Lecture 1 - Introduction To EM

Engineering Materials
PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Eng. M. Farhan Sabir 1
Sciences
Course contents (2 credit hours)
Introduction to the Engineering materials & its importance
Concept of Stress & Strain as applied to Engineering
Design.
Physical, mechanical and thermal properties of Engineering
Materials
Metals, Composites, Ceramics & Polymers
Classification & Application of the following Materials of
Construction
Iron & Steel PVC, TEFLON, PTFE
Stainless Steel Polyolefins
Nickel, Hastelloy Glass, Stoneware
Alumininum & its Alloys Acid Resistant Bricks & Tiles
Copper & its Alloys Biomaterials
Lead, Titanium, Tantalum Composites
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Course contents (2 credit hours)
Introduction to Corrosion
Electrochemical Series & Corrosion Potential
Nature, Types and Rate of Corrosion
Passivity.
Crevice & Pitting Corrosion
Stress Corrosion: Cracking & Fatigue
Cathodic & Anodic Protection
Coatings
Corrosion Resistance of Steel & Alloys
Selection Criteria for Material of Construction (MOC)
International Standards for Materials (ASTM, ASME, JIC,
ISO, etc)

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Learning objectives
To learn about the materials used for various

engineering purposes, and study of their
suitability for a specific end use.

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Assesments
Weightage formula For the final score / Sessional
Marks
Mid Term 30%

Send Up 40%
4 x Quiz 10% (May be Surprise Quiz or Open Book Short Tests)
4 x Assignments 10% (Class Activity & Participation included)
Attendance 10% (minimum 75% attendance is compulsory to appear in
mid term or send up exams)

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Books
Smith, William Fortune (1990), Principles of
Materials Science and Engineering 2nd Ed. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
William D. Callister. Jr., (2002), Materials Science

and Engineering, 6th Edition, Wiley & Sons.
Srivastava C.M., Srinivasan C. (2000) Science of

Engineering Materials 2nd Ed. New Age
International Limited, Publishers.

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Engineering materials
Materials are the substances of which
anything is composed of.
Engineering materials are the substances
used to produce society beneficial products or
technical products.
There is no distinguishable line between both
Materials and Engineering Materials, and they
can be used interchangeably.

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Examples
?
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Materials Science
What is Materials Science?
Why should we know about it?
Materials drive our society

Stone Age
Bronze Age
Iron Age
Now?
Silicon Age?
Polymer Age?

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Materials Science

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Importance of EM for Engineers

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Classifications of Engineering Materials
Engineering
Materials
Metals Ceramics Composites
Electronic Polymeric

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Classifications of Engineering Materials
Engineering
Materials
Metals Ceramics Composites
Electronic Polymeric
(Semiconductors)
Advance
Biomaterials
Eng. M. Farhan Sabir
Materials
13
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Include both pure metals and combinations of metallic elements.
Metals (Cu, Al etc.). Used where better electrical or strengthened
materials are required. Automobile engine blocks, electrical
conductor wire etc.
SiO2-Na2O-CaO, SiO2, MgO, Barium titanate, etc. used as
Ceramics window glass, refractories, transducers (due to piezoelectric
behavior)
PET, PVC, Epoxy etc. used in food packaging, adhesives for

Polymers joining plies in plywood, encapsulation of integrated circuits
Composed of two or more individual materials. The design goal

of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties
Composites Examples include plywood, concrete, fiber glass, carbon fiber
reinforced polymer etc.
These materials have electrical properties that are intermediate
between the electrical conductors (metals and metal alloys) and
Electronic insulators (ceramics and polymers). Semiconductors have
PICS - Punjab
revolutionized theInstitute of Contemporary
electronics and computer industries.
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Biomaterials are mostly employed in the human body for
Biomaterials replacement of diseased or damaged body parts.
Advance Nano-engineering materials, optical fibers,

microelectromechanical materials.
materials

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Assignment # 1 Deadline: 16-Nov-17
Write brief notes about the following with

suitable diagrams.
Atom, Neutrons, electrons, protons,
atomic number, atomic mass, mole,
crystal structure, unit cells, Primary
bonding, secondary bonding, what
promotes bonding and what properties
are inferred from bonding etc.

