of c in eqn. (h), we get,
s = u (0.375d d)/ 0.375d = (0.003 0.008d/d) ... (i)
Equation (i) gives the value of s for the condition at which reinforcement on
tension side is at strain of 0.005 ensuring ductility.
17
Doubly Reinforced
s = {0.003 0.008d/d} .... (i) OR
d/d = (0.003 - s)/0.008 . (j)
Substituting s = y,in equation (j).
d/d = (0.003 - y)/0.008 ..... (k)
Equation (k) gives the value of d/d that ensures that when tension steel is at a
strain of 0.005 (ensuring ductility), the compression steel will also be at yield.
Therefore for compression to yield, d/d should be less than the value given by
equation (k).
Doubly Reinforced
Table 3 gives the ratios (d/d) and minimum beam effective depths (d) for
compression reinforcement to yield.
For grade 40 steel, the minimum depth of beam to ensure that

compression steel will also yields at failure is 12.3 inch.
Table 3: Minimum beam depths for compression reinforcement to yield
Minimum d for d' =

fy, psi Maximum d'/d
2.5" (in.)
40000 0.2 12.3
60000 0.12 21.5
75000 0.05 48.8
18
Doubly Reinforced
Example
Design a doubly reinforced concrete beam for an ultimate flexural

demand of 4500 in-kip. The beam sectional dimensions are restricted.
Material strengths are fc = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi.
d = 20
b = 12
Doubly Reinforced
Solution:
Step No. 01: Calculation of Mnmax (singly)
max (singly) = 0.0203
Asmax (singly) = max (singly)bd = 4.87 in2
Mnmax (singly) = 2948.88 in-kip
Step No. 02: Moment to be carried by compression steel
Mu (extra) = Mu Mnmax (singly)
= 4500 2948.88 = 1551.12 in-kip
19
Doubly Reinforced
Solution:
Step No. 03: Find s and fs
From table 2, d = 20 > 12.3, and for d = 2.5, d/d is 0.125 < 0.20 for grade 40
steel. So compression steel will yield.
Stress in compression steel fs = fy
Alternatively,
s = (0.003 0.008d/d) .. (i)
s = (0.003 0.008 2.5/20) = 0.002 > y = 40/29000 = 0.00137
As s is greater than y, so the compression steel will yield.
Doubly Reinforced
Solution:
Step No. 04: Calculation of As and Ast.
As = Mu(extra)/{fs(d d)}=1551.12/{0.9040(202.5)}= 2.46 in2
Total amount of tension reinforcement (Ast) is,
Ast = Asmax (singly) + As= 4.87 + 2.46 = 7.33 in2
Using #8 bar, with bar area Ab = 0.79 in2
No. of bars to be provided on tension side = Ast/ Ab= 7.33/ 0.79 = 9.28
No. of bars to be provided on compression side = As/ Ab=2.46/ 0.79 = 3.11
Provide 10 #8 (7.9 in2 in 3 layers) on tension side and 4 #8 (3.16 in2 in 1

layer) on compression side.
20
Doubly Reinforced
Solution:
Step No. 05: Ensure that d/d < 0.2 (for grade 40) so that selection of bars
does not create compressive stresses lower than yield.
With tensile reinforcement of 10 #8 bars in 3 layers and compression

reinforcement of 4 #8 bars in single layer, d = 19.625 and d = 2.375
d/d = 2.375/ 19.625 = 0.12 < 0.2, OK
Doubly Reinforced
Solution:
Step No. 06: Ductility requirements: Ast Astmax
Ast , which is the total steel area actually provided as tension reinforcement must
be less than Astmax .
Astmax (singly ) is a fixed number for the case under consideration and As is
steel area actually placed on compression side.
Asmax (singly) = 4.87 in2 ; As = 4 0.79 = 3.16 in2 ; Astmax= 4.87 + 3.16 = 8.036 in2
Ast = 7.9 in2
Therefore Ast = 7.9 in2 < Astmax OK.
21
Difference between T-beam and T-beam Behavior
Flexural Capacity
22
Flexural Capacity
Asf =0.85fc(b bw)hf/fy
Asf, is the steel area which when stressed to fy, is required to balance the longitudinal
compressive force in the overhanging portions of the flange that are stressed uniformly at
0.85fc.
Mn1 = Asffy (d hf/2)
As = Mn2 / fy (d a/2) = (Mu Mn1)/ fy (d a/2)
a = Asfy/ (0.85fcbw)
As represents the steel area which when stressed to fy, is required to balance the
longitudinal compressive force in the rectangular portion of the beam.
Total steel area required (Ast) = Asf + As
Flexural Capacity (Alternate Formulae)

Mn = Mu= Astfy (d x)
Ast = Mu/ {fy (d x)}
x = {bwa2/2 + (b bw)hf2/2}/ {bwa + (b bw)hf}
a = {Astfy 0.85fc (b bw)hf}/0.85fcbw
23
Ductility Requirements
T = C1 + C2 [ Fx = 0 ]
Astfy = 0.85fcabw + 0.85fc(b bw)hf
Astfy = 0.85fcabw + Asffy
For ductility s = t = 0.005 (ACI Table 21.2.2),
a = amax = 1c = 10.375d, and Ast will become Astmax, Therefore,
Astmaxfy= 0.85fc10.375dbw + Asffy
Astmaxfy= 0.85fc10.375dbw + Asf
Astmax = 0.31875 1(fc/fy)dbw + Asf OR Astmax = Asmax (singly) + Asf
So, for T-beam to behave in a ductile manner Ast, provided Astmax

Calculation of Effective Flange Width (bf) (ACI 6.3.2.1)
T - Beam
1 bw + 16h
2 bw + sw sw sw
3 bw + n/4
Least of the above values is selected
Where bw is the width of the beam, h is the slab thickness, sw is the clear distance to the
adjacent beam and n is the clear length of beam.
24

