HT SFTRC Testing

From Waste Fibres to Concrete Reinforcement
DTI: Partners in Innovation Contract: CI 39/3/684, cc2227

SEMINAR 26 February 2003
Testing of Concrete Elements - Houssam Tlemat
Outline
Aims and Objectives
Materials used
Characterisation/testing of Steel Fibre
Demonstration elements
1
AIMS
Demonstrate the use of steel fibre from waste tyres as
reinforcement
Optimise the amount of Recycled fibre in concrete
Provide knowledge/data that will be used for the

development of design models and feedback for
further FE analysis
2
Objectives
Develop suitable mix designs
Develop characterisation tests for the fibres
Match fibre characteristics with specific applications
Test demonstration concrete products
3
Concrete Mix Development and

Optimisation
Aggregates Used
Fluvial dragged gravel 20mm and 10 mm
4

Materials Used Optimisation
Ordinary Portland Cement Superpozzolan
5

Materials Used Optimisation
Wind-blown Sand Superplasticizer
6

Fibres from AMAT Optimisation
process
Fibres from AMAT process contain

carbon black on surface
Clean from rubber
Tensile properties not affected
The fibre not so easy to cut
7

Fibres from AMAT Optimisation
process
12 wires 0.23mm twisted to a core strand of 0.85 mm
surrounded with another 15 twisted wires. On the surface
there is a twisted single wire.
Overall external diameter is 1.55 mm
Effective diameter 1.16 mm
Tensile strength 1250 MPa
Chopped AMAT Fibre 50 mm
8

Fibre from the second Optimisation
shredding process
(provided by Charles Lawrence Recycling)
Fibres contain small amounts rubber

and fluff
Long bid wires need to be removed
Fibres are magnetised
Fibres tend to ball-up
9

Fibre from the second Optimisation
shredding process
(provided by Charles Lawrence Recycling) Passing the sieve of 1.1 mm
Diameter around 0.23 mm
Sieving can remove the large wires Tensile strength: 1100 MPa
and fluff
The dimensions of fibre passing each
sieve varies
Sieve shredded steel fibres passing

the sieves 6.35, 3.18, 2.40, 1.11 mm
10

Optimisation
Commercially available 50mm
drawn wire fibre, COM50WIRE, (provided by BRC)
The fibre is industrially produced

from wire with flattened ends
Fibre is rigid
Length: 50 mm
Diameter 1.0 mm Tensile strength: 1150 MPa
11

Fibres from Pyrolysis Optimisation
process (to be tested)
Fibres from (Coalite) pyrolysis

process still contain some carbon
black on surface
Clean from rubber
Tensile properties not seriously
affected
The fibre easier to cut
12

Optimisation
Specimen Used
Prisms 100x100x500 Cubes 100x100x100

13

Optimisation
Curing Regime
Specimens were wrapped with wet

burlap and polyethylene sheets for 24
hours.
After removing the concrete from the
moulds, the specimens were placed in
a water tank at temperature of 20 c
14

Optimisation
Tests
Slump equipment according to the Compressive strength according to BS 116 (1983)

ASTM C 143 (1998)
15

Optimisation of Fibre Optimisation
Content
The mix optimisation was undertaken by trying to incorporate as much fibre as was
possible without fibre balling and to maintain a slump value over 50 mm
Six different mixing methods were tried with the available shredded fibres
The maximum amount of shredded fibre achieved was 3% by weight
Three different mixing methods were tried with the AMAT fibres
The maximum amount of AMAT fibre achieved was 6% by weight
16

Compressive Strength Example Optimisation
Mix code Fibre type Fibre content Fibre content 7 days 28 days
(% by weight) (% vol)
SPFA Plain 0.0 0.0 26.6 43.6

40/30
Shredded 1.0 0.3 30.6 48.8
1.5 0.5 27.7 44.9
Shredded (sieved) 1.5 0.5 27.4 -
AMAT 1.5 0.5 27.4 -
COM50WIRE 1.5 0.5 26.1 -
17
Characterisation Tests
Pull-out tests
1. Single fibre pull-out tests
2. Double-sided pull-out tests
Flexural toughness tests