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For Revision of Previous
Concepts

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Atomic Structure -Revision
atom electrons 9.11 x 10-31 kg
protons
}
neutrons 1.67 x 10 kg
-27
atomic number = # of protons in nucleus of atom

= # of electrons
atomic mass unit = amu = 1/12 mass of 12C
Atomic wt = wt of 6.022 x 1023 molecules or atoms

1 amu/atom = 1 g/mol

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Atomic Structure -Revision
Some of the following properties are determined by electronic
structure
Chemical
Electrical
Thermal
Optical

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Electronic Structure-Revision
Electrons have wavelike and particulate properties.

Two of the wavelike characteristics are
electrons are in orbitals defined by a probability.
each orbital at discrete energy level is determined by
quantum numbers.
Quantum # Designation
n = principal (energy level-shell) K, L, M, N, O (1, 2, 3, etc.)
l = subsidiary (orbitals) s, p, d, f (0, 1, 2, 3,, n-1)
ms = spin , -

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Electron Energy States-Revision
Electrons have discrete energy states and tend to occupy lowest

available energy state.
4d
4p N-shell n = 4
3d
4s
Energy 3p M-shell n = 3
3s
2p L-shell n = 2
2s
1s K-shell n = 1
Adapted from Fig. 2.6, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. Sciences
Electronic configuration -Revision
Valence electrons in outer shells

Filled shells more stable
Valence electrons are most available for bonding and
tend to control the chemical properties
example: C (atomic number = 6)
1s2 2s2 2p2
valence electrons

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Periodic table-Revision
Columns: Similar Valence Structure
inert gases
give up 1e-
give up 2e-
accept 2e-
accept 1e-
give up 3e-
H He
Li Be O F Ne
Na Mg S Cl Ar
K Ca Sc Se Br Kr
Rb Sr Y Te I Xe
Cs Ba Po At Rn
Fr Ra
Electropositive elements: Electronegative elements:

Readily give up electrons Readily acquire electrons
19
to become + ions. to become - ions.
Eng. M. Farhan Sabir
Adapted from Fig. 2.8, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. Sciences
Electronegativity-Revision
Ranges from 0.9 to 4.1,
Large values: tendency to acquire electrons.
Smaller electronegativity Larger electronegativity

Adapted from Callister & Rethwisch 9e. Sciences
Primary bonding-Revision
Primary or chemical bonding

1. Ionic bonding
2. Covalent bonding
3. Metallic bonding
Secondary bonding or physical forces

bonding
1. van der Waals bond
2. Dipole bonding
3. Hydrogen bonding

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Ionic bonding-Revision
Ionic bond metal + nonmetal
donates accepts
electrons electrons
Dissimilar electronegativities
ex: MgO Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 O 1s2 2s2 2p4

Mg2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 O2- 1s2 2s2 2p6

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Occurs between +ve and -ve ions.

Requires electron transfer.
Large difference in electronegativity required.
Example: NaCl
Na (metal) Cl (nonmetal)
unstable unstable
electron
Na (cation) + - Cl (anion)
stable stable

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Predominant bonding in Ceramics
NaCl
MgO
CaF 2
CsCl
Give up electrons Acquire electrons

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Covalent bonding-Revision
Atoms with similar electronegativity share electrons

Example: H2
Each H: has 1 valence e-, H2

needs 1 more.
Electronegativities are the H H

same.
shared 1s electron shared 1s electron

from 1st hydrogen from 2nd hydrogen
atom atom
Fig. 2.12, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

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Covalent
Bonding: Carbon sp3
Example: CH4
C: has 4 valence e-,

needs 4 more
H: has 1 valence e-,
needs 1 more
Electronegativities of C and H
are comparable so electrons Fig. 2.15, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.
are shared in covalent bonds. (Adapted from J.E. Brady and F. Senese, Chemistry:
Matter and Its Changes, 4th edition. Reprinted with
permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.)