Calculation of Effective Flange Width (bf) (ACI 6.3.2.1)
L - Beam
1 bw + 6h
2 bw + sw/2
3 bw + n/12
Least of the above values is selected
Where bw is the width of the beam, h is the slab thickness, sw is the clear distance to the
adjacent beam and n is the clear length of beam.
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 5115 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Example 03
Design a beam to resist a factored moment equal to 6500 in-kip. The
beam is 12 wide, with 20 effective depth and supports a 3 slab. The
beam is 25 long and its c/c distance to next beam is 4 ft. Material
strengths are fc = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi.
25
Example Solution:
Span length (l) = 25
d = 20; bw = 12; hf = 3
Effective flange width (bf) is minimum of,

bw+ 16hf =12 + 16 x 3 = 60
bw+ sw =12 + 3 x 12 = 48
bw+ ln/4 =12 + (25 x 12/4) = 87
Therefore, bf = 48
Example Solution:
Check if the beam behaviour is T or rectangular.
Let a = hf = 3
As = Mu/fy(d a/2) = 6500/{0.90 40 (20 3/2)} = 9.76 in2
a = Asfy/(0.85fcbf) = 9.76 40/ (0.85 3 48) = 3.20 > hf
Therefore, design as T beam.
26
Example Solution:
Design:
We first calculate Asf, the steel area which, when stressed to fy, is required
to balance the longitudinal compressive force in the overhanging portions
of the flange that are stressed uniformly at 0.85fc.
Asf = 0.85fc (bf bw) hf/fy
= 0.85 3 (48 12) 3/40 = 6.885 in2
The nominal moment resistance (Mn1), provided by Asf is,
Mn1 = Asffy {d hf/2} = 0.9 6.885 40 {20 3/2} = 4585.41 in-kip
Example Solution:
Design:
The nominal moment resistance (Mn2), provided by remaining steel As is,

Mn2 = Mu Mn1 = 6500 4585.41 = 1914.45 in-kip
Let a = 0.2d = 0.2 20 = 4
As = Mn2/ {fy(d a/2)} = 1914.45/ {0.9 40 (20 4/2)}= 2.95 in2
a = Asfy/(0.85fcbw) = 2.95 40/(0.85 3 12) = 3.90
This value is close to the assumed value of a. Therefore,
Ast = Asf + As = 6.885 + 2.95 = 9.84 in2 (13 #8 Bars)
27
Example Solution:
Ductility requirements, (Ast = As + Asf) Astmax
Astmax = Asmax (singly) + Asf
= 4.87 + 6.885 = 11.76 in2
Ast = As + Asf = 13 0.79 = 10.27 in2 < 11.76 O.K.
Example Solution:
Ensure that Ast > Asmin
Ast = 10.27 in2
Asmin = minbwd
min = 3(fc)/fy 200/fy
3(fc)/fy = 3 (3000)/60000 = 0.004
200/fy = 200/40000 = 0.005
min = 0.005 ; Asmin = 0.005 12 20 = 1.2 in2 < Ast, O.K.
28
Example Solution:
Design:
We design the same beam by alternate method.
Trial 01:
Assume a = hf = 3
x = {bwa2/2 + (bf bw)hf2/2}/ {bwa + (bf bw)hf}
= {1232/2+(48 12)32/2}/ {123+ (48 12)3} = 1.5
Ast = Mu/ {fy (d x)} = 6500/ {0.90 40 (20 1.5) = 9.76 in2
Example Solution:
Design:
Trial 02:
a = {Astfy 0.85fc (bf bw)hf}/0.85fcbw
= {9.76 40 0.853(48 12)3}/ (0.85312)= 3.76
x = {123.762/2+(48 12)32/2}/ {123.76+ (48 12)3} = 1.61
Ast = 6500/ {0.90 40 (20 1.61)} = 9.81 in2
29
Example Solution:
Design:
Trial 03:
a = {9.81 40 0.853(48 12)3}/ (0.85312)= 3.83
x = {123.832/2+(48 12)32/2}/ {123.83+ (48 12)3} = 1.62
Ast = 6500/ {0.90 40 (20 1.62)} = 9.83 in2, O.K.
This is same as calculated previously for T-beam.
Flexural Capacity
30
Flexural Capacity
As1 =0.85fcbohf/fy
As1 represents the steel area which when stressed to fy, is required to balance the
longitudinal compressive force in the rectangular portion of the area bohf that is stressed
uniformly at 0.85fc.
Mn1 = As1fy (d hf/2)
As2 = Mn2 / fy (d a/2) = (Mu Mn1)/ fy (d a/2)
a = As2fy/ {0.85fc(b - bo)}

As2 is the steel area which when stressed to fy, is required to balance the longitudinal
compressive force in the remaining portion of the section that is stressed uniformly at
0.85fc.
Total steel area required (Ast) = As1 + As2
Flexural Capacity (Alternate Formulae)

Mn = Mu = Astfy (d x)
Ast = Mu/ {fy (d x)}
x = {bohf2/2 + (b bo)a2/2}/ {(b bo)a + bohf}
a = {Astfy 0.85fcbohf}/0.85fc(b bo)
31
Ductility Requirements
For summation of internal forces,
Astfy = 0.85fcba 0.85fcbo(a hf)
For t = 0.005, a = 1 0.375d, we have Ast = Astmax, hollow, therefore,
Astmax, hollow = {0.85fcb1 0.375d 0.85fcbo(0.375d hf)}/ fy
Astmax, hollow = 0.319(fc/fy)1bd 0.85(fc/fy)bo(0.375d hf)
Astmax, hollow = Asmax (singly) 0.85(fc/fy)bo(0.375d hf)

So, for hollow beam to behave in a ductile manner:
Ast, provided Astmax, hollow
Example
Design a beam to resist a factored moment equal to 2500 in-kip. The
beam has a hollow section with 12 width and overall depth of 24. The
hollow part inside the section is 4 wide and 16 deep. Material strengths
are fc = 3 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
16 24
12
32
Example Solution
h = 24; d = 21.5 (assumed)
b = 12
bo = hf = 4
Check if the beam behaviour is rectangular or hollow rectangular.
Let a = hf = 4
As = Mu/fy(d a/2) = 2500/{0.90 60 (21.5 4/2)} = 2.37 in2
a = Asfy/(0.85fcb) = 2.37 60/ (0.85 3 12) = 4.65 > hf
Therefore, design as hollow beam.
Example Solution
First calculate As1,
As1 = 0.85fcbohf/fy
= 0.85 3 3 4/60 = 0.51 in2
The nominal moment resistance (Mn1), provided by As1 is,
Mn1 = As1fy {d hf/2} = 0.9 0.51 60 {21.5 4/2} = 537.03 in-kip
The nominal moment resistance (Mn2), provided by remaining steel As2