1. Unnotched beam according to ASTM c108 (1995) and JSCE-SF4)
18
Pull-out Tests
Why ? Useful to understand fibre bond characteristics

Determination of the critical fibre length
Not always easy to perform on fibres (high accuracy required for

Problems: very small displacement and load)
No standard method
A suitable test must be developed for each fibre
19
Single-sided Pull-out Tests
Specimen preparation
Embedded fibres
FRC specimen
Perspex plates Standard steel mould
Standard steel mould 20 mm thick plate Adhesive tape was used The middle
to debond fibre near the compartment is left
9 small equi-distant holes surface empty
at mid-height
20
Phase 1: using spring calibrated to measure load
load
spring
LVDT LVDT LVDT LVDT

1 3 4 2
Embedded fibres
grip
100x100x500 mm FRC specimen
The phase comprised 48 tests on shredded, 21 tests on AMAT fibres and 9 tests on COM50WIRE fibres
21
Phase 1: using spring calibrated to measure load Test results
A10 Single-sided Pul-lout test
Single-sided Pull-out tests 1200
Peak Tensile Stress

1200 1000
800 30 30
[MPa]
1000
AMAT-bond length 30 mm 600
20
20
400
800 10
COM50WIRE-bond length 30 mm
200 10
Load [N]
600
COM50WIRE-bond length 20 mm 0
AMAT-bond length 20 mm
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
400
Slip at peak load [mm]
COM50WIRE-bond length 10 mm
200 com50wire AMAT
AMAT-bond length 10 mm
0
- AMAT fibre has better energy absorption and
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
bond stiffness
Slip [mm]
- COM50WIRE is relying on a frictional mechanism
22
Phase 1: using spring calibrated to measure load Test results
Problems:
Single-sided Pull-out tests for shredded fibres
The energy stored in the spring is released
120
100
suddenly when the fibre starts pulling out
80
There is scatter in the results
Load [N]
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Slip [m m ]
Pull-out response for 6 specimens, 10 mm embedded length
23
Phase 2: using load cell
This phase comprised 26 tests on shredded fibres and 33 tests on AMAT fibres
load
Load cell
LVDT 1 LVDT 2
Tested fibre
24
Phase 2: using load cell Test results
Single-sided pull-out tests using load cell
1000
C
800
D Zone 0: Initial straightening of the fibre
B
Zone A: Shear stress along the fibre do not

Load [N]
600
exceed the bond strength

400
A
Zone B: Pull-out zone
200
O Zone C: high frictional zone
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Zone D: low frictional zone
-200
Displacement [mm]
Load vs displacement for AMAT fibre with embedment length,

Lemb = 10mm
25
Phase 2: using load cell Test results influence of concrete strength and type of fibre used in concrete

16 5
Bond stress [MPa]
OPC40S
Bond stress [MPa]

4
12
OPC50S
OPC40A
3
8 OPC40A
2
4 1
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 0 50 100 150
Lemb /D [mm] Lemb/D [mm]
Bond stress vs Lemb/Deff ratio (AMAT fibres)
Bond stress vs Lemb/Deff ratio (shredded fibres)
- Shredded fibres develop lower bond strengths than AMAT fibres due to higher Lemb/Deff ratio
- Shredded fibres in a mix improve the bond characteristics better than AMAT fibres
26
Phase 2: using load cell Test results
Comments on the results:

AMAT fibre fractured at around 800 MPa. This may be a result of lateral pressure in the
grip
The tensile stress of the fractured shredded fibres varies considerably. This indicates that
fibres that fractured did not reach their real strength, most likely due to damage inflicted
during the shredding process possibly due to notches inflicted by the knives
There is slip in the grip mechanism and therefore the stress-slip results are not accurate
The fibre extension between the FRC prism and the grip needs to be eliminated
27
Double-sided Pull-out Tests
The test comprised 81 test specimens. Mix OPC50 without fibres was used in this
investigation
Double sided pull-out test programme
AMAT COM50WIRE Shredded Number of Number of tests for each
Fibre codes fibre codes fibre codes pulled fibres fibre embedded length
10 mm 20 mm 30 mm
A1, A1* I1-10 1 3 3 3
A3 I3-10 S3-10 3 3 3 3
A5 I5-10 S5-10 5 3 3 3
A1*: AMAT fibres with a cone at the end
28
Specimen Preparation
Perspex plate with 5 To prevent surface The nominal size of the Casting was done in two
holes centrally located cracking, 10mm plastic each half is 100x100x80 stages
The COM50WIRE fibre tubes filled with silicon mm
end was welded to a were used
deformed metal anchor
Steel anchor was
threaded through the
AMAT fibre 29
Specimen Preparation
Specially made steel clamps were fixed at the Deformation was measured over a
end of each specimen gauge length of 50mm using two
transducers
30
Test set-up
1: 5 kN strain gauged spring beam
2: Chuck attached the clamp with a pin
3: Fixed metal clamp pinned on the chuck
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
4: Perspex plate with the fibre through its central
holes placed in middle of specimen
5: 230 volt Single Phase Motor fitted with 3-step
pulley drives the cross-head at a speed of 1.5
mm/min
6: Pulled part of the specimen
7: Cross-head attached to motor
8: Manual handles
31
Fib re Leng th D iam eter E ffective Aspect Aspect S lip P eak S in g le Bond Tensile
typ es l d d ratio ratio s lo ad fibre
Test Results for Fib res [m m ] [m m ] [m m ] l/d eff l/d [m m ] [N ] [N ] [M P a] [M P a]
COM50WIRE 10 1.00 10.00 4.47 231 7.36 295

AMAT 20 1.00 20.00 10.60 370 5.89 471
and AM AT 10 1.55 1.18 6.45 8.47 3.25 359 7.37 328
1- fibre 20 1.55 1.18 12.90 16.95 0.88 443 4.55 405
COM50WIRE 30 1.55 1.18 19.35 25.42 1.44 653 4.47 633
fibres AM AT
3-Fib res
10 1.55 1.18 6.45 8.47 0.75 800 267 5.48 244
20 1.55 1.18 12.90 16.95 1.58 1640 547 5.61 500
30 1.55 1.18 19.35 25.42 0.19 2015 672 4.60 643
AM AT 10 1.55 1.18 6.45 8.47 0.58 875 17.96 800

1-fibre
20 1.55 1.18 12.90 16.95 1.53 1290 13.25 1180
w ith co ne
30 1.55 1.18 19.35 25.42 0.83 1375 9.41 1257
32
0.35
Test Results for
C2 C1
0.3 B1
0.25
AMAT
load [KN]
[KN]
0.2
B2
Load 0.15
and 0.1 D
0.05
COM50WIRE fibres 0
A
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(10 mm lemb fibre) slip[mm]

Slip [mm]
AMAT com50wire
AMAT fibre indicates better bond at the initial stages due to its shape
The end anchoring of the COM50WIRE fibre delays the start of pulling out
33
Test Results for single and multi AMAT fibres
Double-sided pull-out for 1-AMAT fibre Double-sided pull-out for 3-AMAT fibres
0.8
0.8
0.6
Load [KN]
0.6
Load [kN]
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Slip [mm]
Slip [mm]
10 mm 20 mm 30 mm 3 fibres-10 mm 3 fibres-20 mm 3 fibres-30 mm
The initial behaviour of the load-slip curve in the multi fibre test is accurate than for single fibre test
34
Test Results for multi AMAT fibres and fibre with end cone
Double-sided pull-out for 3-AMAT fibres Double-sided pull-out for 1 AMAT with cone
0.8 2
0.6 1.6
Load [KN]
Load [KN]
1.2
0.4
0.8
0.2
0.4
0 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Slip [mm] Slip [mm]
AMAT with cone-30 mm AMAT with cone-20 mm AMAT with cone-10 mm

