RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

SAKINA
DEPT. ANATOMI DAN HISTOLOGI
FK UNAIR
 Cells produce energy:

- For maintenance, growth, defense, and

division

- Through mechanisms that use oxygen and

produce carbon dioxide

WHY DO WE NEED RESPIRATION ?

 Obtained from the air by diffusion
Across delicate exchange surfaces of
lungs
Carried to cells by the cardiovascular
system
Returns carbon dioxide to the lungs

Oxygen
1. Provides extensive gas exchange surface
area between air and circulating blood
2. Moves air to and from exchange surfaces
of lungs
3. Protection
4. Produces sounds
5. Participates in olfactory sense
5 Functions of the
Respiratory System
Divisions of the Respiratory
Systems
The upper
respiratory tract
consists of the parts
outside the chest
cavity:
The air passages of the
nose.
Nasal cavities
Pharynx
Larynx
Divisions of the Respiratory
Systems
The lower respiratory
tract consists of the parts
found within the chest
cavity:
Trachea
Lungs, which include the
bronchial tubes and alveoli
Pleural membranes
Respiratory muscles
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
 Consists of a conducting portion:
from nasal cavity to terminal bronchioles

Consists of a respiratory portion:

the respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

Alveoli
Are air-filled pockets within the lungs
where all gas exchange takes place

The Respiratory Tract

How are delicate
respiratory exchange surfaces
protected from pathogens,
debris, and other hazards?
 The Respiratory Defense
System
NASOPHARYNX :
larger than 10m, because of hair and
mucous production, irritants substance
cause sneezing
LARYNX, TRACHEA, BRONCHI :
larger than 5m, because of mucous
production
ALVEOLI :
smaller than 5m, by macrophage
The Upper Respiratory System
Figure 233
THE NOSE
 Airway
Moistens & warm entering air
Filters
Resonating chamber for speech
Olfactory receptors

THE NOSE & NASAL CAVITY ( fx)

 Bone and cartilage covered with skin
May vary in size, & shape
Air enters the respiratory system:
through nostrils or external nares
into nasal vestibule
Nasal hairs:
are in nasal vestibule
are the first particle filtration system
Ala nasi
Dorsum nasi
Apex nasi

The Nose
 Nasal cavitieswithin the skull; separated by the nasal
septum( septal cartilage, vomer, os ethmoid).
Connect posteriorly with nasopharynx through the
posterior nasal appertures
Boundaries hard palate & soft palate, ethmoid &
sphenoid
Nasal mucosa (respiratory mucosa) warms and
moistens the incoming air; Dust and microorganisms are
trapped on mucus and swept by the cilia to the pharynx.
Breathing through mouth bypasses this important step

The Nasal Cavity

 Nasal mucosa (Olfactory mucosa) respond to
vapors in inhaled air.

Paranasal sinuses in the maxillae, frontal,

sphenoid, and ethmoid bones open into the nasal
cavities; functions are to lighten the skull
and provide resonance for the voice.

The Nasal Cavity

The Nasal Cavity
The Nasal Cavity
The Nasal Cavity (lateral)
PARANASAL SINUSES
Plexus of Kiesselbachs
 A chamber shared by digestive and
respiratory systems
Extends from above the level of the soft
palate to entrances to larynx and esophagus
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

The Pharynx and Divisions

 a passageway for
air only.
The eustachian
tubes from the
middle ears open
into it.
The adenoid is a
lymph nodule on
the posterior wall
During swallowing,
it closed off by
uvula

NASOPHARYNX
 behind the mouth;
a passageway for
both air and food.
Palatine tonsils
are on the lateral
walls.