is,
Mn2 = Mu Mn1 = 2500 537.03 = 1962.97 in-kip
33
Example Solution
Let a = 4
As2 = Mn2/ {fy(d a/2)} = 1962.97/ {0.9 60 (21.5 4/2)} = 1.86 in2
a = As2fy/ {0.85fc (b bo)} = 1.86 60/ {0.85 3 (12 3)} = 3.65
This value is close to the assumed value of a. Therefore,
Ast = As1 + As2 = 0.51 + 1.86 = 2.37 in2
Using #8 bar, with bar area Ab = 0.79 in2
# of bars = Ast/ Ab = 2.37/ 0.79 = 3 bars
Example Solution
Ductility requirements, (Ast) provided <Astmax, hollow
Astmax, hollow = Asmax (singly) 0.85(fc/fy)bo(0.375d hf)
= 3.48 0.85 (3/60) 3 (0.375 21.5 4) = 2.96 in2
Therefore, Ast = 2.37 in2 < 2.96 in2 O.K.
34
Example Solution
Design the same beam by alternate approach.
Trial 01:
Assume a = hf = 4
x = {bohf2/2 + (b bo)a2/2}/ {(b bo)a + bohf}
= {342/2+(12 3)42/2}/ {(123)4 + 34} = 2
Ast = Mu/ {fy (d x)} = 2500/ {0.90 60 (21.5 2)} = 2.37 in2
Example Solution
Design the same beam by alternate approach.
Trial 02:
a = {Astfy 0.85fcbohf}/0.85fc(b bo)
= {2.37 60 0.85334}/ {0.853(12 3)} = 4.87
x = {342/2+(12 3) 4.872/2}/ {(123)4.87 + 34} = 2.34
Ast = 2500/ {0.90 60 (21.5 2.34)} = 2.41 in2, O.K.
This is close to the value calculated previously for hollow-beam.
35
Reinforced Concrete
Members Subjected to Axial
Compressive Loads
Contents
Axial Capacity
Maximum Reinforcement Ratio
Example
36
Axial Capacity
Consider a Rectangular Section

Nominal Axial Capacity is given as
Cs1+ Cs2+Cs3+ Cc = Pn
Cs1 = As1 * fs1
Cs2 = As2 * fs2
Cs3 = As3 * fs3
Cc = Ac * fc
As1 * fs1 + As2 * fs2 + As3 * fs3 + Ac * fc = Pn
Axial Capacity
The section will reach its axial capacity when strain in concrete reaches
a value of 0.003.
The yield strain values of steel for grade 40 and 60 are 0.00138 and
0.00207 respectively. Therefore steel would have already yielded at
0.003 strain. Hence fs1 = fs2 = fs3 = fs4 = fy and fc = 0.85 fc
Let As1 + As2 + As3 = Ast and Ac = Ag Ast , Then
Ast fy + 0.85 fc(Ag Ast) = Pn
where Ag = gross area of column section,
Ast = total steel area
Pn = Pu
37
Axial Capacity
As per ACI code (22.4.2.2), the axial capacity for

Spiral Columns
Pn (max) = 0.85 [0.85fc(Ag Ast) + fy Ast] ; = 0.70
Tied Columns
Pn (max) = 0.80 [0.85fc(Ag Ast) + fy Ast] ; = 0.65
The ACI factors are lower for columns than for beams, reflecting
their greater importance in a structure.
The additional reduction factors of 0.80 and 0.85 are used to

account for accidental eccentricities not considered in the analysis
that may exist in a compression member, and to recognize that
concrete strength may be less than fc under sustained high loads.
(R22.4.2.1)
Maximum Reinforcement Ratio
1 % Ast /Ag 8 % (ACI: 10.6.1.1)

Practically, however reinforcement more than 6 % is seldom
used.
38
Example
Design a 18 18 column for a factored axial compressive load

of 300 kips. The material strengths are fc = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi.
18
18
Example
Solution
Nominal strength (Pn) of axially loaded column is:
Pn = 0.80{0.85fc(AgAst) + Astfy}
Let Ast = 1% of Ag
Pn = 0.80 0.65 {0.85 3 (324 0.01 324) + 0.01
324 40}
= 492 kips > (Pu = 300 kips), O.K.
Therefore, Ast = 0.01 324 = 3.24 in2
Using 3/4 (#6) {# 19, 19 mm}, with bar area Ab =0.44 in2
No. of bars = As/Ab = 3.24/0.44 = 7.36 8 bars
Use 8 #6 bars {8 #19 bars, 19 mm}
39
Reinforced Concrete Members

subjected to Axial Compressive
Load with Uniaxial Bending
Contents
Behavior of Columns subjected to Uniaxial Bending

Axial Capacity
Flexural Capacity
Design by Trial and Success Method
Alternative Approach
Interaction Diagram
40
Behavior of Columns subjected to

Uniaxial Bending
Shown in figure, is a vertical rectangular RC

member subjected to axial compressive load
Pu at some eccentricity ex along x-axis of the
cross section causing moment Muy. y
x
Such a column is called uniaxial column.
The bending is called uniaxial bending

because the bending exists only about one
of the centroidal axis of the cross section.
Axial Capacity
Pu = Pn = (Cc + Cs T) [ F = 0 ]
= (0.85fcab + As1fs1 As2fs2)
Pu = {0.85fcab+As1fs1 As2fs2} ..(1)
fs1 = Es1 = 0.003E (c d)/c fy
fs2 = Es2 = 0.003E (d c)/c fy
Note: Negative sign with As2 shows that
steel layer As2 is under tensile
stresses.
For s1:
s1/(c - d) = u/c
For s2:
s2/(d - c) = u/c
41
Flexural Capacity
Mu = Mn [ M = 0 ] (about geometric center),

Mu = [Cc {(h/2) (a/2)} + As1fs1 {(h/2) d} +
As2fs2 {d (h/2)}]
With (d h/2) = {h d h/2} = {(h/2) d}
Mu = [Cc {(h/2) (a/2)} + As1fs1 {(h/2) d} +
As2fs2 {(h/2) d}] (2a)
Note: All internal forces are in counter clockwise

sense to resist flexural demand caused by Pu.
Flexural Capacity
Mu = [Cc {(h/2) (a/2)} + As1fs1 {(h/2) d} +