3 fibres-10 mm 3 fibres-20 mm 3 fibres-30 mm
Welding a cone with a nominal diameter of 2.5mm at the fibre end increases the peak load. In
fact the fibre appears to be fully bonded until the welding breaks.
35
Test results for AMAT and COM50WIRE fibres
Double-sided pull-out test
1600
Tensil stress [MPa]
1200
800
400
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Aspect ratio l/d
1-com50wire average of 3-AMAT 1-AMAT 1-AMAT with cone
36
Test results for shredded fibres
Double-sided pull-out for 3-shredded fibres - The tested 0.23mm diameter shredded fibres
are very fragile
0.1
- Only fibres with 10mm embedded length
0.08
pulled out during loading
Load [kN]
0.06
- All fibres with 20mm and 30mm embedded
0.04
length fractured during loading
0.02
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Slip [mm]
Shredded-10 mm Shredded-20 mm Shredded-30 mm
37
Pull-out test conclusions
- The tensile strength of the tested fibres is influenced by the test method used
- The multi-fibre test is more accurate than the single fibre pull-out test
- Shredded fibres of length l , 20 < l < 40 are necessary for full bonding
- It is recommended to use AMAT fibres in the range of 50-60 mm length
- If possible, the AMAT fibre should be provided with a cone at the end
- AMAT fibre has stiffer initial bond-slip characteristics than the COM50WIRE fibre
38
Pull-out tests
1. Single fibre pull-out tests
2. Double-sided pull-out tests
Flexural toughness tests

1. Unnotched beam according to ASTM c108 (1995) and JSCE-SF4)
39
Flexural Toughness Tests
Phase 1: investigated the first crack values and toughness indices of FRC
according to ASTM C1018 (1995) and toughness factor according to
JSCE-SF4 with different matrix strength, fibre volume content and type
using unnotched beams.
Phase 2: to be undertaken after the completion of this project will study the effect
of localising the fracture location and the load-CMOD characteristics
(using notched beams) on the toughness according to JSCE-SF4 (1994)
with respect to the RILEM draft recommendation TC-89-TDF (2002).
40
Testing Procedure
- Using four-point bending test
- Prisms size: 100x100x500 mm
- Age: 7 and 28 days
- One transducer was positioned along the
central line of the top surface at each support
and one at the mid-span
- Load controlled testing machine (100 kN)
- Loading rate 0.5 kN/min
41
Effect of fibre volume
Fibre volume increases the peak load
and the residual strength after
Flexural test (ASTM C1018), shredded-SPFA40/30-7 Days
cracking. This applies to all types of
15
fibres used.
12
Load (kN)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Deflection (mm)
Plain 1% fibre 1.5% fibre
42
Effect of fibre type
Flexural test (ASTM C1018), SPFA 40/30 - 7 Days
Curves after peak load are stable
20
for the AMAT and COM50WIRE
16
fibres
Load (kN)
12
AMAT fibres demonstrate a
8
4
higher peak load and better
0
ductility
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Deflection (mm) When fibres start slipping higher

com50wire 1.5% f ibre AMAT (50mm) 1.5% fibre Shredded 1.5% fibre2
resistance is achieved through
the mobilisation of more fibres
43
Effect of concrete strength
High strength concrete results in a
Flexural test (ASTM C1018), AMAT (50 mm)-7 Days much higher peak-load, but not
60 necessarily ductility
50
40
Load (kN)
30
20
10
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Deflection (mm)
SPFA/MS 120/20/10-5% OPC50-6%fibre
44
Effect of fibre length
Specimens with 50mm long
Flexural test (ASTM C1018), AMAT-OPC40
AMAT fibre are the only to
20
exhibit a stable post peak
16
load-deflection response
Load (kN)
12
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
Deflection (mm)
1.5% 15mm Fibres-0.4%Suprplasticizer 1.5% 25mm Fibres-0.4%Superplasticizer

Control Mix 1.5% 50mm Fibres-7 days
45
Limitation of toughness measurements
SPFA 30/40-1% shredded fibres-7 Days - The main difficulty is measuring deflection
20 accurately and to exclude extraneous deformations
18 due to support and load-point deformations
16
14 - Another problem is that it is practically impossible