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MetallicBonding:
Carbon sp3
Metallic bonding, the final primary bonding type, is found in
metals and their alloys and is mainly due to delocalized or
free valence electrons.

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Mixed primary bonding-Revision
Ionic-Covalent Mixed Bonding
% ionic character = x (100%)
where XA & XB are electronegativities
Ex: MgO XMg = 1.3

XO = 3.5

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Secondary
Bonding: Carbon sp3
van der Waals forces are week in comparison to primary
bonding and arises due to attraction between molecules.

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Secondary bonding-Revision
Arises from interaction between dipoles
asymmetric electron
clouds
+ - + -
secondary
bonding
Permanent dipoles-molecule induced

secondary
-ex: liquid HCl H Cl bonding H Cl
Adapted from Fig. 2.20, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. Institute of Contemporary
PICS - Punjab
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Secondary
Bonding: Carbon sp3
The strongest secondary bonding type, the hydrogen bond,
is a special case of polar molecule bonding. It occurs
between molecules in which hydrogen is covalently
bonded to fluorine (as in HF), oxygen (as in H2O ), and
nitrogen (as in NH3 ).
Eng. M. Farhan Sabir Hydrogen bonding

PICS - Punjab Institutein liquid water
of Contemporary
31
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Summary-Revision
Type Bond Energy Comments

Ionic Large Nondirectional (ceramics)
Covalent Variable Directional

large-Diamond (semiconductors, ceramics
small-Bismuth polymer chains)
Metallic Variable
large-Tungsten Nondirectional (metals)
small-Mercury
Directional
Secondary smallest
inter-chain (polymer)
inter-molecular
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Properties inferred
Properties from Bonding:
From bonding-Revision
T m
Bond length, r Melting Temperature, Tm
Energy
r
Bond energy, Eo ro
r
Energy smaller Tm
unstretched length
ro larger Tm
r
Eo = Tm is larger if Eo is larger.
bond energy

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Summary: Primary
Summary-Properties due toBonds
bonding
Ceramics Large bond energy

(Ionic & covalent bonding): large Tm
large E
Metals Variable bond energy

(Metallic bonding): moderate Tm
moderate E
Polymers Secondary bonding dominates

(Covalent & Secondary): small Tm
small E

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Atomic Structure- Revision
Unit cell: smallest repetitive volume which contains the
complete lattice pattern of a crystal.

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Important terminologies-Revision

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Metals crystal structure- Examples

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Engineering Materials

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

To learn about the materials used for various

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Mid Term 30%

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

William D. Callister. Jr., (2002), Materials Science

Srivastava C.M., Srinivasan C. (2000) Science of

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Materials drive our society

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Metals Ceramics Composites

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Metals Ceramics Composites

PET, PVC, Epoxy etc. used in food packaging, adhesives for

Composed of two or more individual materials. The design goal

Advance Nano-engineering materials, optical fibers,

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Write brief notes about the following with

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

atomic number = # of protons in nucleus of atom

Atomic wt = wt of 6.022 x 1023 molecules or atoms

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Electrons have wavelike and particulate properties.

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Electrons have discrete energy states and tend to occupy lowest

Valence electrons in outer shells

example: C (atomic number = 6)

1s2 2s2 2p2

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Electropositive elements: Electronegative elements:

Smaller electronegativity Larger electronegativity

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Primary or chemical bonding

Secondary bonding or physical forces

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Ionic bond metal + nonmetal

ex: MgO Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 O 1s2 2s2 2p4

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Occurs between +ve and -ve ions.

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Give up electrons Acquire electrons

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Atoms with similar electronegativity share electrons

Each H: has 1 valence e-, H2

Electronegativities are the H H

shared 1s electron shared 1s electron

Fig. 2.12, Callister & Rethwisch 9e.

C: has 4 valence e-,

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

% ionic character = x (100%)

where XA & XB are electronegativities

Ex: MgO XMg = 1.3

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

PICS - Punjab Institute of Contemporary

Permanent dipoles-molecule induced