As2fs2 {(h/2) d}] (2a)
With, Cc = 0.85fcab ; As1 = As2 = As
The equation (2a) becomes (2b) as:
Mu = [0.425fcab(ha)+As{(h/2)d}(fs1+fs2)] .(2b)
Where, fs1 = Es1 = 0.003E (c d)/c fy &
fs2 = Es2 = 0.003E (d c)/c fy
42
Flexural Capacity
It is important to note that equation (1) & (2b)

are valid for 2 layers of reinforcements only.
Pu={0.85fcab+As1fs1 As2fs2}(1)
Mu=[0.425fcab(ha)+As{(h/2)d}(fs1+fs2)](2b)
For intermediate layers of reinforcement, the

corresponding terms with As shall be added in
the equations.
As discussed in previous lectures, the singly reinforced flexural

member can be designed by trial and success method using
following formulae:
As = Mu/ {fy (d a/2)} & a = Asfy/0.85fcb
In the same way, equations (1) and (2b) may be used for design
of RC member subjected to compressive load with uniaxial
bending
Pu={0.85fcab+As1fs1 As2fs2} (1)
Mu=[0.425fcab(h a) + As{(h/2) - d}(fs1 + fs2)] .(2b)
43
However unlike equations for beam where fs = fy, here we dont

know values of fs1 and fs2 . But we do know that steel stress shall
be taken equal to or less than yield strength. Therefore
fs1 = Es1 = 0.003E (c d)/c fy
fs2 = Es2 = 0.003E (d c)/c fy
Equation (1) can be now written in the following form
Pu = {0.85fc1cb + AsE 0.003(c d)/c AsE 0.003(d c)/c)}---(1)
Equation (1) can be transformed into a quadratic equation to

obtain the value of c for a particular demand Pu and assumed
As:
0.85fc 1bc2 + (174As Pu)c 87As (d d) = 0
However such approach will not be convenient because the

check that stresses in reinforcement layers fs1 and fs2 shall not
exceed fy can not be applied in the above equation.
44
As an example, with Mu = 40 ft-kip, Pu = 145 kips, As = 0.88 in2, fc = 3

ksi, b = h = 12, d = 9.5 and d = 2.5, c comes out to be 6.08 from
quadratic equation.
For c = 6.08, now fs1 and fs2 shall be fy
fs1 = Es1 = 0.003E (c d)/c = 51 ksi ; greater than 40 ksi
fs2 = Es2 = 0.003E (d c)/c = 49 ksi ; greater than 40 ksi
It means that every time when we obtain value of c, we have to check
stresses in steel and only that value of c will be used when fs1 and fs2
are fy .
Therefore this method of trial and success will not work in members subjected to
axial load and flexure together. We now look at another approach.
Instead of calculating c, we assume c and calculate Pn and

Mn for a given set of data such as follows:
Pn ={0.85fcab+ AsE 0.003(c d)/c AsE 0.003(d c)/c)}
Mn = [0.425fc1c b (h a) + As {(h/2) d} (fs1 + fs2)]
For As = 0.88 in2, fc = 3 ksi, b = h = 12, d = 9.5 and d = 2.5 ,

all values in the above equations are known except c.
45
Pn and Mn are calculated for various values of c from 0 to h,

with the check that during calculations fs1 and fs2 do not exceed
fy for both equations.
Table 4
c (in) Pn (kips) Mn (kip-ft)

0 c (h = 12)
3.69 0 36.25
5 64.6 41.59
7 133 43.09
9 185.3 36
12 252.64 19.44
Axial capacity 281 0
Plot the values and check the

capacity of the column for the
demand equal to Mu = 40 ft-kip
and Pu = 145 kips
Demand point
(40,145)
46
Interaction Diagram
General:
For a column of known dimensions
and reinforcement, several pairs of P
and M from various values of c
using equations 1 and 2b can be
obtained and plotted as shown.
Such a graph is known as capacity
curve or interaction diagram.
Nominal and Design diagram are
given in the figure.
Interaction Diagram
General:
If the factored demand in the form of
Pu and Mu lies inside the design
interaction diagram, the given
column will be safe against that
demand.
47
Interaction Diagram
Important Features of Interaction

Diagram
Horizontal Cutoff: The horizontal
cutoff at upper end of the curve
at a value of Pnmax represents
the maximum design load
specified in the ACI 22.4.2.1 for
small eccentricities i.e., large
axial loads.
Interaction Diagram
Important Features of Interaction

Diagram:
Linear Transition of from 0.65
to 0.90 is applicable for t fy/Es
to t = 0.005 respectively.
0.8Po
0.8Po
48
Interaction Diagram
Development of Interaction
Diagram:
Interaction diagram can be
developed by calculation of
certain points as discussed
below:
Point 01: Point representing
capacity of column when
concentrically loaded.
This represents the point for

which Mn = 0.
Interaction Diagram
Diagram:
Point 02: c = h
Point 2 corresponds to
crushing of the concrete at
the compression face of the
section and zero stress at
the other face.
49
Interaction Diagram
Diagram:
Point 03: c = (h-d)
At Point 3, the strain in the

reinforcing bars farthest
from the compression face
is equal to zero.
Interaction Diagram
Diagram:
Point 04: c = 0.68d (Grade 40)
c = 0.58d (Grade 60)
Point representing capacity of

column for balance failure
condition (c = 0.003 and t = y).
c = d {c/ (c + y)}
c = 0.003
y = 0.0013 (Grade 40)
y = 0.0021 (Grade 60)
50
Interaction Diagram
Diagram:
Point 05: c = 0.375d
Point in tension controlled

region for net tensile strain
(t) = 0.005, and = 0.90,
(c = 0.003).
c = d {c/ (c + t)}
c = 0.003
t = 0.005
Interaction Diagram
Diagram:
Point 06: c = 0.23d
Point on capacity curve for

which t >> 0.005 and
c = 0.003.
c = d {c/ (c + t)}
c = 0.003
t >> 0.005
51
Interaction Diagram
Example: Develop interaction diagram for the given column.