C
12 B estim ated curve to determine the first crack load objectively. This is
L o a d [k N
load-deflection curve
10
avoided in several standards through the offsetting of
8
D E F
the initial slope of the load-deflection curve by a
6
prescribed deflection limit
4
2
A H G - A third problem is the inability to control the post-
0
-2
0
1
0.3 0.6
3*1
0.9 peak response in a stable manner where the loading
Deflection [m m] machine (if not stiff enough) undergoes sudden
unloading and releases large amounts of energy
46
Calculation of the toughness indices I5, I10 and I20 (ASTM)
S P FA 30/40-1% shredded fibres-7 D ays - Energy-based dimensionless indices, which
20 are ratios of the area under the load
18
16
deflection curve up to a prescribed multiple
14 of the first-crack deflection and the area up
C
12 B estim ated cu rve
to first-crack (ASTM C 1018-97; 1998).
L o a d [k N
lo ad-deflectio n curve
10
6
D E F
- The triangle CDE should not be
considered in the calculation
4
2
A H G
0
1 3*1
0 0.3 0.6 0.9
-2
D eflectio n [m m ]
- I5 = area under ACDFG / area under
ABH
47
Toughness factor (JSCE-SF4): = Tb*l/tb*bh ; tb=l/150
SPFA 30/40-1% shredded fibres-7 Days Based on the energy absorption capacity, which
20 is determined as the load-deflection area up to
18
prescribed deflection limits (JCI-SF, 1984; UNE
16
14
83-510, 1989; NBN B 15-238, 1992).
C
12 B estim ated curve
L o a d [k N
10
load-deflection curve
- The angle CDE should not be considered in the
8
D E F
calculation
6
2
- Tb = area under ACDFG
0
A
1
H G
3*1
-
0 0.3 0.6 0.9
-2
- Does not account for all effects that accrue at
Deflection [m m ]
small displacements due to instability and matrix
brittleness
48
Toughness indices and toughness factor
Toughness indices (ASTM) Toughness factors (JSCE)
30 12
25 10 1.5% shredded
1.5% sieve
Value [MPa]
20 shredded 8
1.5%AMAT
Value [-]
Shredded sieve
15 6 2% Shredded
AMAT 50mm
2% AMAT
10 COM50WIRE 4
6% AMAT
5 2 5% AMAT
0 0
I5 I10 I20 SPFA 40/30 OPC 40 OPC50 SPFA/MS
120/20/10
Toughness indices
Matrix type
Index I5 is relatively insensitive to the fibre More sensitive to variations in fibre type than
type ASTM
49
Accurate deflection measurement using a yoke
Aluminium bar LVDT on Pins Angle pieces

each side
50
Deflection measurements through the yoke
Flexural test (JSCE-SF4), AMAT-25mm-OPC40
25 - Much better results at the early

20
stages, since the local crushing
effects are eliminated
Load (kN)
15
10 - The yoke will be used in all

5
future work
0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
Deflection (mm)
5% fibres 3.5% fibres 1.5% fibres
51
Optimisation and
Main conclusions Characterisation Tests
1. Shredded and AMAT recycled steel tyre fibres can be used to produce fibre-reinforced concrete
elements with good characteristics
2. Incremental increase in fibre content is accompanied by reduced concrete slump and
superplasticizers are needed to maintain workability
3. Maximum amount of shredded steel tyre fibres achieved was 3% by weight
4. The amount of AMAT fibres does not affect workability as much as shredded steel fibres since
fibre bundles remaining mostly intact
5. Maximum amount of AMAT steel tyre fibres achieved was 6% by weight
6. AMAT fibres have good bond characteristics
7. The failure of the majority of steel fibre reinforced concrete specimens in flexure failed due to
pull-out rather than yield.
52
Demonstration Slabs
Slab Dimension
Common applications are in the road carriageway, hard shoulder and parking areas
Decathlon system drainage cover slab

53
Demonstration Slabs
Slab test programme
Mix code Test type Concrete Reinforcement Fibre content

type type (% by weight)
Rcon Two Slabs OPC 40 conventional -
AMATcon Two slabs, prisms and cubes SP 40/30 AMAT Fibre 6%
Scon Slab, prisms and cubes SP 40/30 Shredded fibre 2%
SIScon Slab, prisms and cubes Slurry Shredded Fibre 17.5%
54
Demonstration Slabs
Slab Description-Rcon Slabs
The slab is normally reinforced in the bottom