OROPHARYNX
 passageway for
both air and food;
opens anteriorly
into the larynx
and posteriorly
into the
esophagus

LARYNGOPHARYNX
Larynx
the voice box and
the patent airway
between the
pharynx and
trachea
Superior : os hyoid
Inferior : trachea
2 inches
Anatomy of the Larynx

Figure 234
 The thyroid cartilage

The cricoid cartilage

The epiglottis

The arytenoid (2)

The corniculate (2)

The cuneiforme (2)

Cartilages of the Larynx

 The guardian of the
airways :
Upward when only
air, downward
when swallowing
keeps food and
liquids out of the
lower respiratory
passages, if not
cough reflex

The Epiglottis
3 pairs Cartilages of the Larynx
arytenoid cartilages, corniculate cartilages
cuneiform cartilages
Corniculate and arytenoid cartilages
function in:
opening and closing of glottis
production of sound

Cartilages of the Larynx

Figure 235
The Glottis (medial opening between vocal folds)
 Ligaments of
the Larynx
Vestibular ligaments :
False vocal cords
Help to close glottis
when swallow

Vocal ligaments:
Producing sounds
 Is produced by:
phonation:
sound production at the larynx buzzing sounds

articulation:
modification of sound by other structures
quality of voice

Speech
Trachea
extends from
the larynx to
the primary
bronchi
Vertebrae CVI
s/d Th IV/V
 16- 20 c- shaped cartilage, in the anterior part

Joined to one another by membranes

Trachea is flexible to permit bending and elongation

Trachea is always open

Open posterior parts contains smooth muscle ( trachealis muscle), and

connective tissue isnt rigid

Carina the point where the trachea branches into the two main bronchi,

cough reflex, bifurcatio trachea

TRACHEA
S1 FKP 3/16/2011 35
 PRIMARY BRONCHI
LOBAR BRONCHI RESPIRATORY
SEGMENTAL
BRONCHI BRONCHIOLES
SMALL BRONCHI
BRONCHIOLES ALVEOLAR DUCT
(CARTILAGE(-))
TERMINAL ALVEOLI
BRONCHIOLES
a. bronchialis as ALVEOLAR SACS
the supplier

THE BRONCHI AND SUBDIVISIONS

(23 ORDERS)
What parts make up the lungs?
Bronchioles : less than 1 mm, have
smooth muscle to dilate/contract
Asthma
Bronchiolconstriction (irritants,
cold air, histamine) and
bronchioldilation
Terminal bronchioles (<0,5mm)
follow after bronchioles
Final branches of conducting
division (region)
Cilia prevent congestion via
mucociliary escalator
Next are respiratory bronchioles
Beginning of respiratory division
Divide into alveolar ducts
End in alveolar sacs
BRONCHIAL TREE
Alveolar sac anatomy
 Figure 24.11

Copyright 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

Occupy greatest portion of thoracic cavity
Left lung- 2 lobes (superior, inferior)
Right lung- 3 lobes (superior, media,
inferior)
Lobes made up of lobules, which are
smallest division of lungs.
Bronchi and vessels enter lungs at hilus.

Lung anatomy
Lung - blood supply
Dual supply
1. Bronchial supply
Bronchial arteries supply bronchi, airway walls and
pleura

2. Pulmonary supply
Pulmonary arteries enter at hila and branch with
airways
Deoxygenated blood from right ventricle
pulmonary trunk left and right pulmonary arteries
arterioles capillaries oxygenated blood to
venules pulmonary veins left atrium

Venous return is common (ie. both return via

pulmonary veins)
What are the pleurae and why are they
there?
Moist serous membrane
covering outside of lungs
Visceral pleura inside
Folds out at hillum to form
outer parietal pleura

Pleural cavity: between

parietal and visceral
layers
Filled with pleural (serous)
fluid

Recessus:
- Costodiphragmatic
- Costomediastinal
 EXPIRATION
INSPIRATION
Contraction of Quiet expiration in
diaphragma and healthy people is
inspiration muscle chiefly passive
Enlargement of the Inspiratory muscles
thoracic cavity relax
Deep inspiration Rib cage drops under
force of gravity
Forced inspiration Relaxing diaphragm
moves superiorly (up)
Elastic fibers in lung
recoil
Volumes of thorax and
lungs decrease
simultaneously,
increasing the pressure
Air is forced out

Forced expiration
S1 FKP Figure 24.14
3/16/2011 49
Thoracic cavity changes