The material strengths are fc = 3 ksi and fy = 40 ksi with 4 no.
6 bars.
12
12
Interaction Diagram
Solution:
Design interaction diagram will be developed by plotting (06)
points as discussed earlier.
Point 1: Point representing capacity of column when

concentrically loaded: Therefore
Pn = [0.85fc(Ag Ast) + fyAst]
= 0.65 [0.853(144 1.76) + 40 1.76] = 281.52 kip
Mn = 0
52
Interaction Diagram
Solution:
Point 2: c = h
c = 12 (c = h); a = 1c = 0.85 12 = 10.2
fs1 = 0.003E (c d)/c = 0.00329000(12 2.25)/12 = 70.69 ksi > fy,
use fy = 40 ksi.
fs2 = 0.003E (d c)/c = 0.00329000(9.75 12)/12 = -16.31 ksi< fy
Therefore, Pn = {0.85fcab + As fs1 Asfs2}
= 0.65{0.85310.212 +0.8840+0.8816.31} = 235.09 kip
Mn = [0.425fcab (h a) + As {(h/2) d} (fs1 + fs2)]
= 0.65[0.425310.212(1210.2)+0.88{(12/2) 2.25}(40-16.31)]
= 233.41 in-kip = 19.45 ft-kip
Interaction Diagram
Solution:
Point 3: c = (h-d )
c =12-2.25=9.75; a = 1c = 0.85 9.75 = 8.29
fs1 = 0.003E (c d)/c = 0.00329000(9.75 2.25)/9.75 = 66.92 ksi > fy,
use fy = 40 ksi.
fs2 = 0.003E (d c)/c = 0.00329000(9.75 9.75)/9.75 = 0 ksi< fy
Therefore, Pn = {0.85fcab + As fs1 Asfs2}
= 0.65{0.8538.2912 +0.8840} = 187.77 kip
= 0.65[0.42538.2912(128.29)+0.88{(12/2) 2.25}(40)]
= 391.67 in-kip = 32.64 ft-kip
53
Interaction Diagram
Solution:
Point 4: Point representing balance failure: The neutral axis for
the balanced failure condition is easily calculated from
c = d {u/ (u + y)} with u equal to 0.003 and y = 40/29000 =
0.001379, c = 0.68d
cb = d {u/ (u + y)} = 9.75 0.003/ (0.003 + 0.001379)

= 0.68d = 6.68 giving a stress-block depth;
ab = 1cb = 0.85 6.68 = 5.67
Interaction Diagram
Solution:
Point 4: Balance failure: For the balanced failure condition, fs = fy.
fs1 = 0.003E (c d)/c = 0.00329000(6.682.25)/6.68= 57.69 ksi > fy,
fs2 = 0.003E (d c)/c = 0.00329000(9.75 6.68)/6.68 = 40 ksi = fy
Therefore, Pb = {0.85fcab + Asfs1 Asfs2}
= 0.65{0.8535.6712 +0.88400.8840} = 112.77 kip
Mb = [0.425fcab (h a) + As {(h/2) d} (fs1 + fs2)]
= 0.65[0.42535.6712(125.67)+0.88{(12/2) 2.25}(40 + 40)]
= 528.54 in-kip = 44.05 ft-kip
54
Interaction Diagram
Solution:
Point 5: This point is in tension controlled region for which t = 0.005, = 0.90:
For t = 0.005; c = d {u/ (u + t)} = 9.75 {0.003/ (0.003 + 0.005)}
= 0.375d = 3.66
a = 1c = 0.85 3.66 = 3.11
fs1 = 0.003E (c d)/c = 0.00329000(3.66 2.25)/3.66 = 33.51 ksi < fy
fs2 = 0.003E (d c)/c = 0.00329000(9.75 3.66)/3.66 = 144.76 ksi > fy,
use fy = 40 ksi.
Therefore, Pn = {0.85fcab + Asfs1 Asfs2}
= 0.90{0.8533.1112 +0.8833.510.8840}= 80.50 kip
= 0.90[0.42533.1112(123.11)+0.88{(12/2) 2.25}(33.51+40)]
= 599 in-kip = 49.91 ft-kip
Interaction Diagram
Solution:
Point 6: Point on capacity curve for which t >> 0.005:
Let t = 2 0.005 = 0.01; c = d {u/ (u + t)} = 9.75 {0.003/ (0.003 + 0.01)}
= 0.23d = 2.25
a = 1c = 0.85 2.25 = 1.91
fs1 = 0.003E (c d)/c = 0.00329000(2.25 2.25)/2.25 = 0 < fy
fs2 = 0.003E (d c)/c = 0.00329000(9.75 2.25)/2.25 = 290 ksi > fy,
use fy = 40 ksi.
Therefore, Pn = {0.85fcab + Asfs1 Asfs2
= 0.90{0.8531.9112 +0.880 0.8840} = 20.90 kip
= 0.90[0.42531.9112(121.91)+0.88{(12/2) 2.25}(0 +40)
= 384.16 in-kip = 32.01 ft-kip
55
Interaction Diagram
Solution:
M vs P h
d
d'
500
b
450
Nominal Interaction
400
Curve
350
Layer 02
Layer 01
300 Design Interaction
P (kip)
Curve
250
0.80fPo
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80
M (kip-ft)
Interaction Diagram
Use of Design Aids:

The uniaxial columns can be designed
using design aids e.g, normalized
interaction diagrams such as given in
graph A5-A16 (Nilson). These diagrams
require the calculation of a dimensionless
h
constant .
d h d
h = h+2d
= (h-2d)/h b X
Y
Once is calculated, the interaction
diagram corresponding to the value of is
selected & then column can be designed Reference: Design of Concrete Structures 13th Ed. by
using steps given on the next slides. Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.
56
Interaction Diagram
Use of Design Aids: Graph A.5 to