Ready mixed concrete was cast in the steel
with nine ordinary steel bars 12 mm in
mould by Hodkin and Jones Ltd
diameter to satisfy the EN 124 (1994) loading
condition C250
55
Demonstration Slabs
Slab Description-AMATcon
AMAT fibre 50mm length diameter in the range of 0.8-1.5 mm
56
Demonstration Slabs
Slab Description-SIScon Slab
Un-sieved shredded fibre from Specimens were cast by pouring the slurry from the top.
the third shredding process was
The specimens were vibrated during casting to ensure a good
simply placed in up to the top of
penetration of the slurry
the mould
57
Demonstration Slabs
Slab Description-Scon Slabs
Only the fibre from the third shredding process, that passed through the 8.0 mm sieve and that
remained in the 6.3mm sieve was used Average diameter around 0.23mm
58
Demonstration Slabs
Compressive test results
Mixes Cube strength [N/mm2] Slump test

Code (day of slab test) (28 days) [mm]
OPC40 (Plain concrete for Rcon slabs) 47.0(40d) 45.0 80

SP 40/30 (plain concrete for AMATcon slabs) - 59.0 200
AMATcon (6% AMAT fibres) 46.8 (19d) 54.4 110
SP 40/30 (plain concrete for Scon slab) - 43.6 180
Scon (2% shredded fibres) 35.9 (19d) 45.3 60
SIScon (17.5% shredded fibres) 52.8 (17d) 54.2 -
The compressive test of the SIScon
cube indicated an extremely high
ductility due to the high fibre content
and very good bond between shredded
fibre and cement paste.
59
Demonstration Slabs
Testing Procedure
- Simply supported on two opposite steel beams.
To avoid stress concentrations within the support,
a 5mm thick dental plaster was placed on a
plywood base.
Load plate 250mm
- Single point loading acting on a 250mm steel

plate in a 500 kN displacement controlled Screw
jack machine was used
- Slab deflections and crack opening were

measured using LVDTs; One was fixed underneath
LVDTs for deflection
in the centre of the slab, two in the support edge,
measurement two in the corner and two on the side
250 mm
Transducers for crack measurement
- To stabilise the slab, each slab was subjected to
five load cycles up to 2/3 of the design load at a
rate of up to 5 kN/s
60
Demonstration Slabs
Results and Discussion
Behaviour of SIS slab
The description begins with SIScon slab which was tested last, since more instrumental was used and that
helps to describe a peculiarity in initial slab behaviour
1
Load
4 7 8 6 3
Central bottom
2
5
To study the influence of the slab stiffness and the support elasticity on the slab deformation, two more
LVDTs (7&8) were fixed on the support edge
61
Demonstration Slabs
Behaviour of SIScon slab Initial deflection
Slurry Infiltrated Shredded Fibre Reinforced Concrete Slab

(SIScon)
350
300
250
Load [kN]
200
150
100
50
The support is deforming as if on an
0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 elastic foundation.
Deflection [mm]
4&6 7&8 3 2&5

The central stiffer part of the slab is
not as deformable, hence the centre of
the slab, initially deforms less than its
central support
62
Demonstration Slabs
Behaviour of SIScon slab load versus slab deflection
Slurry Infiltrated Shredded Fibre Reinforced Concrete Slab
350
(SIScon)
-The transition from the uncracked
300 Peak load/Crack w idth
297.8 / 0.41
behaviour is very gentle. This
250
indicates a favourable crack
Load [kN]
200 BOP
150
Load at BOP/Crack w idth
development and good anchoring
100 196.8 / 6e-3 of the fibres
50 Load at 0.02mm
(2224 kN)
0 - The load at first crack is highest
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Crack Opening [mm] Deflection [mm] of all slabs investigated
63
Demonstration Slabs
Behaviour of SIScon slab failure
- The slab cracked in to parts along the edge of the ribs