A.16 (Nilson)
Calculate = (h 2 d) / h, select
the relevant interaction diagram.
Given Pu, e, Ag, fy, and fc
Calculate Kn = Pu/(fcAg) Kn
Calculate Rn = Pue/( fcAgh)
From the values of Kn & Rn, find
from the graph as shown.
Ast = Ag
Rn
Reference: Design of Concrete Structures 13th Ed. by
Nilson, Darwin and Dolan.
Interaction Diagram
Example: Using design aids, design a 12 square column to

support factored load of 145 kip and a factored moment of 40
kip-ft. The material strengths are fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
12
12
57
Interaction Diagram
Solution: Design Aids (using fc = 4 ksi and

fy = 60 ksi)
With d = 2.5 in, = (12 2 2.5)/12 = 0.60.
Kn = Pu/(fcAg) = 145/(0.65 4 144) = 0.40
Rn = Pue/( fcAgh) = (40 12)/ (0.65 4
144 12) = 0.11
= 0.007
Ast = 0.007 144 = 1.0 in2. < 1 % of Ag =1.44
Using #6 bar,
No. of bars = Ast/Ab = 1.44/0.44 4 bars
Reinforced Concrete Members

subjected to Axial Compressive
Load with Biaxial Bending
58
Contents
Behavior of Columns subjected to Biaxial Bending

Difficulties in Constructing Biaxial Interaction Surface
Approximate Method for Converting Biaxial case to Uniaxial case
Breslers Approximate Methods for Design of Biaxial Columns
Reciprocal Load Method
Load Contour Method
Circular Columns

Biaxial Bending
Column section subjected to

compressive load (Pu) at
eccentricities ex and ey along
x and y axes causing
moments Muy and Mux
respectively.
59

Biaxial Bending
The biaxial bending

resistance of an axially
loaded column can be
represented as a surface
formed by a series of
uniaxial interaction curves
drawn radially from the P
axis.

Biaxial Bending
(a) uniaxial bending

about y axis.
(b) uniaxial bending

about x axis.
(c) biaxial bending

about diagonal axis.
60

Biaxial Bending
Force, strain and stress

distribution diagrams for
biaxial bending
Difficulties in Constructing Biaxial

Interaction Surface
The triangular or
trapezoidal compression
zone.
Neutral axis, not in

general, perpendicular to
the resultant eccentricity.
61
Approximate Method for Converting

Biaxial Case to Uniaxial Case
For rectangular sections with

reinforcement equally distributed on
all faces.
Biaxial demand can be converted to

equivalent uniaxial demand using
following equations: (reference PCA)
Mnxo = Mnx + Mny (h/b)(1 )/
Mnyo = Mny + Mnx (b/h)(1 )/

0.55 0.7
A value of 0.65 for is generally a good

initial choice in a biaxial bending
analysis.
For a value of = 0.65, the equations

can be simplified as below:
Mnxo = Mnx + 0.54Mny (h/b)
Mnyo = Mny + 0.54 Mnx(b/h)
Pick the larger moment for onward

calculations
62

Design Example
Using equations for converting bi-axial column to uni-axial
column, design a 12 square column to support factored load of
190 kip and factored moments of 35 kip-ft about x axis and 50
kip ft about y axis. The material strengths are fc = 4 ksi and
fy = 60 ksi.
Y
X
b=12
h =12

Design Example
Solution:
Assuming compression controlled behavior ( = 0.65), the required
nominal strengths are:
Mnx = Mux/ = 35/ 0.65 = 53.84 ft-kip
Mny = Muy/ = 50/ 0.65 = 76.92 ft-kip
Mnxo = Mnx + 0.54Mny (h/b)
= 53.84 + 0.54 76.92 1 = 95 ft-kip
Similarly,
Mnyo = Mny + 0.54 Mnx (h/b)=76.92+0.5453.84 1 = 105.9 ft-kip
Muy = 0.65 105.9 = 68.84 ft kip. The biaxial column can now be
designed as an equivalent uni-axial column with moment about y-axis.
63

Design Example
Solution:
Note: In the original equations developed by PCA, they have used
nominal values of moments because the resultant Moment was
supposed to be used on the nominal interaction diagram. However if
we have factored interaction diagram, the equation can be directly
applied on factored moments without any difference in the final
output, as follows:
Mux = 35, Muy= 50 ;
Mu = Mux + 0.54Muy (h/b) = 35 + 0.54 50 = 62 ft-kip
Mu = Muy + 0.54Mux (h/b) = 50 + 0.54 35 = 68.9 ft-kip

Design Example
Solution:
Pu = 190 kip and Mu = 68.84 fi-kip
With 2.25 in. d, = (12 2 2.25)/12 = 0.63

0.60.
Kn = Pu/(fcAg) = 190/(0.65 4 144) = 0.51
Rn = Pue/( fcAgh) = 68.84 12/ (0.65 4

144 12) = 0.18
From the graph, with the calculated values of

Kn and Rn, g = 0.031. Thus,
Ast = 0.031 144 = 4.46 in2.
Using #6 bar, # of bars = Ast/Ab = 4.46/ 0.44 =

10.33 12 bars
64

Design Example
Solution:
Alternatively, we can design the Column from the uniaxial interaction
diagram developed for 12 x 12 inch column having 12 no. 6 bars, fc = 4 ksi
and fy = 60 ksi. The red dot shows that column is safe for the given values
of Pu = 190 kips and Mu = 68.9
Breslers Approximate Methods for

Design of Biaxial Columns

For Pn 0.1fcAg
Where Pn = Pu/
Load Contour Method

For Pn < 0.1fcAg
Where Pn = Pu/
65
Bresler's reciprocal load equation derives from the geometry of the

approximating plane. It can be shown that:
{(1/Pn) = 1/ (Pnxo) +1/ (Pnyo) (1/Pno)
If Pn Pu O.K.
Where,
Pn = approximate value of nominal load in biaxial bending with
eccentricities ex and ey.
Pnyo = nominal load when only eccentricity ex is present (ey = 0),
Pnxo = nominal load when only eccentricity ey is present (ex = 0),
Pno = nominal load for concentrically loaded column
Steps
Step 1:
Mnx = Mux/
Mny = Muy/
Check if Pn 0.1 fcAg Pno
applies
Step 2:
= (h2d)/h
Assuming As, = As/ bh
Pno can be determined
66
Steps
Step 3: ex/h
ex/h = (Mny/Pn)/ h
Pnxo can be determined
Step 4: ey/b
Pno
ey/b = (Mnx/Pn)/ b
Pnyo can be determined

Step 5:
Using the equation; Pnxo
{(1/Pn) = 1/ (Pnxo) +1/ (Pnyo) (1/Pno) Pnyo
If Pn Pu O.K.
Note: All values determined from graph shall be
multiplied with fcAg
Design Example
Using Reciprocal Load Method, design a 12 square column to
support factored load of 190 kip and factored moments of 35 kip-ft
each about x and y axis respectively. The material strengths are fc =
4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi. Y
b=12 X
h =12
67
Design Example
Solution:
Design using approximate methods (Reciprocal Load Method):
Given demand: Mnx = Mux/ = 35/0.65 = 53.84 ft-kip
Mny = Muy/ = 35/0.65 = 53.84 ft-kip;
Pu = 190 kips
Check if Pn 0.1 fcAg
Pn = 190/ 0.65 = 292.31 kip
0.1fcAg = 0.1 4 12 12 = 57.6 kip
As Pn > 0.1 fcAg, therefore reciprocal load method applies.
Design Example
Solution:
With d=2.5 in., = (12 2 2.5)/12
= 0.60; Graph A.5 of Nilson 13th Ed
applies Pno
Assuming the column to be

reinforced with 4 #6 bars, therefore, =0.012
= As/ bh = 4 0.44/ (12 12)
= 0.012
Pno/fcAg = 1.09
Pno = 1.09 fcAg
Pno = 1.09 4 144= 628 kips
68
Design Example ex/h

Solution:
Consider bending about Y-axis
ex/h = 0.18
Kn = 0.68 Pno
Pnyo/fcAg = 0.68
Pnyo = 0.68 fcAg Pnyo
Pnyo = 0.68 4 144= 391
kips
Design Example ey/b

Solution:
Consider bending about X-axis
ey/b = 0.18
Kn = 0.68 Pno
Pnxo/fcAg = 0.68
Pnxo = 0.68 fcAg Pnxo
Pnxo = 0.68 4 144= 391
kips
69
Design Example
Solution:
Design using approximate methods (Reciprocal Load Method):
Now apply reciprocal load equation,
(1/Pn) = 1/ (Pnxo) +1/ (Pnyo) 1/ ( Pno)
(1/Pn) = 1/ (391) +1/ (391) 1/ (628) = 0.00372
Pn = 284 kip, and the design load is:
Pn = 0.65 284 = 184 kips 190 kips, O.K.
Design Example
Solution:
Instead of using Nelson charts, the Interaction diagram
developed earlier for 12 x 12 inch column with 4 no 6 bars is
used in the next steps of Reciprocal Load Method. .
Pn = 190/ 0.65 = 292.31 kip
Mnx = Mny = 53.84 ft-kip
70
Solution:
Design using
Approximate methods:
This interaction curve is

for both x and y axes as
the column is square
Design Example
Solution:
Design using Reciprocal Load Method :
From nominal interaction curve,
Pno = 590 kip,
For Mnx = 53.84 ft-kip, Pnxo = 450 kip
For Mny = 53.84 ft-kip, Pnyo = 450 kip
Now apply reciprocal load equation,
(1/Pn) = 1/ (Pnxo)+1/ (Pnyo)1/ ( Pno)= 1/ (450) +1/ (450) 1/ (590) = 0.00285
Pn = 344.50 kip, and the design load is:
Pn = 0.65 344.50 = 223.92 kips > 190 kips, O.K.
71
Design Example
Solution:
650
600 Nominal
Designing the same column by 550 Interaction
500 Curve
converting bi-axial case to uni- 450 Design
axial case. 400 Interaction
Curve
P (kip)
350
300 0.80fPo
Mu = 35 + 0.54 *20 = 53.9kip-ft
250
Pu = 190 kip 200
150
100
Interaction diagram for 12 x 12 50
0
inch column with 4 no 6 bars is 0 20 40 60 80 100
given in the figure. M (kip-ft)
The blue dot shows that column

is safe under the given demand.
Load Contour Method
The load contour method is based on representing the failure

surface of 3D interaction diagram by a family of curves
corresponding to constant values of Pn.
(Mnx/Mnxo)1 + (Mny/Mnyo)2 1
Where,
Mnx = Pney ; Mnxo = Mnx (when Mny = 0),
Mny = Pnex ; Mnyo = Mny (when Mnx = 0)
72
Load Contour Method
When 1 = 2 = , the shapes of such

interaction contours are as shown for
specific values. For values of Mnx/Mnx
and Mny/Mny , can be determined
from the given graph.
Load Contour Method
Calculations reported by Bresler indicate that falls in the range

from 1.15 to 1.55 for square and rectangular columns. Values
near the lower end of that range are the more conservative.
73
Load Contour Method
Steps:
Step 1:
Mnx = Mux/
Mny = Muy/
Check if Pn < 0.1 fcAg
Load contour method applies
Step 2:
= (h 2d)/h
Assuming As, = As/ bh
Load Contour Method
Steps:
Step 3: ex/h
ex/h = (Mny/Pn)/ h
Mnyo can be determined
Step 4: ey/b

ey/b = (Mnx/Pn)/ b
Mnxo can be determined

Step 5:
(Mnx/Mnxo)1 + (Mny/Mnyo)2 1
Note: All values determined from graph should be multiplied with

fcAgh
Mnyo Mnxo
74
Load Contour Method
Design Example
Using Load Contour Method, design a 12 square column to
support factored load of 30 kip and factored moments of 20 kip-ft
each about x axis and 30 kip-ft about y axis. The material strengths
are fc = 4 ksi and fy = 60 ksi.
Y
b=12 X
h =12
Load Contour Method
Design Example
Solution:
Design using Load Contour Method:
Given demand: Mnx = Mux/ = 20/0.65 = 30.76 ft-kip
Mny = Muy/ = 30/0.65 = 46.15 ft-kip;
Pn =Pu/ = 30/ 0.65 = 46.15 kips
Check if Pn < 0.1 fcAg
0.1fcAg = 0.1 4 12 12 = 57.6 kip
As Pn < 0.1 fcAg, therefore load contour method applies.
75
Load Contour Method
Design Example
Solution:
With d=2.5 in., = (12 2