- The slab collapsed at peak load of 297 kN
64
Demonstration Slabs
Behaviour of Rcon slab location of the strain-gauges
1 3
5
2
4 6
To measure the strain of the reinforcement bars, six strain-gauges were fitted in the
bottom of the bars
65
Demonstration Slabs
Behaviour of Rcon slab absolute load-displacement and slab failure -
Conventional Reinfoced Concrete Slab (RC2)
300
Peak load/deflection
Fu 253.1 kN / 5.68 mm
250
F`r Region III
U
200
Load [kN]
150 Region II
100
BOP Region 1: Elastic behaviour
Fr
50 First-crack load/defl Region I
93.5 kN / 0.29 mm
Region II: Elastic plastic behaviour. The
0 cracks propagated from the applied load to
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
the boundary of the slab
Deflection [mm]
Region III: The radial cracks increased in
length until a yield pattern was formed.
Final failure due to punching shear
66
Demonstration Slabs
Behaviour of AMATcon slab relative load-displacement and slab failure -
AMAT Fibre Reinforced Concrete Slab (AMATcon)
200
U Peak load / Crack w idth Load at crack-
170 kN / 1.5 mm w idth 0.02mm
160 (135 kN)
Load [kN]
120
BOP
80
150
- The slab cracked in two parts along the edge of
Load [kN]
100
the ribs
Load at BOP / Crack w idtht 50
40
103 kN / 0.7e-2 mm 0
- The location of the crack confirms that many of
0 -0.05
Crack opening [mm]
-0.1 the fibres did not penetrate in the narrow gaps of
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 the diagonal slots.
Deflection [mm] -The fibre were well anchored since there was a lot
of residual strength at post peak load
- Slab did not make the C250 class
- It passes the B125 class 67
Demonstration Slabs
Behaviour of Scon slab relative load-displacement and slab failure -
Shredded Fibre Reinforced Concrete Slab (Scon)
160
140
120
Load [kN]
100 BOP Peak load/crack w idth

141 kN / 0.71 mm
80
60 Load at BOP/crack w idth

40 107 kN / 2e-4 mm Load at 0.02mm
20
(112.9 kN) -The slab was tested successfully for the class B125
0
loading condition
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Crack opening [mm]
- The crack propagation is similar to Rcon
Deflection [mm]
-The fibres did not penetrate completely in the slot
region
- The relatively low capacity is more a function of
the small amount of fibre.
68
Demonstration Slabs
Flexural strength and equivalent flexural ratio
Pl
fc =
beff h 2
Where, fc : flexural strength [N/mm2]

P : Maximum load obtained in from test
l : span [mm] = 256 mm
beff : width of failed cross-section [mm].
250 mm
Load plate
Only the stressed ribs under the load
plate are considered (figure 2.16b) =
282-2 (holes) = 280 mm
Stressed slab ribs
h : height of failed cross-section [mm] =
163 mm (Figure 2.16a)
282 mm
69
Demonstration Slabs
Flexural strength and equivalent flexural ratio - The equivalent flexural strength (fe,3),
is the strength which, for an elastic-
Slurry Infiltrated Shredded Fibre Reinforced Concrete Slab (SISFRC)
perfect plastic behaviour, has the same
energy-absorbing capacity as under the
350
stress-deflection curve during the test up
300 Equivalent Flexural load
to a assumed deflection of 0.85% of the
250
peak load in accordance to Eurocode 2
Load [kN]
200 (ENV; 1992-1-1) as seen in Figure 2.17.

150 Influence of The flexural toughness (area Dbz) is
steel fibre 0.85% of the peak load
100
Dbz
determinate according to RILEM TC
50 162-TDF (2002) and DVD (1994).
0
-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 - The equivalent flexural ratio, Re3, is
3
Delection [m m ] defined as the ratio between the
0.20 0.15 equivalent flexural load, fe,3, and the
concrete load, Fct, at the bend-over-point
(BOP) obtained from the Rcon slab
70
Tested Concrete Slab
350
Demonstration Slabs
300
250
Load [kN]
200
150
100
50
0 Flexural strength and equivalent flexural ratio

-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Deflection [mm]
AMATcon1 Rcon2 Scon SIscon
Fibre Load at Peak Flexural Eq. flexural Re,3

Slab Code
content BOP load strength load
[%] [kN] [kN] [N/mm2] [kN[
Rcon - 93.5 253.1 871 228 2.40
AMATcon 6 103 170 585 180 1.93
Scon 2 107 141 485 133 1.45
SIScon 17.5 196.8 297.8 1025 284 3.04

71
Conclusions Demonstration Slabs

Rcon marginally passed the test for class C250 (BS EN 124, 1994. It had the lowest bend-over-point (BOP)
of all slabs. Even small amounts of fibre reinforcement could improve the performance of this slab
and avoid the punching mode of failure.
Scon behaved well considering the small amount of fibre included (2% by weight). The penetration of the
fibre in the slotted region of the slab was not perfect. The Scon slab passed the test for class B125
loading condition
AMATcon had a high ratio of fibre (6% by weight) and performed reasonably well, with high energy
absorption. This indicates that the fibres were very well anchored. However, the penetration of the
fibres in the slotted region of the slab was poor and, hence, the slab did not achieve as high load as
expected. Hence, the slab can be considered to have passed only the B125 loading condition.
SIScon had a very high amount of shredded fibre (17.5% by weight). The fibre was placed in the mould
without any processing and had a high amount of rubber. The cement slurry pretreated the bundled
fibres well and hence, a good result was obtained. The slab exhibited extremely high strength and
ductility, even higher than Rcon and passed the test for C250 comfortably.
Fibres extracted from waste tyres can be used to produce successful precast-
concrete structural elements.
72

HT SFTRC Testing

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From Waste Fibres to Concrete Reinforcement

DTI: Partners in Innovation Contract: CI 39/3/684, cc2227

Provide knowledge/data that will be used for the

Develop suitable mix designs

Develop characterisation tests for the fibres

Match fibre characteristics with specific applications

Test demonstration concrete products

Concrete Mix Development and

Fluvial dragged gravel 20mm and 10 mm

Concrete Mix Development and

Ordinary Portland Cement Superpozzolan

Concrete Mix Development and

Wind-blown Sand Superplasticizer

Concrete Mix Development and

Fibres from AMAT process contain

Concrete Mix Development and

Chopped AMAT Fibre 50 mm

Concrete Mix Development and

Fibres contain small amounts rubber

Concrete Mix Development and

Sieve shredded steel fibres passing

Concrete Mix Development and

The fibre is industrially produced

Concrete Mix Development and

Fibres from (Coalite) pyrolysis

Concrete Mix Development and

Prisms 100x100x500 Cubes 100x100x100

Concrete Mix Development and

Specimens were wrapped with wet

Concrete Mix Development and

Slump equipment according to the Compressive strength according to BS 116 (1983)

Concrete Mix Development and

Concrete Mix Development and

SPFA Plain 0.0 0.0 26.6 43.6

1.5 0.5 27.7 44.9

Shredded (sieved) 1.5 0.5 27.4 -

AMAT 1.5 0.5 27.4 -

COM50WIRE 1.5 0.5 26.1 -

Flexural toughness tests

Why ? Useful to understand fibre bond characteristics

Not always easy to perform on fibres (high accuracy required for

Perspex plates Standard steel mould

LVDT LVDT LVDT LVDT

100x100x500 mm FRC specimen

Peak Tensile Stress

Pull-out response for 6 specimens, 10 mm embedded length

Single-sided pull-out tests using load cell

Zone A: Shear stress along the fibre do not

exceed the bond strength

Load vs displacement for AMAT fibre with embedment length,

Single-sided pull-out tests using load cell

Bond stress [MPa]

Comments on the results:

AMAT COM50WIRE Shredded Number of Number of tests for each

A1, A1* I1-10 1 3 3 3

A1*: AMAT fibres with a cone at the end

COM50WIRE 10 1.00 10.00 4.47 231 7.36 295

and AM AT 10 1.55 1.18 6.45 8.47 3.25 359 7.37 328

1- fibre 20 1.55 1.18 12.90 16.95 0.88 443 4.55 405

COM50WIRE 30 1.55 1.18 19.35 25.42 1.44 653 4.47 633

20 1.55 1.18 12.90 16.95 1.58 1640 547 5.61 500

30 1.55 1.18 19.35 25.42 0.19 2015 672 4.60 643

AM AT 10 1.55 1.18 6.45 8.47 0.58 875 17.96 800

(10 mm lemb fibre) slip[mm]