2.5)/12 = 0.60 (graph
A.5 of Nilson 14th Ed
applies)
Assuming the column to

be reinforced with 4 #6
bars, then, = As/ bh
= 4 0.44/ (12 12)
= 0.012
Load Contour Method
Design Example
Solution:
Consider bending about Y-
axis
ex/h = 1

Rn = 0.12
Mnyo/fcAgh= 0.12
ex/h
Mnyo = 0.12 fcAgh
Mnyo = 0.12 4 144 12
= 830 in-kip
Mnyo
76
Load Contour Method
Design Example
Solution:
Consider bending about X-
axis
ey/b = 0.65
ey/b
Rn = 0.14
Mnxo/fcAgh= 0.14
Mnxo = 0.14 fcAgh
Mnxo = 0.14 4 144 12
= 968 in-kip
Mnxo
Load Contour Method
Design Example
Solution:
Design using Load Contour Method:
Now apply load contour equation,
(Mnx/Mnxo)1 + (Mny/Mnyo)1 = 1
For 1.15
(30.7612/968)1.15+(46.1512/830)1.15=
0.95 < 1, OK
77
Load Contour Method
Design Example
Solution:
Design by converting bi-axial
case to uni-axial case. 650
600 Nominal
550 Interaction
Mu= 30 + 0.54 *20 = 40.8 kip- 500 Curve
450 Design
ft 400 Interaction
P (kip)
350 Curve
300 0.80fPo
Pu = 30 kip 250
200
150
Interaction diagram for 12 x 12 100
50
inch column with 4 no 6 bars is 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
given in the figure. M (kip-ft)
The blue dot shows that

column is safe under the given
demand.
Circular Columns
Behavior
Strain distribution at ultimate
load.
The concrete compression zone

subject to the equivalent
rectangular stress distribution
has the shape of a segment of a
circle, shown shaded.
78
Circular Columns
Design Example
Design a circular column, using approximate methods, for a factored
load of 60 kips and a factored moment of 20 ft-kips about x axis and
30 kip-ft about y axis. The diameter of column is 16. Material
strengths are fc = 4000 psi and fy = 60000 psi.
16 diameter
Circular Columns
Design Example
Solution:
Check that which method applies?
Pn = Pu / = 60/0.65 = 90.30 kips
Mnx = Mux / = 20/0.65 = 30.76 ft-kips
Mny = Muy / = 30/0.65 = 46.15 ft-kips
Check if Pn 0.1 fcAg
0.1fcAg = 0.1 4 162/4= 80.42 kip; 92.30 kip > 80.42 kip
Therefore, reciprocal load method applies.
79
Circular Columns
Design Example
Solution
With d=2.5 in., = (16 2

2.5)/16 = 0.70 (graph A.5 of
Nilson 14th Ed applies)
Pno
Take 6 #6 bars, =As/(Ag) =
(6 0.44)/( 162/4) = 0.013
Pno/fcAg = 1.04
Pno = 1.04 fcAg
Pno= 1.04 4 201= 836 kips
Circular Columns
Design Example
Solution
Consider bending about Y-
axis
ex/d = 0.75
Kn = 0.15
Pno

Pnyo/fcAg = 0.15 ex/d
Pnyo = 0.15 fcAg
Pnyo = 0.15 4 201=
121 kips
Pnyo
80
Circular Columns
Design Example
Solution
Consider bending about X-
axis
ey/d = 0.50
ey/d
Kn = 0.25 Pno

Pnxo/fcAg = 0.25
Pnxo = 0.25 fcAg
Pnxo = 0.25 4 201=
201 kips
Pnxo
Circular Columns
Design Example
Solution:
Apply reciprocal load equation:
(1/Pn) = 1/ (Pnxo) +1/ (Pnyo) 1/ ( Pno)
(1/Pn) = 1/ (201) +1/ (121) 1/ (836) = 0.0012

Pn = 83 kip, and the design load is:
Pn = 0.65 83 = 54 kips 60 kips, O.K.
81
References
Design of Concrete Structures (14th /15th Ed.) by Nilson, Darwin and

Dolan.
Reinforced Concrete - Mechanics and Design (6th Ed.) by James

MacGregor.
ACI 318-14.
PCA notes 2002
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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

By: Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali

Civil Engineering Department

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Flexure Load only

Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Axial Compressive

Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Axial Compressive

Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Axial Compressive

While transmitting load from floors and roof to the foundations,

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Loading Stages Before Collapse

Loading Stages Before Collapse

BEAM TEST VIDEO

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Loading Stages Before Collapse

1. Un-cracked Concrete Elastic Stage:

2. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) Elastic Stage

Loading Stages Before Collapse

3. Cracked Concrete (tension zone) Inelastic (Ultimate Strength)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Loading Stages Before Collapse

Tension Zone fc'

This is a stage where concrete is at the

Loading Stages Before Collapse

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Loading Stages Before Collapse

b Strain Diagram Stress Diagram

Loading Stages Before Collapse

In terms of moment couple (M = 0) C=T (Fx = 0)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Loading Stages Before Collapse

Loading Stages Before Collapse

In terms of moment couple (M = 0) C=T (Fx = 0)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Loading Stages Before Collapse

In other words, the member finally fails by crushing of concrete, even if

Loading Stages Before Collapse

1. s = y Balanced Failure Condition, Brittle Failure

2. s < y Over reinforced condition, brittle failure

3. s > y Under Reinforced Condition, Ductile Failure

For relative high amount of tension reinforcement, failure may occur

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Loading Stages Before Collapse

Design of Solid Rectangular Members

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Solid Rectangular Members

max = 0.85 1(fc/fy) u/ (u + t)

Design of Solid Rectangular Members

s = t = 0.005 (ACI Table 21.2.2)

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Solid Rectangular Members

Asmax = 0.31875 1bd fc/fy (b)

For 1 = 0.85; fc = 3 ksi ; and fy = 40 ksi

1 = 0.85; fc = 3 ksi ; and fy = 60 ksi

Design of Solid Rectangular Members

12 740 (2.32) 925(2.90) 1110(3.47)

Note: The values in brackets represents Asmax in in2.

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, Pakistan

Design of Solid Rectangular Members

However, if we ignore ACI code restriction, let see what happens.

c = du/(u + s) ; a= 0.85c ; As = 0.85fcab/ fs; Mn = Asfs(d a/2) ; fs = Es fy;